6. What do we call the substances that flow?
Substances that flow are called fluids.
7. What is the other term used for fluid friction?
The other term used for fluid friction is drag.
8. The friction between two solid objects that are not moving relative to each other is called
what?
It is called static friction.
V. Write Short Answers
1. Why are treads or grooves made on the surface of tyres?
Treads or grooves increase friction between the tyre and the road. They also help water flow out
during rain and prevent slipping.
2. Show the direction of frictional force acting on the book when it starts sliding down a tilted
table.
The frictional force acts upward along the surface of the table, opposite to the motion of the
book.
3. How does oiling reduce friction?
Oiling forms a thin lubricating layer between two surfaces which reduces direct contact and
therefore decreases friction.
4. What is the direction of the force of friction on the object moving from left to right?
The force of friction acts from right to left, opposite to the direction of motion.
5. What is fluid friction? What is drag?
Fluid friction is the frictional force exerted by liquids or gases on an object moving through them.
Drag is another name for fluid friction.
6. Why is friction called a necessary evil?
Friction is necessary for activities like walking, writing and holding objects, but it also causes
wear and tear and wastes energy as heat. Hence it is called a necessary evil.
7. Why are airplanes and cars given a streamlined shape?
Airplanes and cars are given streamlined shapes to reduce air resistance (drag) so they can
move faster and more efficiently.
VI. Answer the Following Questions
1. What are the different causes of friction?
Friction occurs mainly due to:
Roughness or irregularities on surfaces in contact
Interlocking of surface particles
Adhesion between molecules of the two surfaces
2. Define static friction. Explain with examples.
Static friction is the frictional force that acts between two surfaces when they are at rest relative
to each other.
Examples:
A book lying on a table does not move due to static friction.
When pushing a heavy box, it initially resists motion because of static friction.
3. What are the different ways to reduce friction?
Friction can be reduced by:
Applying lubricants like oil or grease
Polishing surfaces
Using ball bearings
Giving objects streamlined shapes
4. Why is there a need to increase friction? Explain with two examples.
Sometimes friction needs to be increased for better grip and safety.
Examples:
1. Tyres of vehicles have grooves to increase friction with the road.
2. Soles of shoes are rough to prevent slipping.
5. Using daily life examples, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of friction.
Advantages:
Helps us walk without slipping
Enables writing on paper
Helps vehicles move on roads
Disadvantages:
Causes wear and tear of machines
Produces heat and wastes energy
Slows down moving objects
6. What is rolling and sliding friction? Explain with examples.
Sliding friction: Friction when one object slides over another.
Example: Sliding a book on a table.
Rolling friction: Friction when an object rolls over a surface.
Example: Wheels of a bicycle moving on the road.
7. How can you say that rolling friction is lesser than sliding friction?
Rolling friction is less because in rolling motion the surfaces do not rub against each other
continuously. Hence objects with wheels move more easily than objects that slide.
8. Define fluid friction with examples. What are the factors on which fluid friction depends?
Fluid friction is the resistance offered by a fluid (liquid or gas) to the motion of an object moving
through it.
Examples:
Air resistance acting on a moving car
Water resistance acting on a swimmer
Fluid friction depends on:
Speed of the object
Shape and size of the object
Nature (density/viscosity) of the fluid
VII. Assertion–Reason MCQs
1.
Assertion: Friction is caused due to roughness of surfaces in contact.
Reason: Friction is a contact force.
Answer: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
2.
Assertion: Water travels up a capillary tube due to molecular adhesion.
Reason: Molecular adhesion speeds up fluid motion.
Answer: (c) A is true but R is false.
3.
Assertion: The wheel of a moving car shows static friction.
Reason: The part of wheel in contact with floor is stationary.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation.