Cadi Ayyad University

Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi

Department of English Studies
Academic Year 2024/2025
Semester 2
Module: Composition
Pr. Mohammed Saissi

Section I

From paragraph to short essay

 The paragraph and the short essay: Different structures.

 Short essay organization.
 Types of essays.
 I. The paragraph and the short essay: Different structures.

A. Paragraph.

 Focus:
- A paragraph concentrates on a single, specific idea or point.
- It serves as a building block within a larger piece of writing.
 Structure:
- Typically includes a topic sentence that introduces the main idea.
- Contains supporting sentences that provide details, examples, or evidence.
- May have a concluding sentence that summarizes or transitions.
- Relatively short in length.
 Purpose:
- To develop one distinct point clearly and concisely.

B. Essay.

 Focus:

 An essay explores a broader topic or argument.

 It presents a central thesis statement that guides the entire piece.

 Structure:

 Introduction: Introduces the topic and presents the thesis statement.

 Body Paragraphs: Each paragraph develops a supporting point related to the
thesis. These paragraphs contain topic sentences, supporting details, and often
concluding sentences.
 Conclusion: Summarizes the main points and restates the thesis, providing a final
thought.
 Longer than a paragraph, consisting of multiple paragraphs.

 Purpose:

 To analyze, argue, explain, or persuade on a topic in a more comprehensive

and in-depth manner.
  Key Differences:

 Scope: A paragraph is narrow, while an essay is broad.

 Length: A paragraph is short, while an essay is long.
 Main Idea: A paragraph has a topic sentence, while an essay has a thesis statement.

 Organization: An essay has a more complex structure with an introduction, body, and
conclusion, while a paragraph is simpler.

 In essence, paragraphs are the individual components that, when combined, create an
essay.

II. Short essay organization.

A. Introduction:

 Hook: Begin with an engaging sentence or two to capture the reader's attention.
This could be a question, a relevant fact, or a brief anecdote.
 Background Information: Briefly provide context for your topic.
 Thesis Statement: This is the most crucial sentence. It clearly states your main
argument or point. Keep it focused and specific.

B. Body Paragraphs:

 Each body paragraph should focus on a single supporting point that relates to your
thesis.
 Topic Sentence: Start each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that introduces
the main idea of that paragraph.
 Supporting Details: Provide evidence, examples, and explanations to support
your topic sentence.
 Transitions: Use transition words and phrases to connect your ideas and ensure
smooth flow between paragraphs.
 C. Conclusion:

 Restate Thesis: Briefly restate your thesis in different words.

 Summarize Main Points: Briefly summarize the key points you made in your
body paragraphs.
 Concluding Thought: End with a strong concluding thought that leaves a lasting
impression on the reader. This could be a final thought, a call to action, or a
reflection on the significance of your topic.

 Tips for Effective Organization:

 Outline: Before you start writing, create an outline to organize your thoughts. This will
help you stay focused and ensure a logical flow of ideas.
 Focus on Clarity: Use clear and concise language. Avoid jargon or overly complex
sentences.
 Prioritize Information: Select the most relevant and impactful information to support
your thesis.
 Transitions: Use transition words and phrases to connect your ideas and ensure a smooth
flow between paragraphs. Examples include: "furthermore," "however," "therefore," and
"in conclusion."
 Keep it Concise: Because it is a short essay, keep it to the most important points, and do
not add unnecessary filler.
 Review and Revise: After you finish writing, review and revise your essay to ensure it is
well-organized and free of errors.

III. Types of essays.

 When discussing essay types, it's common to categorize them based on their
primary purpose.

A. Argumentative Essays:

 These essays aim to persuade the reader to accept a particular viewpoint.

  They rely on evidence, reasoning, and logical arguments to support a thesis
statement.
 A key component is addressing and refuting counterarguments.

B. Expository Essays:

 The purpose of an expository essay is to explain or inform.

 They present information in a clear, concise, and organized manner.
 Examples include essays that define a concept, explain a process, or analyze a
situation.

C. Narrative Essays:

 These essays tell a story.

 They often draw on personal experiences and use elements of storytelling, such as
plot, characters, and setting.
 The goal is to engage the reader and convey a message or lesson through a
narrative.

D. Descriptive Essays:

 Descriptive essays focus on creating a vivid and detailed picture of a person,

place, object, or experience.
 They rely on sensory details and figurative language to engage the reader's
senses.
 The aim is to make the reader feel as if they are experiencing the subject firsthand.

E. Compare and Contrast Essays:

 These essays examine the similarities and differences between two or more
subjects.

F. Analytical Essays:
  These essays break down a topic into its component parts and examine how they
relate to each other.

G. Reflective Essays:

 These essays explore a writer’s personal insights and perspectives on an

experience or topic.
 Cadi Ayyad University
Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi
Department of English Studies
Academic Year 2024/2025
Semester 2
Module: Composition
Pr. Mohammed Saissi

Section II

 In this section:

 Writing Process
 Subject
 Audience
 Purpose
 I. Writing process.

1. Prewriting/Planning/Brainstorming:

 Purpose: This is the foundation of your writing. It's where you generate ideas, explore
your subject, and define your purpose and audience.
 Activities:
o Brainstorming: Freely generating ideas, either individually or in a group.
o Freewriting: Writing continuously without editing to explore thoughts and ideas.
o Mind mapping/Concept mapping: Visually organizing ideas and their
relationships.
o Outlining: Creating a structured plan for your writing, including main points and
supporting details.
o Research: Gathering information from reliable sources.
o Audience analysis: Determining who your readers are and what they need.
o Purpose clarification: Defining your goal for writing.
 Importance: A strong prewriting stage helps you avoid writer's block and ensures a clear
and focused piece of writing.

2. Drafting:

 Purpose: To put your ideas into written form, creating a first version of your text.
 Activities:
o Writing freely, focusing on getting your ideas down on paper rather than perfect
grammar or style.
o Following your outline or plan, but being flexible and allowing for changes as
needed.
o Not worrying about mistakes or imperfections at this stage.
 Importance: The draft is a working document, a starting point for revision and
refinement.

3. Revising:
  Purpose: To improve the content, organization, and clarity of your writing.
 Activities:
o Evaluating the overall structure and flow of your writing.
o Checking for clarity, accuracy, and completeness.
o Adding, deleting, or rearranging information.
o Strengthening your arguments or supporting evidence.
o Ensuring your writing meets your purpose and audience's needs.
 Key questions to ask:
o Does my writing make sense?
o Is my message clear?
o Is my writing organized effectively?
o Does my writing accomplish my purpose?
 Importance: Revision is where you transform a rough draft into a polished piece of
writing.

4. Editing:

 Purpose: To correct errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and style.

 Activities:
o Proofreading for typos and other errors.
o Checking for consistency in style and formatting.
o Ensuring correct grammar and punctuation.
o Improving sentence structure and word choice.
 Importance: Editing ensures that your writing is error-free and professional.

II. Subject (What you're writing about):

 Definition: The subject is the topic, idea, or information you're conveying in your
writing. It's the "what" of your message.
 Detailed Explanation:
 o Scope and Focus: A well-defined subject has a clear scope. Is it a broad overview
or a narrow, specific point? Narrowing your focus is essential for clarity and
depth.
o Research and Knowledge: Depending on the subject, you might need to conduct
research to gather information, facts, and supporting evidence. This involves:
 Identifying reliable sources.
 Evaluating the credibility of information.
 Organizing and synthesizing your findings.
o Personal Connection: Sometimes, the subject stems from personal experience or
interests. This can add authenticity and passion to your writing.
o Subject Matter Expertise: The level of your expertise on the subject will
influence your writing style and the depth of detail you provide. If you are an
expert, you can use specialized language, if you are writing for people that are not
experts, you will need to use more common language.
o Examples:
 Broad subject: Climate change.
 Narrow subject: The impact of microplastics on marine life in the Pacific
Ocean.
 Personal subject: My experience learning to play the guitar.

III. Audience (Who you're writing for):

 Definition: The audience is the group of people who will read, listen to, or view your
writing.
 Detailed Explanation:
o Demographics: Consider the audience's age, gender, education level, cultural
background, and other relevant demographic factors.
o Knowledge and Understanding: Assess your audience's existing knowledge of
the subject. Tailor your language and complexity to their level of understanding.
o Interests and Expectations: What are your audience's interests, values, and
expectations? What are they hoping to gain from your writing?
 o Relationship to the Writer: Your relationship with the audience (e.g., friend,
colleague, stranger) influences your tone and formality.
o Purpose of Reading: Why is your audience reading your work? Are they seeking
information, entertainment, or persuasion?
o Examples:
 Academic audience: Professors and researchers.
 General audience: Readers of a newspaper or blog.
 Specific audience: Members of a professional organization.
 Children.
o Adapting to your audience: If writing a scientific paper for scientist, then you
would use very technical language, and assume a high level of background
knowledge. If writing a summary of that same scientific paper for the general
public, then you would use common language, and explain any technical terms.

IV. Purpose (Why you're writing):

 Definition: The purpose is the reason or goal behind your writing. It's the "why" of your
message.
 Detailed Explanation:
o Common Purposes:
 To inform: To provide factual information and explain concepts.
 To persuade: To convince the audience to accept a particular viewpoint or
take a specific action.
 To entertain: To engage and amuse the audience.
 To describe: To create a vivid picture of a person, place, or thing.
 To analyze: To break down a subject into its component parts and
examine their relationships.
 To instruct: To provide step-by-step guidance on how to do something.
 To express: To share personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
o Clarity and Focus: A clear purpose helps to guide your writing and keep it
focused.
 o Call to Action: In persuasive writing, the purpose often includes a call to action,
encouraging the audience to take a specific step.
o Examples:
 Informative purpose: A news article explaining a recent scientific
discovery.
 Persuasive purpose: An editorial advocating for stricter environmental
regulations.
 Entertaining purpose: A humorous short story.
 Instructional purpose: a recipe.
o Purpose and Audience Relationship: The purpose of the writing will heavily
influence the tone, and language used, which are also heavily influenced by the
intended audience.

The Interplay:

These components are interconnected and influence each other. Your subject will determine the
necessary research and information. Your audience will dictate your language, tone, and level of
detail. And your purpose will guide the overall structure and message of your writing.
 Cadi Ayyad University
Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi
Department of English Studies
Academic Year 2024/2025
Semester 2
Module: Composition
Pr. Mohammed Saissi

Section III

The process of writing an essay ( Part I )

 Prewriting to Generate Ideas Subject
 Generating Ideas for the Body
 Outlining
I. Prewriting to Generate Ideas (Subject)

This is the foundational stage where you explore your topic, narrow it down, and develop a clear
focus. It's about brainstorming and discovering what you want to say.

1. Understanding the Assignment/Prompt:

 Begin by carefully reading and analyzing the assignment or prompt. Identify the
key words, the required task (e.g., analyze, compare, argue), and the intended
audience.
 Ask yourself: What is the purpose of this essay? What specific questions am I
supposed to answer?

2. Brainstorming:

 This is where you let your ideas flow freely. Use techniques like:

 Freewriting: Write continuously for a set period without worrying about

grammar or structure. This helps to unlock initial thoughts.
 Mind Mapping: Create a visual representation of your topic, branching
out with related ideas and subtopics.
 Listing: Simply write down any ideas that come to mind, creating a list of
potential points.
 Questioning: Ask yourself "who," "what," "where," "when," "why," and
"how" questions about your topic.
3. Narrowing the Topic:

 Often, initial brainstorming produces a broad range of ideas. You need to narrow
your focus to a manageable and specific topic.
 Consider:

 The length of the essay.

 The available time for research.
 Your own interests and expertise.
  For example, if your broad topic is "climate change," you might narrow it down to
"the impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems."

4. Developing a Preliminary Thesis Statement:

 A thesis statement is a concise sentence that states the main argument or point of
your essay.
 It acts as a roadmap for your writing.
 At this stage, your thesis statement may be tentative and subject to revision as you
develop your ideas.

II. Generating Ideas for the Body

Once you have a clear subject and a preliminary thesis, you need to develop the supporting
arguments and evidence that will form the body of your essay.

 Research (If Applicable):

 If your essay requires research, this is the time to gather information from
reliable sources.
 Use libraries, online databases, and reputable websites.
 Take detailed notes and keep track of your sources.

 Developing Supporting Arguments:

 Identify the main points that will support your thesis statement.
 For each main point, ask yourself:

 What evidence can I provide to support this point?

 What examples or anecdotes can I use?
 What are the counterarguments, and how can I address them?
 Gathering Evidence:
 Evidence can take many forms, including:
 Facts and statistics.
  Examples and anecdotes.
 Quotes from experts.
 Personal experiences.
 Ensure that your evidence is relevant, accurate, and credible.
 Considering Different Perspectives:
 A strong essay acknowledges and addresses opposing viewpoints.
 This demonstrates critical thinking and strengthens your argument.
 Consider potential counterarguments and develop effective rebuttals.

III. Outlining

Outlining is the process of organizing your ideas into a logical and coherent structure. It provides
a framework for your essay and ensures that your arguments flow smoothly.

 Creating a Structure:
 A typical essay outline includes:
 Introduction: Briefly introduce the topic and state your thesis statement.
 Body Paragraphs: Each paragraph focuses on a single main point that
supports your thesis.
 Conclusion: Summarize your main points and restate your thesis in a new
way.
 Developing Body Paragraphs:
 For each body paragraph, include:
 Topic Sentence: A clear and concise sentence that introduces the main
point of the paragraph.
 Supporting Evidence: Facts, examples, and quotes that support the topic
sentence.
 Analysis: Explain how the evidence supports the topic sentence and
connects to your thesis.
 Transition Sentence: A sentence that smoothly connects the paragraph to
the next one.
 Arranging Ideas Logically:
  Organize your body paragraphs in a logical order.
 Consider using:
 Chronological order (for narratives or historical essays).
 Spatial order (for descriptive essays).
 Order of importance (for argumentative essays).
 Logical order (general to specific, or specific to general)
 Refining Your Thesis:
 Now that you have your body paragraph ideas organized, review your preliminary
thesis. Make sure it accurately reflects the overall argument and ideas of your
essay. Revise it as needed.
 Detailed or General Outline:
 Outlines can be very detailed, with every sentence planned out, or more general,
with just the main points and supporting evidence noted. Choose the level of detail
that works best for you.
 Cadi Ayyad University
Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi
Department of English Studies
Academic Year 2024/2025
Semester 2
Module: Composition
Pr. Mohammed Saissi

Section IV

The process of writing an essay (Part II)

 Writing introductions:
 Hook
 Background information
 Thesis statement
1. Hook:

 Purpose: The hook's primary goal is to grab the reader's attention and entice them to
continue reading. It should be engaging and relevant to the essay's topic.
 Types of Hooks:

 Question: A thought-provoking question related to the topic.

 Example: "What if the very technology designed to connect us is also

driving us apart?"

 Anecdote: A short, relevant story or personal experience.

 Example: "I remember the first time I held a smartphone, amazed by the
world at my fingertips. Little did I know how much that world would
change."

 Quotation: A relevant quote from a credible source.

 Example: "As Marshall McLuhan famously stated, 'The medium is the

message.'"

 Interesting Fact or Statistic: A surprising or compelling piece of information.

 Example: "Did you know that the average person spends over six hours a
day online?"

 Vivid Description: A descriptive passage that sets the scene or introduces the
topic.

 Example: "The glow of countless screens illuminates the darkened room,

each person lost in their own digital world."

 Statement of Strong Opinion: A bold statement that asserts a point of view.

  Example: "Social media has fundamentally altered the landscape of human
interaction, and not for the better."

2. Background Information:

 Purpose: This section provides context and necessary information for the reader to
understand the essay's topic. It bridges the gap between the hook and the thesis
statement.
 Content:

 Define key terms.

 Provide relevant historical context.
 Summarize existing research or arguments.
 Explain the significance of the topic.
 Offer a general overview of the issue.

 Transition: This section should smoothly transition from the engaging hook to the more
specific focus of the essay.

3. Thesis Statement:

 Purpose: The thesis statement is the most crucial sentence in the introduction. It presents
the main argument or point of the essay.
 Characteristics:

 Clear and Concise: It should be easy to understand.

 Debatable: It should be an assertion that can be argued or supported with
evidence.
 Specific: It should focus on a particular aspect of the topic.
 Roadmap: It should often provide a brief preview of the main points that will be
discussed in the essay.

 Placement: Typically, the thesis statement appears at the end of the introduction.
 Cadi Ayyad University
Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi
Department of English Studies
Academic Year 2024/2025
Semester 2
Module: Composition
Pr. Mohammed Saissi

Section VI

Writing an essay: A Case Study

Instruction: Consider the following essay and break down its components!

The Importance of Education in Modern Society

Introduction

Education is often regarded as one of the most crucial factors in the development of individuals
and society as a whole. It serves as a foundation for personal growth, social development, and
economic progress. In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted importance of education, its
impact on individuals and communities, and the challenges it faces in the modern world.

1. Hook:

 Text: "Education is often regarded as one of the most crucial factors in the development
of individuals and society as a whole."
 Explanation: The hook captures the reader’s attention by presenting a strong assertion
about the significance of education. It emphasizes its importance in both personal and
societal contexts, prompting readers to consider why education is worthy of discussion.

2. Background Information:

 Text: "It serves as a foundation for personal growth, social development, and economic
progress."
 Explanation: This part provides context for the discussion. It briefly outlines the various
roles that education plays in different aspects of life—personal, social, and economic.
This background helps readers understand the broad implications of education and sets
the stage for the more detailed exploration that will follow.

3. Thesis Statement:

 Text: "In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted importance of education, its impact
on individuals and communities, and the challenges it faces in the modern world."
 Explanation: The thesis statement clearly outlines the main points that the essay will
cover. It indicates that the essay will discuss the importance of education from multiple
 angles, including its effects on individuals and communities, as well as the challenges that
exist today. This statement provides a roadmap for the reader, helping them know what to
expect in the body of the essay.

Body-paragraph 1: Personal Development

Education plays a significant role in shaping an individual's identity and character. Through
formal education, individuals acquire not only knowledge but also critical thinking skills,
creativity, and problem-solving abilities. These skills are essential for personal growth and help
individuals navigate the complexities of life. Furthermore, education fosters a sense of self-
discipline and responsibility, which are vital traits for success in any field.

1. Topic Sentence:

 Text: "Education plays a significant role in shaping an individual's identity and

character."
 Explanation: The topic sentence introduces the main idea of the paragraph, which is that
education is crucial for personal development. It sets the focus for the rest of the
paragraph.

2. Supporting Sentences:

 Support 1: "Through formal education, individuals acquire not only knowledge but also
critical thinking skills, creativity, and problem-solving abilities."
 Explanation: This sentence elaborates on the topic by specifying the types of skills that
education provides. It highlights that education is not just about knowledge but also about
developing essential skills necessary for personal growth.

 Support 2: "These skills are essential for personal growth and help individuals navigate
the complexities of life."
  Explanation: This sentence connects the skills gained through education to the concept
of personal growth. It emphasizes that these skills are vital for handling real-life
challenges, reinforcing the value of education in everyday life.

 Support 3: "Furthermore, education fosters a sense of self-discipline and responsibility,

which are vital traits for success in any field."
 Explanation: This sentence adds another layer to the argument by discussing how
education contributes to developing personal qualities like self-discipline and
responsibility. It suggests that these traits are important not only in education but also in
achieving success in various aspects of life.

Body-paragraph 2: Economic Impact

On a broader scale, education is a key driver of economic development. A well-educated

workforce is essential for innovation, productivity, and competitiveness. Countries with higher
levels of education tend to have stronger economies and lower unemployment rates. Education
equips individuals with the skills needed for various industries, contributing to overall economic
prosperity. Moreover, investing in education can lead to higher incomes for individuals, which in
turn stimulates local economies through increased spending.

Body-paragraph 3: Social Development

Education also plays a critical role in promoting social cohesion and equality. It provides
opportunities for marginalized groups to improve their circumstances and break the cycle of
poverty. By fostering a more educated society, we can reduce social disparities and create a more
inclusive community. Education encourages empathy and understanding among diverse groups,
promoting a culture of tolerance and respect.

Body-paragraph 4: Challenges in Education

Despite its importance, the education sector faces numerous challenges. Inequality in access to
quality education remains a significant issue, particularly in developing countries. Many children
are still unable to attend school due to economic constraints, cultural barriers, or geographical
limitations. Additionally, the rapid advancement of technology poses both opportunities and
challenges for education systems worldwide. Educators must adapt to new teaching methods and
integrate technology effectively while ensuring that all students benefit.

Conclusion

In conclusion, education is a vital component of personal development, economic growth, and

social progress. It empowers individuals to reach their full potential and contributes to the overall
well-being of society. However, addressing the challenges within the education sector is essential
to ensuring that all individuals have access to quality education. By prioritizing education, we can
build a brighter future for both individuals and communities alike.

1. Restatement of Main Point:

 Text: "In conclusion, education is a vital component of personal development, economic

growth, and social progress."
 Explanation: The conclusion begins by restating the main point discussed in the essay.
This reinforces the significance of education in multiple areas, reminding readers of the
key theme/s.

2. Summary:

 Text: "It empowers individuals to reach their full potential and contributes to the overall
well-being of society."
 Explanation: This sentence summarizes the overall benefits of education, emphasizing its
role in personal empowerment and societal well-being. It encapsulates the positive
outcomes of education, making the argument more impactful.

3. Acknowledgment:

 Text: "However, addressing the challenges within the education sector is essential to
ensuring that all individuals have access to quality education."
  Explanation: This part acknowledges that despite the importance of education, there are
significant challenges that need to be addressed. It adds depth to the conclusion by
recognizing that access to quality education is not guaranteed for everyone.

4. Call to Action/ recommendation/ suggestion/ piece of advice:

 Text: "By prioritizing education, we can build a brighter future for both individuals and
communities alike."
 Explanation: The conclusion ends with a call to action, suggesting that prioritizing
education can lead to positive changes. This statement encourages readers to reflect on the
importance of education and consider their role in promoting it, leaving them with a sense
of hope and responsibility.
 Education is often regarded as one of the most crucial factors in the development of
individuals and society as a whole. It serves as a foundation for personal growth, social
development, and economic progress. In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted importance
of education, its impact on individuals and communities, and the challenges it faces in the
modern world.

Education plays a significant role in shaping an individual's identity and character. Through
formal education, individuals acquire not only knowledge but also critical thinking skills,
creativity, and problem-solving abilities. These skills are essential for personal growth and help
individuals navigate the complexities of life. Furthermore, education fosters a sense of self-
discipline and responsibility, which are vital traits for success in any field.

On a broader scale, education is a key driver of economic development. A well-educated

workforce is essential for innovation, productivity, and competitiveness. Countries with higher
levels of education tend to have stronger economies and lower unemployment rates. Education
equips individuals with the skills needed for various industries, contributing to overall economic
prosperity. Moreover, investing in education can lead to higher incomes for individuals, which in
turn stimulates local economies through increased spending.

Education also plays a critical role in promoting social cohesion and equality. It provides
opportunities for marginalized groups to improve their circumstances and break the cycle of
poverty. By fostering a more educated society, we can reduce social disparities and create a more
inclusive community. Education encourages empathy and understanding among diverse groups,
promoting a culture of tolerance and respect.

Despite its importance, the education sector faces numerous challenges. Inequality in access to
quality education remains a significant issue, particularly in developing countries. Many children
are still unable to attend school due to economic constraints, cultural barriers, or geographical
limitations. Additionally, the rapid advancement of technology poses both opportunities and
challenges for education systems worldwide. Educators must adapt to new teaching methods and
integrate technology effectively while ensuring that all students benefit.

In conclusion, education is a vital component of personal development, economic growth, and

social progress. It empowers individuals to reach their full potential and contributes to the overall
well-being of society. However, addressing the challenges within the education sector is essential
to ensuring that all individuals have access to quality education. By prioritizing education, we can
build a brighter future for both individuals and communities alike.
 Composition
PRESENTED BY:
Mr. Brahim TARZI

&
SUPERVISED BY:
Prof. Mohammed SAISSI
01 From Paragraph to Essay

02 Writing & Reading

03 Types of Essays

04 Writing Process

05 Structure of Essay

Conclusion & Extra Activities

 loved
writing
Active Reading
Analysis
To read for ideas, locate or develop the topic you may not know and expand
what you know.
Interpretation
To develop explanation or opinion about what something means and interact with it.

Synthesis
To putt different ideas, influences, or perspectives to make a whole that is usually
new and unique.
Evaluation
To come to certain conclusion to judge the validity, significance, and value of a
reading material.
 Types of Essays
Narrative Essay Reflective Essay
It is often written to tell a story of It is written to analyze and
the first person P.O.V. it can be interpret an academic text, essay or
either fictional or non-fictional. a book related to a learning
experience or material.

Expository Essay
A type of academic writing Compare & Contrast Essay
that aims to explain and It is a type of expository
inform about a particular composition comparing and
subject with evidence, facts contrasting two or more
and examples. subjects to provide better
understanding.

Persuasive Essay Descriptive Essay

It aims to convince the reader to The writer is required to describe
accept the writer’s P.O.V. This type things such as an event, a person,
of essays presents arguments and place, situation, or an object in
reasons to support or oppose an idea. detailed and vivid account.
To proofread your writing by
checking all the grammar,
spelling, capitalization, Writing
punctuation.
To exam the first draft so as to
improve it by adding, deleting, and/or
rearranging any ideas, sentences, or Brainstorming
paragraphs. That can give writing more
variety, better flow, and more precise
word choices.
Drafting
It’s the bridge between pre-
writing and the final paper. It’s
where ideas, research, and
Editing
planning come together.

To jot down any concepts that

come to your head associated
with the topic in note form,
random order or diagram.
Ai
Sweden to ban smartphones in schools starting 2026.
Sweden has announced a nationwide
Writing on in
primary and secondary schools starting July 1, 2026. The
decision follows research showing phones distract students and
negatively impact exam performance.
 Types of Hooks

Question Fact

Anecdote Experience
 Rhetorical Questions
•been betrayed by someone you blindly trusted?
•felt guilty of something you never did?
Have you ever •imagined a world without corruption, fraud
and tyranny?

•it were women who should initiate marriage proposal?

•happiness were a big fat lie we made to spend lifetime
What if chasing?
•suicide were a legal practice and not prohibited by
religion?
•the future you are waiting for is merely
what you are making out of your present
Did you know that moment?
•the network was first invented for military
purposes?
 Considering The Audience
Who are your readers? Why are they reading your
3 writing? What do they need and expect from you? If no
particular audience specified or implied, we can decide
whom to address.
Defining The Purpose
2 As a writer, the purpose is the chief reason for writing about a topic
for a particular audience. It ties together both the specific context and
the goal we want to achieve. There are some purposes for writing like.
• To entertain the readers.
• To express feelings and ideas.
• To explain something to readers (exposition)
• To persuade readers to accept or act on opinion (argument)

1 Discovering & Limiting The Subject

For most university writing, we write in response to an assignment
that may specify the subject or may leave the choice to us. So, What is
wanted from us? Many writing assignments contain words such as
describe, analyze, report, interpret, explain, define, argue, or evaluate.
Transitional Expressions

again, also, and, then, besides, equally important,

finally, first, furthermore, in addition, in the first
place, moreover, still, too….

in the same way, likewise, similarly, although, and

yet, but, despite, even so, in contrast, nevertheless… .

for example, to illustrate, for instance, to be specific,

such as, namely, in fact, specifically, in other words,
to put it differently…

all in all, altogether, as has been said, in brief, to

sum up, to conclude, in conclusion…
 It guides the reader into the paper by
introducing the topic. It should begin with
a hook and give some background
information on the topic. The ideas within
Introduction the introduction should be general enough
for the reader to understand the main
claim and gradually become more specific
to lead into the thesis statement.

Body It supports the main points presented in

the thesis. Each point is explored by one or
more paragraphs to develop analysis and
discussion of the topic.

Conclusion The conclusion brings together all the main

points of the essay. It refers back to the
thesis statement and leaves readers with a
final thought and sense of closure by
resolving any ideas.
 Introductions Conclusions
Address the reader directly. e.g. Have Give the reader something to think
you ever wondered what life will be about. e.g. hopefully, the situation will
like in 50 years time? be different in twenty years.
Start with an objective statement. e.g. End with an objective statement. e.g.
It has been proven that diet and Many people believe that solar power is
lifestyle can directly affect our health. the best solution to the energy crisis.
Start with a quotation. e.g. It was End with a quotation. e.g. To sum up,
Albert Einstein who said “the true sign I must agree with Albert Einstein who
of intelligence is not knowledge but said, “We cannot solve our problems
imagination.” with the same thinking we used when
Start with a rhetorical question. e.g. is we created them.”
global warming really happening? End with a rhetorical question. e.g.
Start with a problem that needs a After all, it is common sense, isn’t it?
solution. e.g. the number of homeless End with a problem that needs a
people in the world is on the rise. solution. e.g. All in all, it seems that we
Make reference to a strange scene or have to …
situation. e.g. The sight of hundreds of
people killed in wars is disturbing.
 writing is not only, or even mainly, a matter
of correctness. True, any written message will
find a more receptive audience if it is correct
in grammar spelling, and similar matters. But
these concerns should come late in the process,
after you’ve allowed yourself to discover what
you want to say, freeing yourself to make
mistakes along the way. As one writer put it,
you need to get the clay on the potter’s wheel
before you can shape into a bowl, and you
need to shape the bowl before you can
perfect it. So get your clay on the wheel, and
work on it until it looks a bowl. Then worry

Conclusion
about correctness.
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH