A Project Report

on
PEOPLE COUNTING SYSTEM USING DEEP LEARNING
AND
COMPUTER VISION
submitted in the partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the award of the degree.

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Submitted by
YALLAMANDA ESWAR ([Link]:22NE1A1291)
TURLAPATI APARNA ([Link]:23NE5A1201)
TANNIRU HARIPRIYA ([Link]:22NE1A12B5)
MANDA JOBABU ([Link]:22NE1A1282)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. M. ANBARASU M. S(SS), M. Tec (CSE), (PhD)

Associate Professor

Department of Information Technology

TIRUMALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AnISO9001: 2015Certified Institution, Accredited by NAAC(A+) & NBA
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA, Accredited by NAAC&NBA)
Jonnalagadda, Narasaraopet, GUNTUR (Dt), A.P.
2022-2026
 TIRUMALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AnISO9001: 2015 Certified Institution, Accredited by NAAC(A+) & NBA

(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA, Accredited by NAAC&NBA)
Jonnalagadda, Narasaraopet-522601, Guntur (Dt), A.P

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled ―PEOPLE COUNTING SYSTEM USING
DEEPLEARNING AND COMPUTER VISION is the Bonafide work done by
Y. ESWAR (22NE1A1291), T. APARNA (23NE5A1201), T. HARIPRIYA (22NE1A12B5),
M. JOBABU (22NE1A1282) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
“Bachelor of Technology” degree in the Department of IT from J.N.T.U. KAKINADA
during the year 2022 - 2026 under our guidance and supervision and worth of acceptance of
requirements of the university

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mr. M. ANBARASUM.S(SS), M. Tech (CSE), (PhD) Dr. J. NAGARAJU M. Tech, PhD
Associate Professor Associate Professor

Project Coordinator External Examiner

Mr. D. PAVAN KUMAR B. Tech, M. Tech, (PhD)
Associate Professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our thanks to various personalities who are responsible

for the completion of the project. We extremely thankful to our principal
Dr. Y. V. Narayana M.E, PhD, FIETE for his kind attention and valuable
guidance throughout the course.

We express our deepfelt gratitude to our HOD Dr. NAGARAJU M. Tech, PhD and
Mr. D. Pavan Kumar B. Tech, M. Tech (PhD) coordinator of the project for
extending their encouragement. Their profound knowledge and willingness
have been a constant source of inspiration for us throughout the project work.

We wish to express our sincere deep sense of gratitude to our guide

Mr. M. ANBARASU M. S(SS), M. Tech (CSE), (PhD), Associate Professor for
significant suggestions and help in every respect to accomplish the project
work. Her persisting encouragement, everlasting patience and keen interest in
discussions have benefited to us.
We affectionately acknowledge the encouragement received from my friends
and those who involved in giving valuable suggestions had clarifying out
doubts which had really helped us in successfully completing my project.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

Y. ESWAR 22NE1A1291
T. APARNA 23NE5A1201
T. HARIPRIYA 22NE1A12B5
M. JOBABU 22NE1A1282
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “People Counting System Using Deep
Learning and Computer Vision” submitted for the “Department of Information
Technology”. This is our original work and the project has not formed the basis for the
award of any degree, associateship and fellowship or any other similar titles and no
part of it has been published or sent for publication at the time of submission.

By

Y. ESWAR (22NE1A1291)

T. APARNA (23NE5A1201)

T. HARIPRIYA (22NE1A12B5)

M. JOBABU (22NE1A1282)
ABSTRACT
 ABSTRACT

The rapid growth of urbanization and public infrastructure has increased the need for
intelligent surveillance and monitoring systems. Manual methods of counting people
are time-consuming, error-prone, and unsuitable for real-time environments. This
project presents a People Counting System using Deep Learning and Computer
Vision techniques to automatically detect and count people from live webcam feeds as
well as recorded video footage. The proposed system employs a YOLO (You Only
Look Once)-based deep learning object detection model to identify human presence in
video frames efficiently.
Unlike traditional approaches that rely on handcrafted features, background
subtraction, or heavy tracking algorithms, this system uses an end-to-end
convolutional neural network that learns robust features directly from data. A
detection-first strategy with frame-wise counting is adopted, and temporal smoothing
is applied to reduce fluctuations in the people count caused OUTPUT.
The system is implemented using Python, OpenCV, and a deep learning
framework, and it requires only a single standard RGB camera for operation. It is
designed to be lightweight, scalable, and suitable for real-time deployment on general-
purpose computers. The proposed solution can be effectively used in applications such
as smart surveillance, crowd monitoring, occupancy analysis, and public safety. This
project demonstrates how modern deep learning techniques can be leveraged to build
practical, efficient, and reliable real-time people counting systems for real-world
environments.
INDEX
S. No Title Sub Topics Page Number
1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction (Overview of System) 1-2
1.2 Scope of the Project 3

2 Literature Survey - 4-6

3 System Analysis 3.1 Existing System 7-8

3.2 Proposed System 9

3.3 System Requirements 9 - 10

3.4 System Workflow/Analysis 10

3.5 Algorithms Used 11

3.6 Feasibility Study 11-12

3.6.1 Technical Feasibility 11

3.6.2 Operational Feasibility 11

3.6.3 Economical Feasibility 12

3.7 Data Preprocessing 12

4 System Design 4.1 Class Diagram 13-15

4.2 Use Case Diagram 16-17

4.3 Activity Diagram 18-19

4.4 Component Diagram 20

4.5 Sequence Diagram 21-22

5 Implementation - 23-34
6 Result Analysis - 35-38
7 Output - 39-45
Screenshots
8 Conclusion - 46-47
9 Future - 48-50
Enhancement
10 Bibliography - 51-52
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1
 INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth of urbanization and public infrastructure has increased the need for
intelligent surveillance and monitoring systems. Manual methods of counting people
are time-consuming, error-prone, and unsuitable for real-time environments. This
project presents a People Counting System using Deep Learning and Computer
Vision techniques to automatically detect and count people from live webcam feeds as
well as recorded video footage.
The proposed system employs a YOLO (You Only Look Once)-based deep learning
object detection model to identify human presence in video frames efficiently.
Unlike traditional approaches that rely on handcrafted features, background
subtraction heavy tracking algorithms, this system uses an end-to-end convolutional
neural network learns robust features directly from data. A detection-first strategy with
frame-wise count is adopted, and temporal smoothing is applied to reduce fluctuations
in the people count by occlusion or partial visibility.
The system is implemented using Python, OpenCV, and a deep learning
framework, and it requires only a single standard RGB camera for operation. It is
designed to be lightweight, scalable, and suitable for real-time deployment on general-
purpose computers. The proposed solution can be effectively used in applications such
as smart surveillance, crowd monitoring, occupancy analysis, and public safety. This
project demonstrates how modern deep learning techniques can be leveraged to build
practical, efficient, and reliable real-time people counting systems for real-world
environments.

1.1 Introduction (Sub-topic)

[Link] to
automatically detect and count the number of people present in a particular area or a
place using RGB camera. The system focuses on delivering accurate results.
It is designed to be lightweight, scalable, and suitable for real-time deployment on
general purpose computers. It can be used in applications such as smart surveillance,
crowd monitoring, occupancy analysis, and public safety.

2
1.2 Scope of the Project exit monitoring.
Enhances workplace security. The scope of the People Counting System is wide and
continuously growing. It can be applied in multiple domains such as
Shopping Malls: Helps track customer footfall.
Supports business analytics and staffing decisions.
Airports and Railway Stations: Monitors passenger movement. Improves crowd
control and safety management.
Educational Institutions: Tracks classroom attendance automatically. Monitors
student movement in campus areas.
Offices and Corporate Buildings: Controls entry and Prevents overcrowding in
sensitive areas.
Hospitals: Manages visitor flow.
Smart Cities: Supports intelligent traffic and crowd -monitoring systems. Helps urban
planning and infrastructure management.
Event Management: Tracks crowd size during concerts, festivals, and public
gatherings. Ensures safety compliance.

2
 Chapter-2
LITERATURESURVEY

4
S. No Author Title Year Publication Description
Introduced the YOLO
1 Redmon et You Only Look object detection
al. Once: framework, enabling fast
Unified, Real- IEEECVPR real time detection by
2016
Time Object processing images in a
Detection single pass. This work laid
the foundation for real-
time people detection
systems.

Improved YOLO by
enhancing detection
2 Redom accuracy and speed.
& YOLO9000: Demonstrated the ability
Farhadi Better, Faster, 2017 IEEECVPR to detect multiple object
Stronger classes efficiently, making
it suitable for surveillance
applications.

Improved YOLO
3 YOLOv4: ar X iv architecture with
Wojke et al. 2021
Optimal Speed better
performance.

Latest YOLO version

Zhang et al. YOLOv8 Model 2023 Ultralytics with improved accuracy
4 Documentation
and speed.

Real- Time
People Counting
MDPI /IEEE Hybrid models combing
Zhang et al. Using YOLO 2024
detection and tracking
5 and Deep Sort

Figno:2.1Literaturesurvey

6
Detailed Explanation of Literature Survey
People counting systems are important for monitoring crowd movement in places such
as shopping malls, railway stations, educational institutions, and offices. Traditional
manual counting methods are time-consuming and less accurate. Therefore, automated
systems using computer vision and deep learning techniques are developed to improve
efficiency and reliability.

2. Traditional People Counting Methods

Earlier systems used sensors such as infrared and pressure sensors to count people.
These systems worked only at entry and exit points and were not suitable for crowded
environments. Their accuracy was also limited in real-time applications.
3. Image Processing- Based Approaches
Researcherslaterintroducedimage-processingtechniquessuchasHaarCascadeclassifiers,
Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), and background subtraction methods. These
methods improved detection performance but were affected by lighting conditions,
shadows, and overlapping objects.
4. Deep Learning-Based Detection Techniques
Modern systems use deep learning models such as YOLO, Faster R-CNN, and Mobile
Net-SSD for detecting people in video streams. These models provide higher accuracy
and faster processing, making them suitable for real-time surveillance applications.
5. Tracking-Based People Counting Systems
TrackingalgorithmssuchasDeepSORTandcentroidtrackinghelpmaintainidentityacrossfra
mes and reduce duplicate counting errors. These techniques improve the overall
accuracy of people counting systems.
6. Advanced Monitoring Systems
Recent systems integrate cloud storage, dashboards, and heatmap visualization for
better monitoring and analysis. These features support real-time data access and help
ineffective crowd management.
7. Conclusion of Literature Survey
The literature survey shows that deep learning–based people counting systems provide
better accuracy and performance compared to traditional sensor-based and image
processing methods.

6
 Chapter-3
SYSTEMANALYSIS

7
15
System Analysis is an important phase in the project where the current system is
studied, problems are identified, and a better solution is proposed. It helps in
understanding how the system should function and what improvements are needed.

3.1Existing System
The existing people counting systems mainly rely on manual observation, sensor-
based techniques, and traditional image-processing methods to monitor the
number of people in a particular area.

Working of Existing System:

1. The system captures data using surveillance cameras or sensors such as infrared
and pressure sensors placed at entry and exit points.

2. Traditional image-processing techniques like Haar Cascade classifiers, Histogram

of Oriented Gradients (HOG), or sensor signals are used to detect the presence of
people.

3. The system tracks whether a person is entering or exiting the monitored area based
on motion detection or sensor triggering.

4. Thesystemincreasesordecreasesthecountdependingonthedetectedmovement
direction at entry and exit points.
The total number of people is displayed on a monitoring screen or stored for later
reference by administrators.

Limitations in Detail:
1. Dependence on manual monitoring, which increases workload and leads to
human errors.

2. Limited accuracy in crowded environments, especially when multiple people

move together.

3. Restricted coverage area, as sensor-based systems work only at entry and exit
points. Sensitivity to lighting conditions, shadows, and background variations.
4. Difficulty handling overlapping people(occlusion problem).
5. Lack of real-time analytics and remote monitoring support.
6. Limited scalability for large-area and multi-camera surveillance systems.

10
3.2 Proposed System (Detailed)
The proposed system is an People counting system using deep learning and CV
That enhances traditional TTS systems by adding intelligence and structure.

Working of Proposed System:

The system captures video frames continuously from surveillance cameras

1. A deep learning–based object detection model such as YOLO detects people

accurately from the captured video frames.

2. The detected persons are tracked frame by frame using tracking algorithms to
maintain identity and avoid duplicate counting.

3. The system counts people by analyzing their movement across a predefined virtual
line to determine entry and exit.

4. The counted data is displayed on a live dashboard and stored in a database for
future monitoring and analysis.
Detail:
Tracking algorithms help count multiple people even when they move together or
overlap. The system can monitor large spaces such as malls, railway stations,
campuses, and offices. Helps control overcrowding and enhances surveillance in
public places. Reduce human effort.

3.3 System Requirements (Detailed)

System requirements define the necessary hardware and software resources required to
run the Real-Time People Counting System efficiently.
HardwareRequirements
Processor: Minimum Intel i3or equivalent processor required for smooth execution of
video processing and detection algorithms

• RAM: At least 4GB RAM recommended for handling real-time frame processing
and object detection

• Storage: Required for storing datasets, trained models, and recorded counting data
• Camera: Webcam or CCTV camera for capturing real-time video input
• Display Device: Monitor required to visualize detection results and
dashboard output.

10
Software Requirements:
Operating System: Compatible with Windows, Linux, or macOS
• Programming Language: Python (preferred for computer vision and deep learning
tasks)
Libraries:
OpenCV–For video processing and frame extraction NumPy – For numerical
computations
YOLO/TensorFlow/Py Torch–For person detection model
Pandas – For storing and managing counting data
Development Tools: VS Code, PyCharm, Jupyter Notebook, Notepad

3.4 Analysis
This section describes the internal working process of the people counting system step
by step.
Step-by-Step Workflow
1 Input Stage:
The system captures real-time video using webcam or CCTV camera.
2 Frame Extraction Stage:
Video stream is converted into multiple frames o Frames are processed continuously
for analysis.
3 Person Detection Stage:
Deep learning model detects human presence in each frame Bounding boxes are
created around detected persons.
4 Object Tracking Stage:
Tracking algorithm follows detected persons across frames o Prevents duplicate
counting of the same person
5 Counting Stage:
People crossing a predefined virtual line are counted o Entry and exit counts are
updated automatically
6 Output Stage:
Total people count is displayed on screen Data is stored for monitoring and analysis.

10
 3.5 Algorithms:
The system uses multiple algorithms to ensure efficient detection and counting
performance

1. Object Detection Algorithm (YOLO)

Detects people from videoframes in real time
• Provides high-speed and high-accuracy detection
2. Frame Processing Algorithm
Converts video stream into frames
• Processes frames sequentially for analysis
3. Object Tracking Algorithm
Tracks movement of detected persons across frames
• Prevents duplicate counting errors
4. Line Crossing Algorithm
Detects when a person crosses a predefined counting line
• Updates entry and exit count automatically
5. Deep Learning Model Optimization
Improves detection accuracy
• Reduces false detection during real-time monitoring

3.6 Feasibility Study:

Feasibility study evaluates whether the proposed system can be implemented
successfully.
3.6.1 Technical Feasibility
Uses widely available technologies such as Python, OpenCV, and deep learning
models
Easy integration with existing surveillance cameras
Requires minimal hardware configuration
Supports future upgrades like multi-camera integration
3.6.1 Operational Feasibility
User-friendly monitoring interface
Requires minimal technical knowledge to operate

10
Useful in educational institutions, malls, offices, and public places

Improves surveillance efficiency and safety monitoring.

3.6.2 Economic Feasibility

Low development cost using open-source tools
No expensive hardware required
Maintenance cost is minimal
Suitable for small-scale and large-scale deployment

3.7 Data Preprocessing

Data preprocessing improves the performance of the detection system before applying
deep learning models.

Detailed Steps Frame Extraction

Converts video stream into individual frames for processing
Image Resizing
Adjusts frame size for faster detection processing
Noise Reduction
Removes unwanted disturbances from frames
Object Detection Preparation
Enhances image clarity for accurate detection
Bounding Box Generation
Identifies detected persons using rectangular boxes
Frame Normalization
Improves image consistency for better model performance

Importance in Detail
Improves detection accuracy
• Reduces false positives during counting
• Enhances tracking performance
• Ensures smooth real-time monitoring
• Makes the system reliable in different environments

10
Chapter-4
DESIGN

10
4.1 Class Diagram
The Class Diagram represents the structure of the Real-Time People Counting System
by showing system classes, their attributes, methods, and relationships. It explains how
different modules interact to perform detection and counting operations.
Classes in the System
1. Video Stream Handler Methods:
Capture Video ()– Captures video input from webcam or CCTV
Extract Frames ()– Converts video into frames for processing
Role:

Handles video input and prepares frames for further analysis.

2. Person Detector
Methods:
Load Model ()– Loads trained deep learning model Detect Persons ()– Detects people
from video frames
Role:
Responsible for detecting human presence using deep learning algorithms such as
YOLO.

3. Object Tracker Methods:

Initialize Tracker ()–Initializes tracking process
Track Movement ()–Tracks detected persons across frames
Role:
Tracks individuals to avoid duplicate counting and maintain identity consistency.

4. People Counter Methods:

Count Entry ()–Counts people entering monitored area
Count Exit ()–Counts people exiting monitored area Update Total Count ()–Updates
overall people count
Role:
Corecomponentresponsibleforcountingpeoplebasedonmovementdirection.

5. Database Manager Methods:

Store Count Data () – Stores counting data Retrieve History () – Retrieves previous
records

16
Relationships Between Classes:
Video Stream Handler→ Person Detector (Frames are sent for detection) Person
Detector → Object Tracker (Detected persons are tracked)
Object Tracker→ People Counter (Tracked movement used for counting) People
Counter → Database Manager (Count stored for future use)
Summary:
The Class Diagram shows a modular architecture, where each class has a specific
responsibility, making the system easy to maintain and scalable.

Figno:4.1.1ClassDiagram

16
 4.2 Use Case Diagram:

The Use Case Diagram represents the interaction between the user and the Real-Time
People Counting System. It shows how the administrator monitors and controls the
system while the system performs automatic detection and counting operations.

Actor
• Admin/User–The person who interacts with the system to monitor people count
through the dashboard interface
Use Cases
1. Start Camera Monitoring
User starts the surveillance system to capture live video from the camera

2. Detect People
System detects people automatically from video frames using deep learning models

3. Track Movement
System tracks the movement of detected persons across frames to maintain identity

4. Count People
System updates entry and exit count when a person crosses the predefined counting
line

5. View Live Count

User monitors real-time people count through the dashboard interface

6. Store Count Data

System stores people counting information for future analysis and reporting

Relationships
• The Admin/User interacts with monitoring and viewing system results
• “Count People” includes:
1 Detect People
2 Track Movement
3 Update Count Data

16
Summary:
This diagram clearly explains how the user interacts with the system dashboard while
the system automatically performs video capture, detection, tracking, counting, and
data storage operations. It represents the overall functionality provided by the Real-
Time People Counting System.

Fig no: 4.2.1Usecasediagram

16
4.3 Activity Diagram
The Activity Diagram shows the work flow of the system step-by-step from video
capture to people counting and display of results.

Flow of Activities
Start
Start Camera Monitoring
System captures live video from webcam or CCTV camera
Extract Frames
Video stream is converted into frames for processing
Detect People
Deep learning model detects people from each frame
Track Movement
System tracks detected persons across frames
Decision: Crossed Counting Line?
System checks whether the detected person crossed the predefined virtual counting
line Two Possible Flows
If Yes
Update People Count Store Count Data Display Updated Count Continue Monitoring
If No
Continue Monitoring Return to Detection Stage

Key Features
• Shows decision-making using a condition (line crossing detection)
• Clearly represents continuous monitoring workflow
• Explains how entry and exit counting is performed automatically
Summary
This diagram explains how the system operates internally from start to end by
capturing video, detecting people, tracking movement, counting entries/exits, and
displaying results on the monitoring dashboard.

16
Figno:4.3.1Activitydiagram

17
4.4 Component Diagram
The Component Diagram represents the physical architecture of the system and shows
how different components interact to perform people detection, tracking, counting, and
monitoring operations.
Components in the System
1. User Interface
• Displays real-time people count
• Allows user to monitor system output through dashboard

2. Video Capture Module

• Captures live video input from webcam or CCTV camera
• Sends video frames to detection module for processing

3. Person Detection Module

• Detects people from captured video frames using deep learning models such as
YOLO
• Sends detected person data to tracking module

4. Object Tracking Module

• Tracks movement of detected persons across frames
• Helps prevent duplicate counting errors

5. People Counting Module

• Counts entry and exit of people based on movement direction
• Updates total number of people present
6. Storage System
• Stores counted data for future reference
• Maintains history records for monitoring and analysis

Interactions
• User Interface→ Video Capture Module
• Video Capture Module→ Person Detection Module
• Person Detection Module→ Object Tracking Module
• Object Tracking Module→ People Counting Module
• People Counting Module→ Storage System

Summary
This diagram shows how different modules of the Real-Time People Counting System
are connected and how video data flows from capture to detection, tracking, counting,
and storage. It represents the modular architecture of the system, which improves
efficiency, scalability, and maintainability.

18
4.5 Sequence Diagram
The Sequence Diagram represents how different components of the Real-Time
People Counting System interact with each other over time to perform people
detection and counting operations.
It shows the step-by-step communication between the User, Camera Module,
Detection Module, Tracking Module, Counting Module, and Display Module.
Flow of Interaction
1. Start Monitoring
Theprocessbeginswhentheuserstartsthesystemformonitoringpeoplemovement.
2. Capture Video Frames
The Camera Module continuously captures frames from:
• Recorded video file
• Webcam
These frames are forwarded to the detection module.
3. DetectPeopleusingYOLOv5
The Detection Module processes each captured frame and:
• Identifies objects in the frame
• Filters only the person class
• Draws bounding boxes around detected persons
This step uses the YOLOv5 deep learning model.
4. Send Detected Persons to Counting Module
After detection:
• Bounding box coordinates are extracted
• Person objects are forwarded to counting module
5. Count Number of People
The Counting Module:
• Counts detected bounding boxes
• Removes false detections
• Updates total people count
6. Send Count Data to Display Module
The updated count value is sent to the display module for visualization.
7. Display Live People Count
The Display Module:
• Draws bounding boxes
• Displays live people count on screen
• Shows processed video output window

Key Features of Sequence Diagram

• Shows interaction between system modules step-by-step
• Explains execution order of operations
• Represents real-time processing workflow
• Helps understand communication between components clearly

Summary
The Sequence Diagram explains how the Real-Time People Counting System
processes video input step-by-step from capturing frames to detecting people and
displaying the live count on the screen. It illustrates the interaction between system
components and ensures smooth real-time monitoring functionality

19
Figno:4.5.1Sequencediagram

20
 Chapter-5
IMPLEMENTATION

21
The Implementation phase is where the designed Real-Time People Counting
System is developed using programming languages, deep learning frameworks, and
computer vision techniques. In this phase, different modules such as video capture,
person detection, tracking, and counting are integrated to build a complete working
system.

4.2 Overview of Implementation

The system is implemented using the Python programming language because of its
strong support for Computer Vision and Deep Learning libraries. The
implementation follows a modular approach, where each functionality is designed as
an independent module to improve flexibility, scalability, and maintenance.

4.3 Modules in Implementation

1. Video Input Module
• Captures live video from webcam or CCTV camera
• Provides continuous frame input to the processing module
Tools Used:
• OpenCV(cv2library)
2. Frame Preprocessing Module
• Prepares captured frames before detection
Functions:
• Resize frames
• Remove noise
• Improve frame quality
• Convert frame formats if required
Libraries Used:
• OpenCV
• NumPy
3. Person Detection Module
• Detects people from video frames using deep learning models
Functions:
• Identify human objects in frames
• Draw bounding boxes around detected persons
• Send detected objects to tracking module
Libraries Used:
• YOLO (You Only Look Once)
• OpenCV
• TensorFlow/Py Torch
4. Object Tracking Module
• Tracks detected persons across multiple frames
Functions:
• Assign unique ID to each detected person
• Track movement direction
• Prevent duplicate counting
Libraries Used
• Centroid Tracking Algorithm
• Deep SORT (optional)

22
5. People Counting Module

• Counts entry and exit of people based on movement

Functions:

• Detect line crossing events

• Update total people count
• Maintain entry/exit statistics
6. Output Display Module
• Displays processed output to the user
Features:

• Show live people count on screen

• Display bounding boxes
• Show tracking IDs
7. Storage Module

• Stores counting results for analysis and reporting

Functions:

• Save count data in files or database

• Maintain history logs
4.4 Step-by-Step Implementation Process
Camera captures live video input
Video frames are sent to preprocessing module Frames are passed to person detection
module Detected persons are tracked across frames
System checks whether a person crosses counting line People count is updated
automatically
Output is displayed on the monitoring screen Count data is stored for future reference
4.5 Tools and Technologies Used
Category Tools/Technologies
Programming Language Python
Computer Vision Library OpenCV
Deep Learning Model YOLO
Tracking Algorithm Centroid Tracking/Deep SORT
IDE VS Code/PyCharm/Command Prompt
Operating System Windows/Linux/macOS

23
4.6 Code Structure (Basic Overview)
The project is organized into multiple modules:
video_capture.py→ Captures video frames
[Link] → Frame preprocessing
person_detection.py→ Detects people using YOLO
[Link]→ Tracks detected persons
[Link]→ Counts entry and exit
[Link]→ Displays output on screen
[Link]→ Integrates all modules

4.7 Challenges Faced During Implementation

Detecting people accurately in crowded environments
Avoiding duplicate counting errors
Maintaining tracking accuracy across frames
Handling lighting and camera angle variations
Processing video frames in real time efficiently
4.8 Testing During Implementation
Unit testing for each module
Integration testing for complete system workflow
Accuracy testing for people detection
Performance testing for real-time processing
Output verification using sample video datasets

24
SOURCECODE

25
DESCRIPTIONOFYOLOMODEL:
Arguments received: ['yolo']. Ultra lytics 'yolo' commands use the following
syntax: yolo TASK MODE ARGS
Where TASK (optional) is one of ['classify', 'detect', 'pose', 'segment', 'obb'] MODE
(required) is one of ['val', 'benchmark', 'export', 'track', 'train', 'predict']
ARGS(optional)areanynumberofcustom'arg=value'pairslike'imgsz=320'that See all
ARGS at [Link] or with 'yolo cfg'
1. Trainadetectionmodelfor10epochswithaninitiallearning_rateof0.01yolotrain
data=[Link] model=[Link] epochs=10 lr0=0.01

2. Predict a You Tube video using a pretrained segmentation model at imagesize320:

yolo predict model=[Link] source='[Link]

3. Validateapretraineddetectionmodelatbatch-size1andimagesize640: yolo
val model=[Link] data=[Link] batch=1 imgsz=640

4. ExportaYOLO11nclassificationmodeltoONNXformatatimagesize224by128 (no
TASK required)
yoloexportmodel=[Link]=onnximgsz=224,128

5. Ultra lytics solutions usage

yolosolutionscountoranyof['crop','blur','workout','heatmap','isegment','visioneye','spee
d','queue','analytics','inference','trackzone']source="path/to/video.mp4"

6. Runspecialcommands:
yolo help yolo checks yolo version yolo settings yolocopy-cfg
yolo cfg
yolo solutions help

1. Purpose

- The message is a usage guide for the YOLO (You Only Look Once) command-
line interface (CLI).

- Itappearswhen'yolo'isrunwithoutcorrectargumentsorinthewrongformat.

26
2. Command Syntax
- YOLO commands follow the structure: yolo TASK MODE ARGS where:
TASK (optional) – Type of computer vision task: ['classify', 'detect', 'pose', 'segment',
'obb'] MODE (required)–Action to perform: ['train', 'predict', 'val', 'benchmark', 'export','
track']
ARGS (optional)–Additionalparametersin'key=value'formattooverridedefaults Examples:
imgsz=640, epochs=10, lr0=0.01

3. Examples Provided
- Train a detection model: yolo train data=[Link] model=[Link]
epochs=10 lr0=0.01
- Predict on a YouTube video using a segmentation model:
yolo predict model=[Link]
source='[Link]
-Validate a pretrained detection model:
yolo val model=[Link] data=[Link] batch=1 img sz=640
-Export a YOLO model to ONNX format: yolo export model=[Link]
format= onnx img sz=224,128
- Use built-in Ultra lytics “solutions”:
yolo solutions count source="path/to/video.mp4"
-Special utility commands: yolo help, yolo checks, yolo version, yolo
settings, yolo cfg

4. Why This Appears

- The CLI shows this guide if you run 'yolo' with missing or
incorrect TASK/MODE/ARGS.

- It is meant to guide users on how to properly use YOLO commands.

5. Key Points

- TASK specifies the vision problem type.

- MODE specifies what YOLO should do (train, predict, validate, etc.).
- ARGS are optional custom parameters to fine-tune the behavior.
- YOLOCLIprovidesready-to-usesolutionsandutilitycommandsforconvenience.

27
 SOURCECODE:
import cv2 import torch
model= torch. hub. load ('ultra lytics/yolov5','yolov5s') model. conf=0.5
PERSON_CLASS = 0
cap=[Link]
e(0) while True:
ret, frame = cap. read () if not ret: break
frame = [Link](frame, (640, 480))
results = model(frame)
detections=results. xyxy [0] boxes = []
for*box, conf, c ls in detections:
if int (c ls) ==PERSON_CLASS and
conf>0.5: x1, y1, x2, y2 = map (int, box)
width=x2-x1 height=y2-y1
# remove false detections if
width<100orheight<100:continue boxes.
append ([x1, y1, x2, y2]) count = len (boxes)
for (x1, y1, x2, y2) in boxes:
[Link](frame, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 255, 0), 2) cv2. put Text(frame, f"
People Count: {count}",
(20,40),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPL
EX, 1, (0,0,255),2)
[Link]("People Counter",
frame) if [Link](1) == 27:
break
cap. release ()
[Link](
)
Overall Explanation–YOLOv5Real-TimePeople Counting (Webcam)

1. Import Libraries
- cv2: OpenCV for video capture, frame processing, drawing, and display
- -torch: Py Torch for loading and running the YOLOv5 model

28
2. Load YOLOv5 Model
- Load a pre-trained YOLOv5 small model ('yolov5s')
- Set confidence threshold (0.5) to filter low-confidence detections
- PERSON_CLASS=0(YOLOv5classID for people)

3. Initialize Webcam
- [Link] (0) opens the default camera
- Checks if frames can be read successfully

4. Process Video Frames in Loop

- Capture each frame from the webcam
- Resize frame to 640 x 480 for consistent detection
- Pass frame to YOLOv5 for object detection

5. Filter Detections
- Keep only detections with class ID0 (person)
- Only consider boxes with confidence>0.5
- Ignore very small boxes (width or height<100) to reduce false positives

6. Count and Draw

- Count the number of valid people detected
- Draw green bounding boxes around each detected person
- Over lay total people count on the frame in red text

7. Display Video
- Show the processed frame in a window titled "People Counter"

8. Exit Condition
- Break the loop if the ESC key (ASCII27) is pressed

29
9. Release Resources
- Release the webcam using cap. release ()
- Close all Open CV Windows using cv2. destroy All Windows ()

Key Features:

- Real-time people detection and counting

- Visual feedback with bounding boxes and count
- Reduces false positives using confidence and size filtering
- Runs continuously until manually stopped

SOURCECODE:
import cv2 import torch
model= torch. hub. load ('ultra lytics/yolov5','yolov5n') model. conf=0.3
PERSON_CLASS = 0
cap=[Link]("smart.mp4")
if not cap. is Opened ():
print ("Error: Could not open video.")
exit ()
frame_ skip=2
frame_ count=0
while True:
ret, frame = cap. read ()
if not ret:
break frame_ count +=1
if frame_ count% frame_ skip! =0:
continue
frame=[Link](frame, (640,360))
results = model(frame)
detections=results. xyxy[0]
count = 0
for*box, conf, c ls in detections:
if int (c ls) ==PERSON_CLASS:
count += 1

30
 x1, y1, x2, y2 = map (int, box) [Link](frame,
(x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0,255,0),2) [Link] (frame, f"
People Count: {count}", (20,40),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, (0,0,255),2)
[Link]("People Counter", frame)
if [Link](1) == 27:
break cap.
release ()
[Link]()

Overall Explanation–YOLOv5Real- Time People Counting (Video File)

1. Import Libraries

- cv2: Open CV for video capture, frame processing, drawing, and display
- torch: Py Torch for loading and running theYOLOv5model

2. Load YOLOv5 Model

- Loadapre-trained YOLOv5 nano model('yolov5n') for faster processing

- Set confidence threshold(0.3) to include lower- confidence detections if needed
- PERSON_CLASS=0(YOLOv5classID for people)

3. Initialize Video Input

- [Link]("smart.mp4") opens the video file for processing

- Checks if the video file is successfully opened; exits with an error if not

4. Frame Skipping

- frame_ skip=2:
Processevery2ndframetoreducecomputationandspeedupprocessing

- frame_ count keeps track of current frame index

5. Process Video Frames in Loop

- Capture each frame from the video

- Skip frames according to frame_ skip to improve performance
- Resizeframeto640x360forconsistentYOLOv5detection

31
6. Object Detection

- Pass the frame to YOLOv5 model

- Get detections in xyxy format: [x1, y1, x2, y2, confidence, class]
7. Count and Draw People

- Initialize count=0forcurrentframe
- -Iterate through detections:
- Check if detected object is a person (classID0)
- Increment count for each valid person
- Draw a green bounding box around each detected person

8. Display Count and Frame

- Overlay total people count on the frame in red text

- Show the processed frame in a window titled "People Counter"

9. Exit Condition
- Break the loop if the ESC key (ASCII27) is pressed

10. Release Resources

- Release the video file using cap. Release ()

- Close all Open CV windows using cv2. Destroy All Windows ()

Key Features:

- Real-time people detection and counting from video files

- Uses frame skipping to improve performance
- Displays bounding boxes and total people count on frames
- Efficient and light weight by using 'yolov5n' model

32
 Chapter-6
RESULT ANALYSIS

33
6.1 Over view of Results
The system was tested with different types of inputs such as:
Live camera feed(webcam)
Recorded videos of different lengths and resolutions

6.2 Performance Analysis Accuracy

Detects humans with high precision using YOLOv5.
Properly filters false positives using bounding box size thresholds.
Minor detection errors may occur in extremely crowded scenes or occlusions.

Detection Quality
Bounding boxes are correctly drawn around each detected person. Real-time feedback
is displayed on the video frame.
Supports adjustable confidence threshold for fine-tuning detection.

Processing Time
Live feed: Very fast; near real-time processing (depends on GPU/CPU).
Recorded videos: Moderate processing time depending on resolution and frame
skipping. Performance improves with lower frame resolution or frame skipping.
Efficiency
Reduces manual monitoring effort.
Enables real-time crowd analysis and reporting.
Handles multiple people efficiently even in moderately crowded environments.

6.3 Output Evaluation

The output was evaluated based on the following parameters:

Parameter Observation
Detection Accuracy High
Bounding Box Quality Clear and precise
Real-Time Update Smooth and responsive
Speed Adjustable via frame skipping
User Satisfaction High

34
 6.4 Test Case Analysis

Figno:6.4.1Testcases
Test
CaseID Input Type Expected Actual Result Status
Output
TC1 Single person Correct detection Detected successfully Pass

TC2 Multiple people Count matches Count matches actual Pass

actual
TC3 Crowded scene Accurate Some overlaping boxes Pass
bounding boxes
TC4
Video with motion Detect major Detected most people Pass
blur objects

Advantages Observed:
• Real-time detection and counting of people.
• Reduces manual monitoring effort.
• Visual output with bounding boxes enhances user understanding.
• User-friendly system that can work with live and recorded videos.
• Can support security, crowd management, and analytics use cases.

6.5 Limitations Observed

• May miss people in highly crowded or occluded scenes.
• False positives may occur if non-human objects resemble humans.
• Processing speed depends on system hardware (GPU recommended for best
performance).
• Lighting and camera angle can affect detection accuracy.

35
6.6 Comparison with Existing System

Figno:6.4.1Testcases

Existing System Proposed System

Detection Accuracy Medium High

Automation Partial Fully Automated

Real-Time Capability Limited Supported

User Experience Basic Advanced

Multi-SceneSupport Limited Supported

36
 Chapter-7
OUTPUTSCREENS

34
7. Screenshots and Workflow for People Counting System
7.1 Types of Screenshots Included Input Screen
Displays the interface where the system receives the video input. Can be a live
webcam feed or a recorded video file.
Description:
The user provides the video source (camera or video file). This is the starting point of
the people counting process.
Video Processing Screen
Shows the frame being processed in real-time.
Description:
The system reads each video frame and prepares it for detection by YOLOv5.

35
Fig no: 7.1.1 Input screen

36
Detection Screen
Displays the bounding boxes around detected people. Shows real-time detection
results.
Description:
The YOLOv5 model identifies humans in the frame and filters false positives based on
confidence and bounding box size.

Counting Screen
Shows the current count of detected people over laid on the video frame. Description:
The system calculates and displays the total number of people detected in the frame in
real time.
Output Screen (Visualization)
Displays the processed video with:
Green bounding boxes around detected people. People count displayed at the top-left
corner Description:
The user can observe the system’s detection results and count in real-time.

Summary/Export Screen
If supported, this screen shows recorded results or analytics. Description:
Users can save the processed video with bounding boxes or export people count data
for analysis.

37
Figno:7.1.2Video processing screen

38
Fig no: 7.1.3Output screen

39
7.2 Explanation of Workflow Using Screenshots
User provides video input→ (Input Screenshot)
System reads and preprocesses each frame→ (Video Processing Screenshot) YOLOv5
detects people in frames → (Detection Screenshot)
Bounding boxes drawn and people counted→ (Counting& Output Screenshot) Results
displayed in real-time with count overlay → (Output Screenshot)

7.3 Importance in Project Report

Improves clarity and understanding of the system workflow. Makes the project
visually appealing.
Helps evaluators easily understand detection and counting steps.
Acts as proof of successful real-time implementation.

40
 Chapter-8
CONCLUSION

41
The Real-Time People Counting System is a successful implementation of modern
computer vision technologies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI) and YOLOv5
object detection, to automatically detect and count people in live or recorded video
streams.
Key Achievements of the Project
Successfully developed a system that detects and counts people. Generated accurate
and reliable counts with visual bounding boxes.
System Effectiveness:
Efficient–Processes video frames quickly for real- time detection.
Reliable–Produces consistent detection results across different environments.
User-Friendly–Easy to setup and use without advanced technical knowledge.
Scalable–Can be extended for multiple cameras or integration with analytics
platforms.
Overall Impact
The People Counting System provides a practical solution for automatic occupancy
monitoring and crowd analysis.
It has applications in:
Security and surveillance Retail and shopping centers Smart buildings and offices
Event management and public spaces
Limitations of the System
May miscount in extremely crowded or occluded scenes. Accuracy depends on camera
angle, lighting, and resolution.
Limited to detecting only people; cannot distinguish roles (e.g., staff vs. visitor)
without further training.
Processing speed may vary depending on hard ware performance.
Final Statement
In conclusion, the project demonstrates how AI-powered computer vision can enhance
safety, monitoring, and operational efficiency. The Real-Time People Counting
System is a practical and innovative solution that automates human detection and
counting, making crowd management and surveillance more effective and accessible.

42
 Chapter-9
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

43
The Future Enhancement section describes possible improvements and additional
features that can be added to the Real-Time People Counting System to make it more
advanced, efficient, and user-friendly.

9.1 Need for Future Enhancements

Although the current system performs well, there is always scope for improvement to:
Enhance detection accuracy in crowded or low-light environments
Improve processing speed and efficiency Add more intelligent analytics features
Expand usability across different domains and applications

9.2 Proposed Future Enhancements

Multi-Object Detection
Extend the system to detect other objects besides people (e.g., vehicles, pets,
equipment) Useful for broader surveillance and analytics
Crowd Density Estimation
Estimate the number of people in a space even when individuals are partially occluded
Helps in safety management and crowd control
Alert and Notification System
Send real-time alerts when crowd thresholds are exceeded
Useful for security and monitoring in public areas
Integration with CCTV and Mobile Devices
Connect multiple camera feeds for centralized monitoring Enable mobile apps for
remote observation
Real-Time Analytics Dashboard
Display people counts, trends, and statistics in real-time Supports decision-making for
resource management
Cloud-Based Storage and Access
Store historical data on cloud platforms Access reports and analytics from anywhere
Advanced Tracking and Re-Identification
Track individual movements across multiple cameras Identify repeated visits or
patterns for analytics
AI-Based Predictive Analysis
Predict crowd trends based on historical data Optimize staffing and space management

44
Integration with IoT Devices
Connect with smart lighting, HVAC, or access control systems Enable automation
based on real-time occupancy

9.3 Benefits of Future Enhancements

Improves system functionality and detection accuracy.

Enhances user engagement and usability
Expands application areas across security, retail, events, and smart buildings

45
 Chapter-10
BIBLIOGRAPHY

46
 References

1) Redmon, J. & Farhadi, A. (2018). YOLO v3: An Incremental Improvement. ar X iv

preprint arXiv:1804.02767.
Introduces the YOLO series for real-time object detection, which forms the foundation
ofYOLOv5.

2) Jocher, G., et al. (2023). YOLO v5 Documentation and GitHub Repository. Ultra
lytics. [Link]
Official implementation of YOLOv5 used for object detection and counting in real-
time video streams.
3) Bochkovskiy, A., Wang, C. Y., & Liao, H. Y. M. (2020). YOLO v4: Optimal
Speed and Accuracy of Object Detection. ar X iv preprint arXiv:2004.10934.
Discussesimprovementsindetectionaccuracyandspeedrelevanttoreal-timeapplications.

4) Zhang, C., Li, W., & Liu, X. (2019). People Counting in Crowded Scenes Using
Deep Learning. IEEE Access, 7, 159644–159653.
ExplainstechniquesforcountingpeopleinvideosusingCNN-baseddetectionapproaches.

5) Chen, L., Ma, J., & Wang, X. (2020). Real -Time Multi-Object Tracking and
Counting Using YOLO and SORT Algorithm. Journal of Visual Communication
and Image Representation, 71, 102804.
Discusses real-time tracking and counting approaches that can be integrated with
YOLO detection.
6) Lin, T.Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., & Dollar, P. (2017). Focal Loss for
Dense Object Detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence, 42(2), 318–327.
Introduceslossfunctionsusefulforimprovingobjectdetectionindensescenes.

7) Redmon, J., Div v ala, S., Gir s hick, R., &Farhadi, A. (2016). You Only Look
Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference
on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 779–788.
OriginalYOLOpaperexplainingthearchitectureanddesignprinciplesforreal-
timedetection.
8) Ultra lytics. (2023). YOLO v5: Real Time Object Detection and Tracking in
Python. [Link]
Provides usage guidelines and tutorials for YOLOv5, including video-based object
detection and people counting.

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