Sec 4E Sci(Chem) Chapter 17 Notes
NAME: Yang Xin ( 14 ) Class: 4E2 Date: ____/____/_____
Chapter 17 Rate of reactions
Students should be able to:
Learning Outcomes:
1. suggest a suitable method to investigate the rate of a reaction.
at the end of this
activity, you should be 2. describe the effects of concentration, pressure, particle size and
able to: temperature on the rates of reactions.
3. explain these effects in terms of collisions between reactant particles.
4. interpret data obtained from experiments concerned with the rate of
reaction.
Different Rate of Reaction
● Some chemical reactions are ..……slow.………
Examples are the ripening of fruit, rusting of iron or weathering of limestone.
● However, some chemical reactions are …………fast…………….
An example is the explosion of a petrol–air mixture.
Measuring Rate of Reactions
There are two ways the speed of reaction can be measured:
(1) Rate of product formed
● If a reaction gives off ………gas……… then we could find the speed of reaction by
measuring
the volume of gas given off at regular time intervals using a
…………gas..saringe………..….
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● To follow the changes in speed of the reaction, a graph of volume of gas produced against
time could be drawn.
● The ………………… or ………………… of the graph is an indication of the speed of the
reaction.
(2) Rate of mass loss
● When a solid reactant reacts with a solution to produce a gas, the gas will ………….……..
from the reacting flask. This causes the ……………… of the flask to decrease.
● The speed of the reaction can be measured by the mass loss per unit time.
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● To follow the changes in speed of the reaction, a graph of mass lost against time could be
drawn.
● Similarly, the gradient or slope of the graph is an indication of the speed of the reaction.
Comparing graphs
Example 1:
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● The results of two experiments are shown in the graph above.
● Exp I occurred at a ……………… rate because it gives a …………………. gradient.
Example 2:
● The results of two experiments are shown in the graph above.
● Exp I occurred at a ……………….. rate because it gives a …………………… gradient.
Quick Check 1
Excess magnesium ribbon reacts with sulfuric acid as represented by the equation
Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
The graph of volume of hydrogen liberated against time for the reaction is shown below.
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(a) Sketch a diagram to show the apparatus that is used for the experiment.
(b) Why does the graph become horizontal after some time?
………………………………………………………………………………………............…..
……………………………………………………………………………….......………….......
(c) What is the relationship between the gradient of the graph and the speed of reaction?
……………………………………………………………………………….......………….......
(d) Based on the graph, how does the speed of the reaction between magnesium and
sulfuric acid vary with time?
……………………………………………………………………………….......………….......
(e) Sketch on the same axes above to show how the shape of the graph will change if the rate
of reaction is slower, assuming that the total volume of gas collected remains the same.
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Factors Affecting Speed of Reaction
● Particles are in constant motion and constantly collide with one another.
● When a chemical reaction occurs between particles, the collision is said to be an
………………… ……………………
● When more effective collisions occur, the rate of reaction …………………
● The speed of a reaction is affected by:
⮚ The concentration of the reactants (especially solutions).
⮚ The pressure of gaseous reactants.
⮚ The particle size of a reactant.
⮚ The temperature at which the reaction takes place.
(1) Concentration
● As the concentration of reactants ………………, the number of ……………………
………………… per unit volume ………………….
● This increases the frequency of effective collision between reactants to form new products;
rate of reaction …………………..
● In general, the ……………….. the concentration of the reactants, the ……………. the rate of
reaction.
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Quick Check 2
1. A student carried out an experiment to investigate the rate of reaction between calcium
carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid. Excess acid was used in the reaction.
The results of the investigation is shown.
Time/min 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Total volume/cm3 13 24 33 41 45 48 48
(a) Plot a graph of total volume collected against time on the axes given.
Label the your graph as Flask A.
(b) Sketch on the same axes above the curve you would expect if the experiment was repeated
using acid that has been warmed. Label the sketch as Exp II.
(c) Sketch on the same axes given in (b), the curve you would expect if the experiment was
repeated using acid that has been diluted to half its original concentration.
Label the sketch as Exp III.
(d) The reaction is said to have stopped an hour later since it started.
Is the above statement true or false ? Explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(2) Pressure
● By increasing the pressure, the reacting particles are ……………… …………………..
● This increases the frequency of effective collision between reactants to form new products;
rate of reaction ………………………
● In general, the ……………….. the pressure of the reactants, the ……………… the rate of
reaction.
(3) Particle Size
● By …………………….. the size of a particle, the ………………………………..…………….. of
the reactants exposed for effective collision ……………………..
● This increases the frequency of effective collision between reactants to form new products;
rate of reaction ……………………..
● In general, the ………………. the size of the reactants, the ……………….. the rate of
reaction.
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Example:
Reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with powdered and lumps of marble chips:
(4) Temperature
● By increasing the temperature, the reacting particles have more …………….…….. energy to
move around.
● This increases the …………..……… of effective collision between reactants to form new
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products; rate of reaction ……………………
● In general, the ……….……. the temperature of the reactants, the ……………… the rate of
reaction.
Example:
Reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulfate and dilute hydrochloric acid at different
temperatures
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Quick Check 3A
Answer :
● At the start of a reaction, there is a ……………………………………………………………...
● Hence the …………………………………………….…………….. between reactants to form
new products is high.
● However as the reaction proceed, the …………………….of reactants …………………….
This causes the frequency of effective collision between reactants to decrease.
Hence result in lower rate of reaction.
Quick Check 3B
The reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid is represented by the equation
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
List three ways of increasing the rate of this reaction.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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