EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IoT UNIT 3

Embedded Systems and Internet of Things

Arduino 1
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IoT UNIT 3

UNIT 3
3.1 Introduction to the Concept of IoT Devices
3.2 IoT Devices Versus Computers
3.3 IoT Configurations - Basic Components
3.4 Introduction to Arduino – Types of Arduino
3.5 Arduino Toolchain
3.6 Arduino Programming Structure – Sketches – Pins –
Input/Output From Pins Using Sketches
3.7 Introduction to Arduino Shields
3.8 Integration of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino.

Arduino 2
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IoT UNIT 3

Introduction to Arduino

Arduino
 What is Arduino?
• Microcontroller based open source electronic prototyping board which can

be programmed with an easy-to-use Arduino IDE

• Consists of both a physical programmable circuit board and a

piece of software or IDE

• The Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn

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 Arduino IDE
Physical programmable
circuit board
The Arduino Development Board
Arduino Board

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The Arduino Microcontroller: Atmel
ARV Atmega 328
Major Components of Arduino UNO Board

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
USB Connector
• Printer USB port is used to load a program from the Arduino IDE onto the

Arduino board

• The board can also be powered through this port

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
Power Port
• The Arduino board can be powered through a AC-to-DC

adapter or a battery

• The power source can be connected by plugging in a

2.1 mm center-positive plug into the power jack of the
board
• The Arduino UNO board operates at a voltage of 5 volts,
but it can withstand a maximum voltage of 20 volts
• If the board is supplied with a higher voltage, there is a
voltage regulator (it sits between the power port and
USB connector) that protects the board from burning out

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
Microcontroller (Memory)
• It is the most prominently visible black rectangular chip with 28 pins
• The microcontroller used on the UNO board is Atmega328P by Atmel (a
major microcontroller manufacturer)

• Atmega328P has the following components in it

✔ Flash memory of 32 KB. Program loaded from the Arduino IDE is stored
here

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
Microcontroller (Memory)
✔ RAM of 2 KB. This is runtime memory
✔ CPU: It controls everything that goes on within the device. It fetches the
program instructions from flash memory and runs it with the help of RAM
✔ Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) of 1 KB.
This is a type of nonvolatile memory, and it keeps the data even after device
restart and reset

• Atmega328P is pre-programmed with bootloader. This allows direct

uploading of a new Arduino program into the device, without using any
external hardware programmer, making the Arduino UNO board easy to use

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
Analog Input Pins
• The Arduino UNO board has 6 analog input pins, labeled “Analog 0 to 5”
signal from an analog sensor
• These pins can read the

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
Analog Input Pins
• These pins just measure voltage and not the current because they have very
high internal resistance. Hence, only a small amount of current flows through
these pins
• Although these pins are labeled analog and are analog input by default,

these pins can also be used for digital input or output

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
Digital Pins
• These pins are labeled “Digital 0 to 13”
• These pins can be used as either input or output pins
• When used as output, these pins act as a power
supply source for the components connected to it and
when used as input pins, they read the signals from
the component connected to them

• When digital pins are used as output pins, they supply

40 milliamps of current at 5 volts, which is more than
enough to light a LED

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
Digital Pins
• Some of the digital pins are labeled with tilde (~) symbol next to the pin

numbers (pin numbers 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11)

• These pins act as normal digital pins but can also be used for Pulse-Width

Modulation (PWM), which simulates analog output such as fading an LED in

and out

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
Reset Switch
• When this switch is clicked, it sends a logical pulse to the reset pin of the

Microcontroller, and now runs the program again from the start

• This can be very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, and you want to test it

multiple times

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
Crystal Oscillator
• This is a quartz crystal oscillator which ticks 16 million times a second
• On each tick,the microcontroller performs one operation, for
example, addition, subtraction, etc.

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
USB Interface Chip
• Like signal translator, it converts signals in the USB level to a level that an

Arduino UNO board understands

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 Terminology
• I/O board – main microcontroller
• Shield – add-on boards
• Sketch – the program
• Sensor – components (thermistors, etc.)
• Modules – serial data (GPS module, etc.)

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 Major Components of Arduino UNO Board
TX RX Indicator

• TX stands for transmit, and RX for receive

• These are indicator LEDs which
blink transmitting or receiving data

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 Features of Arduino

• Inexpensive
• Cross-platform support
• Simple programming environment
• Open source and extensible software
• Open source and extensible hardware

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 Try Yourself
• How to get started with Arduino?
• Identify the more popular boards in the Arduino family.
• Is Arduino based on C or C++?
• Can I use Python in Arduino?
• Determine the best programming languages for Arduino.
• Find the software used to program Arduino.
• Infer why Microcontrollers are considered as brains of
Arduino.
• Which is the best Arduino board for beginners?
• Where the data is stored in Arduino?
• Does Arduino use ARM?

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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IoT UNIT 3

Next Session......
Arduino Toolchain

Arduino 29