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Chapter 2
Number Systems

Short Questions
Q:1 What is number system?
Ans. A set of values used to represent different quantities is called number system. For example , a number
system can be used to represent the number of students in a class.
Q:2 What is radix?
Ans. The total number of digits used in a number system is called its base or radix.
Q:3 Write the types of number systems.
Ans. i. Decimal Number System
ii. Binary Number System
iii. Hexadecimal Number System
Q:4 What is Decimal number system?
Ans. It is commonly used in our daily life. The base of decimal number system is 10. It consists of digits from
0 to 9. It is also called Hindu-Arabic number system.
Q:5 What is Binary number system?
Ans. Digital computer represents all types of data in binary system. The base of binary number system is 2. It
consists of two digits 1 and 0. Each digit is called a bit in binary number system.
Q:6 What is Hexadecimal number system?
Ans. This number system provides shortcut method to represent long binary numbers. The base of
hexadecimal number system is 16. It consists of digits from 0 to 9 and A to F.
Q:7 Convert ( 23 )10 to Binary number. Q:8 Convert (156)10 to Binary number.

number remainder number remainder

2 23 2 156
2 11 1 2 78 0
2 5 1 2 39 0
2 2 1 2 19 0
2 1 0 2 9 1
2 4 1
Ans. (23)10 = (10111)2 2 2 0
2 1 0

Ans. (156)10 = (10011000)2

Q:9 Convert ( 7551 )10 to Hexadecimal Q:10 Convert ( 11000001 )2 to Decimal number.
number. Ans.
(11000001)2
number remainder =1×27+1×26+0×25+0×24+0×23+0×22+0×21+1×20
16 7751 = 1×128+1×64+0×32+0×16+0×8+0×4+0×2+1×1
16 471 15 =128+64+0+0+0+0+0+1
16 29 7 =128+64+1
16 1 13 =128+65
=(193)10

Ans. (7751)10 =(1D7F)16

Q:11 Convert ( 110101111 ) 2 to hexadecimal Q.12 Convert (11000001)2 to hexadecimal number.
number. Ans. By using table
Ans. By using table Hexadecimal Binary Hexadecimal binary
Hexadecimal Binary Hexadecimal binary 0 0000 8 1000
0 0000 8 1000 1 0001 9 1001
1 0001 9 1001 2 0010 A 1010
2 0010 A 1010 3 0011 B 1011
3 0011 B 1011 4 0100 C 1100
4 0100 C 1100 5 0101 D 1101
5 0101 D 1101 6 0110 E 1110
6 0110 E 1110 7 0111 F 1111
7 0111 F 1111
Ans. (11000001)2 = ( 1C)16
Ans. ( 110101111 ) 2 = ( FA1)16
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Q:13 Convert ( 1C2 )16 to Decimal number. Q:14 Convert (A23)16 to Binary number.
(1C2)16 =1×162+C×161+2×160 Ans. By using table
= 1×256+12×16+2×1 Hexadec Binary Hexadecimal binary
=256+192+2 0 0000 8 1000
=256+194 1 0001 9 1001
=(450)10 2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111

Ans. (A23)16 = ( 101000100011)2

Q:15 Convert ( C921 )16 to Binary number.

Ans. By using table
Hexadec Binary Hexadecimal binary
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111

Ans. (C921)16 = (1100100100100001)2

Q:16 Differentiate between bit and byte.

Bit Byte
i. It is the smallest data that can be used by i. A collection of 8 bits is called a byte.
computer memory is called bit.
ii. 0 and 1 are called computer bits. ii. One byte is required to store one character
in computer memory.

Q.17 What is Binary Arithmetic?

Ans. Binary arithmetic involves performing basic arithmetic operations such as addition,subtraction
,multiplication and division on binary numbers.
Q.18 What are the rules of binary addition?
Ans. Basic rules of binary addition are:
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1+1=0 (carry of 1)
Q.19 What is the significance of carry bit in binary addition?
Ans. Carry bit is used when the sum of two binary digits is greater then 1. It passed the next higher bit.
Q.20 What is the process of subtracting binary number?
Ans. To subtract binary number , first find the two complement of the subtrahend, then add it to the minued.
Example: 9 – 6 =3
Minued: 9 binary is 1001
Subtrahend: 6 binary is 0110
Two’s complement of 0110 is 1010
Add: 1001 + 1010 = 10011
Discrad: 0011 (discard last bit 1)
Q.21 What is the process of multiplication of a binary number?
Ans. i. Aligning binary numbers by least significant bit.
[Link] each bit of second number to each bit of first number.
iii. Shift the partial result one place left
iv. Add all partial results.
Example: 101 multiply by 11 the result is 1111
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Q.22 What is the process of division of a binary number?

Ans. i. compare divisor with dividend.
ii. subtract divisor from dividend
[Link] the next binary digit
[Link] the process
example: divide 1100 by 10 the result is 110
Q.23 What is the primary purpose of the ASCII encoding scheme?
Ans: The primary purpose of the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) encoding scheme
is to represent text characters in computers and communication devices.
Q.24 Explain the difference between ASCII and Unicode.
Ans:
1. Character Set:
ASCII represents a limited set of 128 characters (7-bit encoding).
Unicode can represent a vast number of characters (over 1.1 million) to support almost all written languages
worldwide.
2. Encoding Size:
ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits per character.
Unicode uses variable encoding formats like UTF-8 (1-4 bytes), UTF-16 (2 or 4 bytes), or
UTF-32 (4 bytes).
Q.25 How does Unicode handle characters from different languages?
Ans: Unicode assigns a unique code point to each character, regardless of language. These code points are
represented in hexadecimal notation (e.g., U+0041 for 'A'). Encoding formats like UTF-8 or UTF-16 allow
efficient storage and transmission.
Q.26 What is the range of values for an unsigned 2-byte integer?
Ans: A 2-byte integer consists of 16 bits. For an unsigned integer (only positive values): Range 0 to (26-1)=0 to
65,535
Q.27 Explain how a negative integer is represented in binary.
Ans: Negative integers are represented in binary using the two's complement method:
1. Convert the absolute value of the number to binary.
2. Invert all bits (ones' complement).
3. Add 1 to the inverted result.
Q. 28 What is the benefit of using unsigned integers?
Ans: Larger Range:Unsigned integers can represent a larger range of positive values because they do not need
to allocate a bit for the sign.
Non-Negative Quantities:They are ideal for scenarios where negative values are meaningless, such as counters,
indexes, and memory addresses.
Q.29 How does the number of bits affect the range of integer values?
Ans: The range of integer values depends on the number of bits:
1. Unsigned Integer: Range 0 to (2n -1)
2. Signed Integer: Range -2(n-1) to (2(n-1)-1).
Increasing the number of bits increases the range exponentially.

Chapter 3
Digital Systems and Logic Design

Short Questions
Q.1 Explain the difference between analog and digital signals.
Ans: Analog Signals: These are continuous signals that represent data with varying amplitude and frequency.
Examples include sound waves and radio signals.
Digital Signals: These are discrete signals that represent data in binary form (Os and 1s). Examples include
computer data and digital audio.
Q.2 What is the role of Analog to Digital Convertor (ADC)?
Ans. ADC is the process of converting analog signals to digital [Link] microphone uses ADC to convert
sound to digital data.
Q.3 What is the role of Digital to Analog Convertor (DAC)?
Ans. DAC is the process of converting digital signals to analog signals. Example speakers uses DAC to convert
audio to sound.
Q.4 Why is it necessary to convert analog signals to digital signals?
Ans. It allows easier processing , storage and transmission of data in digital devices like computer and
smartphone.
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Q.5 How do digital signals benefits long distance transmission and digital circuit?
Ans. Digital signals are less effected by noise and signals degradation which makes them more reliable for
transmission over long distance.
Q.6 What are logic levels in digital circuits?
Ans. Logic levels are voltage levels used to represent binary values in digital systems. A high voltage of 5 volts
represent 1 and low voltage is 0.
Q:7 Define Boolean Algebra.
And. Boolean algebra is the algebra of logic introduced by George Boole. It uses binary values so it is also
called binary algebra. The result of Boolean algebra can be true or false.
Q.8 Why Boolean algebra is important in digital circuits?
Ans. Boolean algebra simplifies the design of digital circuits by reducing complex logic expressions leading to
more efficient and cost effective circuits.
Q:9 What are Boolean variables?
Ans. The variables used in Boolean algebra can be represented by different alphabets such as A, B,C … x,y,z .
Each variable must take the value 1 or 0.
Q:10 What are Boolean Constants?
Ans. There are two Boolean constants used in Boolean algebra. These constants are 0 and 1.
Q:11 What are Logical operator?
Ans. The symbols used to perform logical operations in Boolean algebra are called logical operators. Different
logical operators are AND, OR and NOT.
Q:12 What are truth values?
Ans. The possible value of true or false that can be given to Boolean proposition are called truth values.
Q:13 What is truth table?
Ans. A truth table is representation of all the possible combinations of compound Boolean propositions. A truth
table is used to check whether a compound proposition is true or false.
Q.14 What is the significance of the truth table in digital logic?
Ans: Understanding Logic Behavior: It helps visualize and understand how a digital circuit or Boolean function
behaves for every input combination.
Error Detection: It ensures correctness by allowing designers to verify that the circuit produces the desired
output.
Q:15 What is AND operator?
Ans. The AND operator is used to connect two more Boolean propositions. The proposition is true if all
connected positions are true. It is false if any proposition is false. It is denoted by Dot
Q:16 Draw a truth table for AND (.) operator.
Ans.
P Q P AND Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Q:17 What is OR (+) operator?
Ans. The OR operator is used to connect two or more propositions. The connected Boolean proposition is true if
any proposition is true. It is false if all propositions are false. It is denoted by plus.
Q:18 Draw a truth table for OR (+) operator.
Ans.
P Q P OR Q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

Q:19 What is NOT operator?

Ans. The NOT operator is used to negate a Boolean proposition. It reverse the result of a proposition. It is
denoted by negation symbol.
Q:20 Draw a truth table for NOT operator.
Ans.
P NOT (P)
T F
F T
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Q:21 What are Logical Expressions?

Ans. Logical expression is an expression in which some logical operators is applied to Boolean proposition. The
result of logical expression is true or false.
Q.22 Define a Boolean function and give an example.
Ans: A Boolean function is a mathematical expression formed using Boolean variables, logical operators and
constants . It represents the relationship between input variables and a single output, where the output can only
have two states: true (1) or false (0. Example:A Boolean function F(A,B)=A.B
Q.23 What is the role of Boolean function in computer?
Ans. Boolean functions are used in various computer operations such arithmetic calculations in CPU, data
processing in memory and control logic.
Q.24 How do Boolean Functions apply to cell phones and calculators?
Ans. In cell phones and calculators, Boolean functions are used to process inputs like button presses or numerical
values and produce output.
Q.25 What are Logic Gates?
Ans. Logic gates are physical devices in electronic circuits that perform Boolean operations such AND , OR and
NOT gtate.
Q.26 What is difference between AND gate and OR gate?
And. AND gate outputs 1 only if both inputs are 1. OR gate output 1 if at least one input is 1.
Q.27 Explain significance of XOR gate.
Ans. XOR (Exclusive OR) gate output 1 only when exactly one input is [Link] return false if both condition are true.
Q.28 What is NAND gate?
Ans. It generate true when at least one of the inputs is false. In other words it is the inverse of AND [Link] is
mostly used in safety and control systems.
Q.29 Describe the function of a NOT gate with its truth table.
Ans:The NOT gate, also called an inverter, is a basic logic gate that performs logical negation. It has one input
and one output. The output of the NOT gate is the inverse of the input.
Truth Table: Input (A) Output (-A)
Q.30 State Identity law.
Ans. A+0=A A*1=A
Q.31 State Null Law.
Ans. A+1=A A*0=0
Q.32 State Idempotent law
Ans. A+A=A A*A=A
Q.33 State Complement Law.
Ans. A+𝑨 =A A. 𝑨=A
Q.34 State Absorption law.
Ans. A+(A.B)=A A.(A+B)=A
Q.35 State De Morgan’s Theorems.
Ans.𝑨̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+ 𝑩= 𝑨. 𝑩 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨. 𝑩= 𝑨 + 𝑩
Q.36 State Null Law.
Ans. 𝑨̿ =A
Q.37 How do Boolean simplification contribute to the efficiency of Digital Circuits?
Ans. It reduce the number of logic gate required in circuit by making the circuit smaller , faster and more energy
efficient to minimize resources.

Chapter 5
Software system

Short Questions
Q.1 Define system software and provide two examples.
Ans: System software is designed to manage the hardware and basic system operations of a computer. It acts as
an intermediary between hardware and application software..
Examples: Microsoft Windows, macOS.
Q. 5 Differentiate between system software and application software with examples.
Ans: System Software: Manages system operations and hardware. Examples: Operating systems (Windows),
utility software (antivirus).
Application Software: Helps users perform specific tasks. Examples: Microsoft Word for word
processing, Google Chrome for browsing.
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Chapter 7
Computational Thinking

Short Questions

Q. 1 Define computational thinking.

Ans: Computational Thinking (CT) is a systematic problem-solving process involving skills and techniques to
address complex issues in a way that can be executed by a computer
Q.2 What are the components of computational thinking?
Ans. i. Decomposition ii. Pattern recognition iii. Abstraction iv. Algorithm
Q.3 What is decomposition in computational thinking?
Ans: Decomposition is the process of breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts.
For example, building a birdhouse can be decomposed into designing, gathering materials, assembling, and
decorating.
Q.4 Explain pattern recognition with an example.
Ans: Pattern recognition involves identifying similarities or trends within problems or data. For example, the
pattern in the areas of squares can be recognized by observing how the side length increases.
Q.5 Describe abstraction and its importance in problem-solving.
Ans: Abstraction simplifies complex problems by focusing on essential details while ignoring irrelevant ones.
For instance, when making tea, abstraction focuses on high-level steps like boiling water, ignoring details like
water temperature settings.
Q.6 What is an algorithm?
Ans: An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. For example,
planting a tree involves steps like choosing a spot, digging a hole, placing the tree, and watering it
Q.7 Why are algorithm compared to recipes?
Ans. Algorithm are compared to recipes because both provide clear step by step instruction to achieve a goal. Just
as a recipe ensures consistent cooking an algorithm ensure systematic problem solving..
Q.8 How does problem understanding help in computational thinking?
Ans: Understanding the problem ensures clarity, defines objectives, and aids in developing efficient solutions.
For example, building a school website requires identifying user needs, features, and technical resources before
starting the design process.
Q.9 What is the first step in problem solving in computation thinking?
Ans. The first step in understanding the problem, which involves identifying the core issues , defining the
requirements and setting clear objectives.
Q.10 What is problem simplification?
Ans. It involves breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable sub problems.
Q.11 What steps should you take before starting to code a solution?
Ans. Understand the problem , gather requirements, define goals, and consider user needs and technical
constraints.
Q.12 What are flowcharts and how are they used?
Ans: Flowcharts are visual representations of processes, using symbols like rectangles for actions and diamonds
for decisions. They are used to model processes, solve problems, and communicate workflows clearly.
Q.13 What are the standard symbols used in flowcharts?
Ans. Oval (Terminal): start and stop flowchart
Rectangle (process): to show operations performed.
Parallelogram: to show input and output
Diamond : to show decisions
Q.14 Explain the purpose of pseudocode.
Ans: Pseudocode is a high-level, plain-language description of an algorithm. It simplifies understanding the logic
without requiring programming syntax, making it useful for planning and communicating algorithms.
Q.15 How do you differentiate between flowcharts and pseudocode?
Ans: Flowcharts use graphical symbols to visually represent processes, while pseudocode uses structured plain
language to describe the steps. Flowcharts are ideal for understanding the flow, while pseudocode focuses on
algorithm logic.
Q.16 What is time complexity?
Ans. Time complexity measures the running time of an algorithm as input size [Link] helps evaluate
efficiency of algorithm.
Q.17 What is space complexity?
Ans. Space complexity measures the memory required by an algorithm relative to input size during execution
Q.18 What is Big O notation?
Ans. It is a mathematical representation of time complexity. For example O (n) means running time increase
linear with input size..
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Q.19 What is a dry run and why is it important?

Ans: A dry run involves manually executing an algorithm or flowchart with sample data to verify its correctness.
It helps identify logical errors before implementation, ensuring the algorithm performs as intended.
Q.20 what are the steps involved in a dry run of flowchart?
Ans. i. start ii. Input iii. Follow steps iv. Output result v. stop
Q.21 How is a dry run of pseudocode conducted?
Ans. Simulate line by line with sample input.
Apply logic of condition loops and operations
Record results
Q.22 What is simulation and why it is useful?
Ans. Simulation model real world processes using computer programs to test algorithms in a controlled
environment, It is cost effective ,safe and repeatable.e.g weather forecasting
Q.23 Describe LARP and its significance in learning algorithms.
Ans: LARP (Logic of Algorithms for Resolution of Problems) is an interactive way to learn algorithms by
running them to observe results. It aids in understanding algorithm behavior, testing inputs, and improving
problem-solving skills.
Q.24 What is importance of debugging?
Ans. Debugging involves identifying and fixing errors in an algorithm. It is essential to ensure that the solution
or task is executed correctly and efficiently.
Q.25 List and explain two debugging techniques.
Ans: 1. Tracing the Steps: Go through each step of the algorithm to identify where it goes wrong
2. Simplify the Problem: Break the algorithm into smaller parts and test each part independently to locate errors.
Q.26 What is runtime error?
Ans. An error occurs during program execution. For example dividing a number by zero.
Q.27 Why are logical errors hard to detect?
Ans. Because the algorithm produce wrong result instead of successful running due to fault decision making

Chapter 8
Web Development with HTML,CSS and Javascript

Short Questions

Q.1 What is web devolpment?

Ans. It is the process of creating webistes and web applications using programming language and tools to
design and maintain them.
Q.2 Why should you learn web development?
Ans. Learning web development enhance digital literacy, opens career opportunities, develops problem solving
skills and support entrepreneurship.
Q.3 What are the main components of web development?
Ans. i. Front end ii. Back End iii. Full Stack Development
Q.4 What are Databases used for web development?
Ans. Databases stores and manage data such as information , product details and website content.
Q.5 What is Full Stack Development?
And. It involves handling both the front end and back end of a web application.
Q.6 Explain importance of problem solving in web development.
And. It helps developers identify and resolve issues such as slow website by analyzing and fixing errors.
Q.7 Define Website.
Ans: A website is a collection of related web pages. A website has it unique address on the Internet. For
example [Link]
Q:8 Web browser.
Ans: A web browser is a software that is used to access World Wide Web. Some popular web browser are
Google Chrome, Opera , Mozilla Firefox.
Q:9 Define Web Server.
Ans: A web server is a computer that stores the webpages. The web browser request to web server for a web
page. A web server is very fast and powerful computer.
Q:10 Define HTML.
Ans: HTML stand for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a simple formatting language used to create
webpages. Its code is written in any text editor.
Q:11 What is meant by markup language?
Ans. HTML is known as markup language because each element is marked by a specific tag.
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Q:12 Write the procedure to create HTML page.

Ans: i. Open any text editor.
ii. Type code.
i. Click file>Save.
iv. Type “[Link]” in file name box.
v. Click Save.
vi. Double click the file to open it in browser.
Q:13 Define HTML tags and elements.
Ans: HTML tags are the keyword that denote different elements in HTML document. The HTML tags are
surrounded by two angler brackets < >. Fist tag is called start and second called end tag. The text between start
and end tag is called element.
Q:14 What are the two types of HTML tags?
Ans: i. Singular Tags
ii. Paired Tags
Q:15 What is meant by singular tag?
Ans: Singular tags are those who have no end tag. These are also known as empty tags. E.g.<br> , <hr>
Q:16 What is meant by paired tag?
Ans: Paired tags consists of start and end tag. The content is placed between start and end tag. The general
structure of paired tags is as follow: <TAGNAME> Content </TAGNAME>
e.g. <H1> Hyper Text Markup Language</H1>
Q:17 Write down the basic structure of HTML.
Ans: <HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> BASIC STRUCTURE OF HTML </TITLE> Head
</HEAD> Section
<BODY>
Body Section
<BODY>
</HTML>

Q.18 What is the purpose of the <head> tag in HTML?

Ans: The <head> tag in HTML contains meta-information about the document, such as its title, character set,
styles, and scripts. This information is not displayed directly on the web page but helps browsers interpret and
render the page correctly.
Q.19 What is the purpose of <body> tag in HTML?
Ans: The <body> tag of an HTML document contains the text , images , links that appear on a web page.
<BODY>and </BODY> tags are used for body section.
Q.20 How paragraph is created in HTML?
Ans: Paragraphs are created in HTML by using <P> and </P> tag.
Q.21 How a Line Break is inserted in HTML?
Ans: Line breaks are used to move the control to the next line. The <BR> tag is used to end a line without
inserting a new paragraph. E.g. <p> Hello <br> World </p>
Q.22 What are different headings and subheading tags available in HTML?
Ans: There are 6 heading tags available in HTML.
<H1> Heading 1</H1>, <H2> Heading 2 </H2>, <H3> Heading 3 </H3>
<H4> Heading 4</H4>, <H5> Heading 5 </H5>, <H6> Heading 6 </H6>
Q.23 Write down a tag code of two different heading of “BISE”.
Ans: <H1>BISE</H1>
<H4>BISE</H4>
Q.24 Name different type of list used in HTML.
Ans: [Link] List,
[Link]-ordered List ,
Q.25 Explain the difference between an ordered list and an unordered list in HTML.
Ans: An ordered list (<ol>) is used to display items in a specific sequence, typically numbered. An unordered list
(<ul>) displays items without any particular order, usually marked with bullets. Both improve readability by
organizing content into lists.
For example: <ul>
<li> item 1</li>
<li> item 2</li>
</ul>
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Q.26 How Images are inserted in HTML?

Ans: The <IMG> tag in HTML is used to insert images in the webpages. This tag has no ending tag. The SCR
attribute specifies the name and address of the image to be displayed.
E.g. <IMG SRC=”image_name.jpeg”>
Q.27 What is function of ALT attribute in HTML images?
Ans: The ALT attribute provides an alternate text for an image. If browser cannot find an image it will
display the value of ALT attribute.
Q.28 Describe the syntax for creating a hyperlink in HTML.
Ans: A hyperlink is created using the <a> tag with the href attribute specifying the URL. Example: <a
href="[Link] Example</a>This displays a clickable link.
Q.29 Define Anchor.
Ans: A Hyperlink is created using Anchor tag <A>. Anchor is also used to link different sections or objects of
a same page. By clicking on these links user can easily move from one part of page to another
Q.30 How image/graphic is used as Hyperlink?
Ans: <HTML>
<BODY>
<a href=”http:/[Link]”> <img src=”[Link]”></a>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Q.31 Define table in HTML.
Ans: A table display data in the form of rows and columns. The data in table is more readable. <TABLE> tag
is used to create table in HTML. <TR> tag is used for table row and <TD> for table data.
For example: <table>
<tr> <td> name</td> <td>age </td> </tr>
</table>
Q.32 How do you add a comment in CSS or HTML?
Ans: CSS comments are added using /* to start and */ to close. These comments are ignored by browsers and can
be used to explain code styles temporarily: /* This is a CSS comment */
Q.33 What is the primary purpose of CSS?
Ans. Cascading style sheet is used to control the visual appearance of web pages. It separates content from
presentation allowing developers to style HTML.
Q.34 What are Selectors in CSS?
Ans. Selectors in CSS are used to specify which HTML elements the styles should apply to. For example h1
targets all h1 tags.
Q.35 What is CSS declaration?
Ans. It consist of a property and its corresponding value that define the style to be [Link] example color :
red.
Q.36 What are the different ways to apply CSS to an HTML document?
Ans: CSS can be applied in three ways:
1. Inline CSS: Directly within the HTML element using the style attribute.
2. Internal CSS: Within a <style> tag in the <head> section.
3. External CSS: Using an external .css file linked via <link> in the <head> section.
Q.37 What is the purpose of font-family in CSS?
Ans. It specifies the font of the text. For example Arial, Time new roman, font-szie:24px
Q.38 What is the function of the <div> tag in HTML?
Ans: The <div> tag is a container element used to group content for styling or layout purposes. It helps
organize and structure content and can be styled with CSS
Q.39 Explain different layouts in CSS.
CSS Grid: It is a powerful tool for creating complex [Link] allow to arrange items in row and coloum
CSS Flexbox:It helps in arranging items in flexible and responsive way like aligning items in row and col
Q.40 Explain the box model in CSS.
Ans: The box model in CSS describes how elements are displayed on a web page, including:
Content: The actual content of the element.
Padding: Space between the content and the border.
Margin: Space outside the border separating elements.
Q.41 How do you link an external CSS file to an HTML document?
Ans: An external CSS file is linked using the <link> tag in the <head> section of the HTML file: <link
rel="stylesheet" href="[Link]">
Q.42 What is the primary purpose of Javascript?
Ans. Javascript is programming language primary used to make website [Link] enables developers to create
feature like animation and responsive design.
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Q.43 How can you include JavaScript in an HTML file?

Ans: JavaScript is included in an HTML file using the <script> tag. The script can be embedded directly within
the tag or linked externally using the src attribute: <script src="[Link]"></script>.
Q.44 What are variables and how they declared in Javascript?
Ans. Variables are data store containers in programming.
Declaration: var name=”Ali”;
Q.45 What is a function in Javascript?
Ans. A function is a reusable block of code that performs specific task. For example greet() function.
Q.46 What does alert() function do?
Ans. An alert() function displays a pop up message. For example aler(“hello”);
Q.47 What are parameters in functions?
Ans. Parameters are placeholders for values that you pass to the function as input.

Chapter 10
Emerging Technologies

Exercise Short Questions

Q.1 Define Artificial Intelligence (Al).

Ans: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed
to think, learn, and perform tasks like humans. It includes subfields like machine learning, natural language
processing, and robotics.
Q.2 What are some applications of Ai?
Ans. Gaming: It creates game design, realistic characters and improve players experience.
Automobile: by enabling autonomous driving , driver assistance and optimization of vehicle performance.
Social Media: by personalized content recommendation, automated content generation and behavior
prediction and targeted marketing.
Q.3 Provide two examples of Al applications in healthcare.
Ans:
1. Diagnosing diseases and personalizing treatment plans.
2. Predicting patient outcomes and assisting in remote monitoring.
Q.4 What are subfields of AI?
Ans. i. machine learning ii. Deep learning iii. NLP iv. Robotics
Q.5 What is Machine Learning?
Ans. Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence where computer learn from experience and improve over
time with out being programmed.
Q.6 Explain the role of Al techniques in advancing machine learning models.
Ans: Al techniques, such as deep learning and neural networks, enhance the capability of machine learning
models by enabling them to process vast datasets, identify patterns, and make accurate predictions.
Q.7 What is Deep learning?
Ans. It is a subset of machine learning that uses complex neural networks to analyze large amount of data inspired
by human brain e.g voice assistant
Q.8 What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
Ans. It is a subfield of AI that enable computers to understand and interact with human language. e.g. voice
assistant
Q.9 What is Robotics?
Ans. Robotics is a branch of AI that focuses on designing and programming robot that senses their environment
to perform task autonomously like building cars.
Q.10 What are two types of AI algorithm?
Ans. i. Exaplainable( white box) : where decision making is transparent and [Link] decision
tree and linear regression.
[Link]-explainable(black box) : where decision making is not easily interpretable due to complex
computational power. Example deep learning and neural networks.
Q.11 What is decision tree in AI?
Ans. Decision tree is exaplainable AI algorithm that uses series of questions to make decision in specific situation.
Q.12 What is Linear Regression in AI?
Ans. Linear regression is a model which show relationship between two features by finding straight line that best
fits on points.
Q.13 Define the Internet of Things (IoT).
Ans: loT is a network of interconnected physical devices equipped with sensors, software, and technologies to
exchange data with other devices and systems via the internet.
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Q.14 Describe the significance of IoT in connecting devices and systems.

Ans: loT integrates the physical and digital worlds, allowing devices to collect, share, and analyze data. This
connectivity improves operational efficiency and fosters innovation in areas like healthcare, agriculture, and smart
homes.
Q.15 What are the key components of IoT?
Ans. i. Sensors ii. Actuators
rs iii. Devices iv. Networks v. Data Analysis
Q.16 What is the role of sensors in IoT?
Ans. Sensors detect and measures physical properties like temperature , light and collect data from environment.
Q.17 What is the role of Actuators in IoT?
Ans. They act on data received from sensors converting energy into motion to generate an [Link] they
open or close valves based on soil moisture level.
Q.18 How IoT is helpful in Healthcare?
Ans. IoT devices can track vital signs , reminds patients to take medication and alert provider in case of
emergency.
Q.19 What are some security measures using IoT?
Ans. i. Use Strong Password ii. Keep regular updates iii. Use encryption

Chapter 11
Ethics,Social and Legal Concerns in Computer

Short Questions

Q. 1 What is the importance of using computers safely and responsibly?

Ans: Using computers safely and responsibly is essential for protecting personal information, maintaining
respectful online behavior, and ensuring the safety and efficiency of hardware and software. This practice helps
in enjoying technology while avoiding risks.
Q.2 What is Cyber Hygiene?
Ans. Just like washing your hands to prevent germs , updating your antivirus software regularly is important to
prevent digital viruses.
Q.3 Why should you create strong, unique passwords for your accounts?
Ans: Strong, unique passwords reduce the risk of unauthorized access. They protect your accounts from hacking
and safeguard sensitive dat(A) Examples of strong passwords include a mix of letters, numbers, and symbols.
Q.4 What is the purpose of regular software updates?
Ans: Software updates provide critical security fixes, enhance functionality, and ensure compatibility with other
systems. They prevent vulnerabilities that hackers might exploit.
Q.5 How can you protect yourself from harmful links and downloads?
Ans: Avoid clicking on unknown links and downloading files from untrusted sources. Use antivirus software to
scan files before opening them.
Q.6 What is Two-Factor Authentication (2FA), and why is it useful?
Ans: 2FA adds an additional layer of security by requiring a second form of verification, such as a code sent to
your phone. This makes it harder for unauthorized users to access your accounts.
Q.7 Why is it a good idea to avoid using public Wi-Fi for sensitive transactions?
Ans: Public Wi-Fi is often insecure, making it vulnerable to hackers who can intercept sensitive dat(A) Avoid
using it for transactions like online banking.
Q.8 How can you verify if an phishing email or message is a scam?
Ans: To identify scams, check for generic greetings, spelling errors, suspicious links, and unsolicited requests for
personal information. Always verify the sender's identity and avoid clicking on unknown links.
Q.9 Why is it important to be careful about what you share on social media?
Ans: Sharing too much on social media can expose you to identity theft or scams. It's important to adjust privacy
settings and avoid posting personal details like your address, phone number, or financial information.
Q.10 What should you do if you receive an email from an unknown sender asking for personal information?
Ans: Ignore or delete the email, mark it as spam, and never provide any personal information. Verify its
authenticity by contacting the company directly if needed.
Q.11 Why it is important to back up your data to cloud storage?
Ans. Regularly backing up your data on cloud storage ensures you won’t lose important information if something
goes wrong. Store your data on google drive or dropbox online.
Q.12 What is the difference between copyright, trademarks, and patents?
Ans: Copyright: Protects original works like books, music, and software.
Trademarks: Safeguard brand names, logos, and [Link] example nike “swoosh” logo
Patents: Cover new inventions and processes, granting exclusive rights to inventors.
Q.13 What is meant by software piracy?
[Link] piracy is the illegal copying , distribution or use of copyright software. It gives financial loss to the
owner of the software.
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Q.14 What is cyberbullying?

Ans. cyberbullying involves using the internet to harm or herass [Link] include sending mean messages or
spreading rumors about others.
Q.15 What is sabotage?
[Link] is a serious attack on a computer system. A malicious user can attack the computer system remotely over
the internet using virus.
Q.16 What is Denial of Service (DoS)?
[Link] is a cyber-attack that makes a computer or network resources unavailable for actual user.
Q.17 What is Phishing Attack?
[Link] is a criminal activity in which the criminal uses fake email and website to get sensitive information.
Q.18 How to adjust your online privacy settings?
Ans. make you’re your social media accounts are set to private so only people you trust see your posts and adjust
your privacy setting to protect your personal information.
Q.19 Why is it important to respect intellectual property rights?
Ans: Respecting intellectual property rights encourages innovation, ensures fair compensation for creators, and
avoids legal consequences like penalties for violations.
Q.20 What are online Etiquette?
Ans. Be respectful in your online interactions mean use polite language ,avoiding arguments and not spreading
false information.

Chapter 1;Systems
LONG QUESTIONS

Q.1 Explain the architecture of von Neumann computers and describe its key components.
Introduction to Von Neumann Architecture
This architecture outlines a computer system composed of four primary components: memory, Central Processing
Unit (CPU), input devices, and output devices. It remains a cornerstone of modern computing systems.
Components of the Von Neumann Architecture
[Link]
Memory stores input data and program instructions needed for CPU [Link] allows for faster execution
compared to getting data from secondary storage devices.
Example:
When a program is launched on a computer, it is loaded into RAM (Random Access Memory) for quicker access
and execution.
[Link] Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It
comprises two main subcomponents:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
Performs mathematical computations (e.g., addition and subtraction).Handles logical operations and
comparisons.
Control Unit (CU):
Governs the activities of the CPU by instructing the ALU and memory to execute tasks based on program
instructions.
Example:
When calculating "2+2" on a calculator, the ALU processes the numerical values, while the CU supervises the
overall procedure.
[Link] Devices
Input devices allow users to feed data and instructions into the computer system.
Examples:
A keyboard transmits text to the CPU for processing.
[Link] Devices
Output devices display or communicate the results of processing performed by the computer.
Examples:
A monitor visually displays the processed data.
[Link] Bus
The system bus is the communication framework that facilitates the transfer of data between components in a
computer.
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Q.2 Explain the working process of the Von Neumann architecture, detailing the stages involved in
executing an instruction.
[Link]
The process begins with the CPU retrieving an instruction from the computer's memory. This instruction specifies
the operation the CPU needs to [Link] Components Involved:
Memory,CPU (Program Counter (PC), Instruction Register (IR))
Example:
In a basic calculator application, the CPU fetches the instruction to add two digits from memory.
[Link]
The fetched instruction is sent to the Control Unit (CU), where it is decoded to determine the action
[Link] Components Involved:Control Unit (CU)
Example:
If the instruction is to add two numbers, the CU decodes the opcode to prepare for the addition operation.
[Link]
The CPU processes the instruction. Depending on the nature of the task, computations are performed or data is
[Link] Components Involved:Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit (CU)
Example:
the ALU performs the calculation (e.g., 23+45), while the CU ensures data flows correctly.
[Link]
The final stage involves saving the result of the computation or sending it to an
Hardware Components Involved: output device., Memory
Example:
In the calculator application, the result (e.g., 68) is displayed on the screen as theoutput.

Q.3 Describe the characteristics of the Von Neumann computer architecture. Characteristics of Von
Neumann Computer Architecture
Single Memory Store
Both program instructions and data are stored in the same memory space.
Example:
In a computer game, the game's code (instructions) and its data are stored together in the computer's RAM.
Sequential Execution
Instructions are processed one after the other in a sequential order.
Example:
CPU executes each step of the program in the exact sequence in which they are written.
Stored Program Concept
Programs are stored in memory, allowing them to be modified by the computer.
Example:
When you update a software program, the updated instructions replace the old ones in memory without requiring
a hardware change.

Q.4 Discuss advantages and disadvantages of von Neumann computer architecture.

Advantages of Von Neumann Architecture
The Von Neumann architecture offers the following benefits:
Advantages
Simplified Design Explanation:
By combining instructions and data in the same memory space, the architecture simplifies the design and structure
of the computer.
Flexibility
Programs can be easily modified by altering the memory contents, enabling updates and improvements without
hardware changes.
Disadvantages
Von Neumann Bottleneck
The single memory area creates a bottleneck, as the CPU must retrieve both instructions and data from the same
memory. This limits the speed at which the CPU can operate.
Security Risks
Storing both instructions and data in the same memory area poses security risks. One program can potentially
modify another program's instructions, leading to vulnerabilities.
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Q.5 Explain the two types of science and their application in computer science.
Types of Science
Natural Science
Natural science focuses on studying existing natural systems to uncover their objectivity and functionality. Its
nature is descriptive, and scientists use the empirical cycle to understand natural [Link]: Studying
the ecosystem of a forest to observe interactions among species.
Design Science
Design science aims to design and create artificial systems to solve problems or achieve specific goals. Its nature
is prescriptive, and scientists follow the regulative cycle, which includes problem identification, solution design,
implementation, and [Link]: Developing a software system to manage forest data and improve
conservation efforts.
Natural Science of Computer Science
Natural science in computer science studies algorithms to understand their characteristics, efficiency, and
limitations.
Example: Analyzing sorting algorithms like QuickSort to determine their speed and performance.
Q.6 Define Theory of System. Also Explain the components and the environment of a system.
Theory of System:
It is simply an organized set of components that work to gather to perform specific task.
Components of a System
Components are the fundamental building blocks of any system. Each component has a specific role and
contributes to the overall functionality of the system. The following points elaborate on the importance of
understanding the components:
Role of Components
i. Their functions collectively enable the system to meet its objectives.
ii. Performance can be improved, and system design refined through better knowledge of these components.
iii. Smooth and proper functioning of all components together is necessary for achieving the system's goals.
Environment of a System
The environment of a system encompasses all external factors that interact with the system. These factors
influence the system's operation and are crucial to its design and functionality.
Role of the Environment
i. The environment provides inputs to the system and receives its outputs.
ii. It significantly affects the system's performance and behavior.
iii. Intelligent systems can adjust to environmental changes, ensuring their functionality continues even in varying
conditions.

Chapter#6 Computer Networks

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define Data Communication. Also, explain the components of data communication.
Data communication involves the transfer of data between devices over a network. It has five key components
that work together to ensure effective communication: the sender, receiver, message, protocol, and medium.
1. Sender
The sender is the device that sends the data. It could be a computer sending an email or a smartphone sending a
message.
2. Receiver
The receiver is the device that receives the data sent by the sender. Examples of receivers include smartphones or
computers.
3. Message
The message is the data being communicated. This could be a text message, an email, or a file being transferred
4. Protocol
The protocol is a set of rules that govern the communication process. It ensures that the data is sent and received
[Link] instance, the HTTP protocol is used for communication over the web.
5. Medium
The medium is the physical or wireless path through which data travels. It could be a wired medium like Ethernet
cables or a wireless medium like Wi-Fi.
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Q.2 Define Computer Network. Why is a computer network needed?

Computer Network.
When two or more computers connected with each other through a communication medium to share data and
resources is called computer network.
Objectives of Computer Networks
a) Resource Sharing
Networks allow devices to share resources like printers, storage, and software, reducing costs and improving
efficiency.
Example: Multiple computers in an office can use a single networked printer instead of each having a dedicated
printer.
b) Data Communication
Networks facilitate the transfer of data, enabling communication through emails, instant messaging, and video
conferencing.
Example: Employees in different cities collaborate via video conferencing tools like Microsoft Teams.
c) Connectivity and Collaboration
Networks enable remote access and real-time collaboration, enhancing productivity.
Example: A team can co-edit a shared document in Google Drive regardless of their locations.

Q3. What is Router? Describe the routing process.

Router
Router is a networking device that connects multiple networks. It manage the best route between any two
communication networks.
Routing Process
Routing is a process of transferring data from the device on one network to the device on another network. Every
data packet has two address. Router analyses the IP address of incoming data packet and send it to destination
device address by finding the best route. There may be hundreds of networks between sender and receiver.

Q.4 Describe the different types of network topologies (bus, star, ring) and explain their advantages and
disadvantages.
[Link] Topology
Bus topology is a simple and cost-effective method where all devices are connected to a single communication
line called the bus. Data sent by any device is broadcasted to all devices, but only the intended receiver processes
it.
Advantages:
Easy and less expensive to set up
Requires less cabling compared to other topologies
Disadvantages:
If the central cable fails, the entire network goes down
Not suitable for large networks.
2. Star Topology
In star topology, each device is connected to a central hub or switch. Devices communicate by sending data
through the hub, which repeats it to the intended receiver.
Advantages:
If one device fails, it doesn't affect the entire network
Disadvantages:
If the central hub fails, the entire network fails.
It Requires hardware compared to bus topology.
3. Ring Topology
Ring topology connects devices in a circular fashion. Data travels in one direction from one device to the next
until it reaches its destination,
Advantages:
Can handle high traffic
The arrangement allows efficient data transmission
Disadvantages:
A failure in any device or connection can affect the entire network
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Q.5 Explain the three primary transmission modes .

Ans. Network communication modes describe how data is transmitted between devices.
Simplex Communication
Simplex communication is a one-way data transmission mode. Data flows in a single direction from the sender
to the receiver, with no possibility for the receiver to send data back to the sender. example of Simplex
communication is the connection between a keyboard and a computer.
2. Half-Duplex Communication
Half-Duplex communication allows data to be sent in both directions, but not simultaneously. One device
transmits, while the other device waits for its turn to [Link] A walkie-talkie is a good example of
Half-Duplex communication.
3. Full-Duplex Communication
Full-Duplex communication allows for two-way data transmission simultaneously. Both devices can transmit and
receive data at the same time, providing the most efficient form of [Link]: A telephone
conversation is an example of Full-Duplex communication, where both parties can talk and listen at the same
time.

Q.6 What is OSI model? Discuss any three layers of OSI Model.
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a
networking system into seven distinct layers. Each layer has a specific function, and these layers work together
to ensure smooth and efficient communication between devices in a network.
Physical Layer
The Physical Layer deals with the actual hardware connection between devices. It is responsible for transmitting
raw data bits over a physical medium like cables, connectors, and switches. Protocol work IEEE 802.
Data Link Layer
It converts stream of bits to [Link] also ensures error-free data transfer between nodes on the same network. It
provides error detection and correction, as well as managing the flow of data to prevent [Link] work
CSMA/CD.
Transport Layer
It divides data into small segments. It handles error checking and data flow control, ensuring that data is delivered
in the correct order and without errors. Protocol works TCP/UDP
Q.7 Define Protocols. Explain functions of key protocols.
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is used for transferring web pages over internet.
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol translate domain names to IP addresses.
DNS: Domain Name System automatically assigns IP address to devices on a network simplifying network
management.
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol ensures reliable data transfer.
UDP: Provides faster but less reliable data transfer.
IP: Internet Protocol handles addressing and routing of data packets.

Q.8 What is IP address? Describe different IP addressing standards.

IP address
It is a unique number that identifies a device on the [Link] computer must have an IP address in order to
communicate with other devices on internet.
IPv4:
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol and is the most widely used today. It uses a 32-bit address
scheme, which allows for a total of approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses .An IPv4 address is written in four
sets of decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255 (e.g., [Link]).
IPv6:
IPv6, on the other hand, is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol, designed to replace IPv4. It uses a
128-bit address scheme, allowing for an almost limitless number of unique addresses (. An IPv6 address is written
in eight groups of four hexadecimal digits (e.g., 2001:0000:130F:0000:0000:0000:876A:130B).
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Q.9 Discuss Different types of Computer Network.

Local Area Network (LAN)
A Local Area Network (LAN) connects devices within a limited area, such as a home, office, or school. It enables
efficient communication and resource sharing among devices like computers, printers, and servers.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) spans a larger geographical area, such as a city or a large campus. It
connects multiple LANs, allowing for communication between devices spread across a larger area.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN covers a vast geographical area and connects multiple LANs and MANs. It can span cities, countries, or
even continents. The internet is the largest and most well-known example of a WAN.
Q.10 In a Simplex communication system, assume data is transmitted at a rate of 500 bits per second (bps).
Compute the time to transmit a message if:
(a) it is of 10 kilobits. (b) it is of 10 kilobytes.
Transmission Time= Data Size /Transmission Rate
Given:
Transmission Rate = 500 bps
Part (a):
Transmission of 10 kilobits
Data Size= 10 kilobits 10×1024=10,240 bits
Transmission Time= 10,240 bits/500 bps =20.48 seconds
Part (b):
Transmission of 10 kilobytes
Data Size 10 kilobytes=10×1024×8=81,920 bits
Transmission Time 81,920 bits/500 bps=163.84 seconds

Q.11 An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number. Calculate the total number of unique IPv4 addresses possible.
(a) Show the calculation for the total number of IPv4 addresses:
(b) How many addresses are left if 10% of the total addresses are reserved for special purposes?
An IPv4 address uses 32 bits, so the total number of unique addresses is calculated as: This represents all possible
combinations of 32 bits.
a. Total IPv4 addresses are:4,294,947,296
b. If 10% of the total addresses are reserved:
Rounded down, approximately 429,496,729 addresses are reserved. The remaining addresses are:
Available addresses: 3,865,470,567.