Chapter 3 Matrices

Chapter (3) Matrices

3.1 Overview
3.1.1 Introduction.
In the following chapter, we study an abstract object known as a
MATRIX. This branch of algebra has been found to be of great use in
many branches of higher mathematics such as algebraic and differential
equations, mechanics, astronomy etc. Besides mathematics, matrices
have become an essential tool for workers and researchers in
Engineering, Economics, Physics, Biology and Statistics etc..
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers (or functions). For
example
𝑥 4 3
𝐴 = [4 3 𝑥]
3 𝑥 4
The numbers (or functions) are called the elements or entries of the
matrix.
The horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute rows of the
matrix and the vertical lines of elements are said to constitute columns
of the matrix.
3.1.2 Order of a Matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order 𝑚 ×
𝑛 or simply 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix (read as an m by n matrix).
In the above example, we have A as a matrix of order 3 × 3 i.e. 3 × 3
matrix. In general, an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix has the following rectangular
array:
𝑎11 𝑎12 … 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 … 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] = ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑚×𝑛
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
[𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 … 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ]
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 Chapter 3 Matrices

1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑚, 1 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛, 𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ 𝑁
The element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is an element lying in the 𝑖𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗𝑡ℎ column
and is known as the (𝑖, 𝑗)𝑡ℎ element of A. the number of elements in
𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix will be equal to 𝑚𝑛. For example
1 0 −1 1
1 2 0
( ) (3 −7 2) (0)
0 1 2 2×3
1 6 8 3×3 −1 3×1
3.1.3 Types of Matrices
I. A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row. For
Example [3 5 7 9] is a row matrix (row vector )of the type 1 × 4
II. A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.
1
For example, (9) is a column matrix (column vector) of the type 3 × 1
0
III. A matrix in which the number of rows are equal to the number of
columns is said to be a square matrix. Thus, an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix is
said to be a square matrix if 𝑚 = 𝑛 and is known as a square
1 0 −1
matrix of order ‘n’ . For example (3 −7 2 )
1 6 8 3×3
IV. A square matrix 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] is said to be a diagonal matrix if
𝑛×𝑛
its all non diagonal elements are zero, that is a matrix 𝐵 =
[𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] is said to be a diagonal matrix if 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.
𝑛×𝑛
1 0 0
For example (0 2 0)
0 0 4
V. A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal
elements are equal, that is, a square matrix 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] is said
𝑛×𝑛
to be a scalar matrix if 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑗 for some constant k. For example,
2 0 0
(0 2 0)
0 0 2

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VI. A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and
rest are zeros is called an identity matrix. In other words, the
square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is an identity matrix, if
𝑚×𝑛

𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗. For example 𝐼3 =

1 0 0
(0 1 0) is a unit or identity
0 0 1
VII A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its
elements are zeroes. We denote zero matrix by O. For example
0 0 0
𝑂2×3 = ( ) is a null or zero matrix of order 2 × 3
0 0 0
VIII Two matrices 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] are said to be equal if
a) They are of the same order, and
b) Each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of
B, that is, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for all i and j. For example
1 2 −1 1 2 −1
1- If A = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( ) then 𝐴 = 𝐵
0 1 −3 0 1 −3
1 2 −1 0 2 −1
2- If 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( )then 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵
0 1 −3 1 1 −3
3.1.4 Triangle Matrix
A rectangular matrix A =[aij ] is called an upper triangular matrix
if
all the elements below the main or principal diagonal are zeroes.
In general, the elements of any upper triangular matrix satisfy
the condition
aij = 0 , 𝑖>𝑗
For example,
1 2 −1
(0 1 3 ) is an upper triangular matrix of order 3. Similarly,
0 0 1

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3.1.5 Lower triangular matrix

A rectangular matrix A =[aij ] is called a lower triangular
matrix if all the elements above the main or principal diagonal
are zeros. In general, the elements of any lower triangular matrix
satisfy the condition
aij = 0 , 𝑖<𝑗
For example
1 0 0
(2 1 0)is a lower triangular matrix of order 3
3 −2 1
A triangular matrix is either upper or lower triangular matrix.
A triangular matrix can be defined as rectangular matrix
A =[aij ] in which, aij = 0 , 𝑖 < 𝑗 or aij = 0 , 𝑖 > 𝑗
Remark
1- A square matrix which is both upper triangular and lower
triangular is diagonal matrix.
2- Triangular matrix need to be a square matrix.
3.1.5 SUB MATRIX:
A matrix obtained from a given 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 by
removing (or omitting, or deleting) any number of rows or
any number of columns of both row and columns of 𝐴 is
called a sub matrix of A.
The matrix 𝐴 itself is a sub matrix of A, as it can be obtained
from A is removing no rows or no columns.
For example
1 2 6
1 2 6
If 𝐴 = (2 1 0) then 𝐵 = ( ) is a sub
3 −2 1
3 −2 1
matrix of A, obtained by removing the second row of A

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REMARKS:
1- The equality relation in the set of all matrices is an
equivalence relation since the following three properties (for
equivalence relation) can be easily verified.
(i) If 𝐴 is any matrix then 𝐴 = 𝐴 (Refllexivity)
(ii) If 𝐴 = 𝐵 then 𝐵 = 𝐴
(Symmetry)
(iii) If 𝐴 = 𝐵 and 𝐵 = 𝐶 then 𝐴 = 𝐶 (transitivity)
3.1.6 Addition of matrices
let A =[aij ] and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] be tow matrices of the same order 𝑚 × 𝑛 ,then their
sum (difference), to be denoted by 𝐴 + 𝐵 (𝐴 − 𝐵) , is defined to be the matrix
𝐶 = [𝑐𝑖𝑗 ] of order 𝑚 × 𝑛, where each element of 𝐶 is the sum (difference) of the
corresponding elements of 𝐴 and 𝐵 , taken in that order ,i.e.,
𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ∓ 𝑏𝑖𝑗
For all values of 𝑖 and 𝐽 . Thus
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∓ 𝐵 = [𝑎ij ∓ 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]
For example
1 2 0 −1 1 1 1 3
𝐴=( ) and 𝐵 = ( ), then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = ( ) and 𝐴 − 𝐵 = ( )
0 3 1 2 1 5 −1 1
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION
 Matrix addition is commutative; that is if 𝐴 and 𝐵 be any two matrices
conformable for addition, then 𝐴+𝐵 =𝐵+𝐴

 Matrix addition is associative: that is, if 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 be three matrices

conformable for addition, then
(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)
 Existence of additive identity, that is if 𝐴 be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝑂 be
also an 𝑚 × 𝑛 zero matrix , then 𝐴 + 𝑂 = 𝑂 + 𝐴
 Existence of additive inverse
If A be any 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix then we can find a 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix 𝐵 each
element of which is the negative of the corresponding element of 𝐴 (see
definition below) such that
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴 = 0, where 0 being an 𝑚 × 𝑛 zero matrix.

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3.1.7 Multiplication of matrix by a scalar

If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a matrix and k is a scalar, then 𝑘𝐴 is another matrix
𝑚×𝑛
which is obtained by multiplying each element of A by a scalar k, i.e.
𝑘𝐴 = [𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]
𝑚×𝑛
3.1.8 Negative of a matrix
The negative of a matrix A is denoted by – A. we define
– 𝐴 = (−1)𝐴
3.1.9 Cancellation low of addition
If 𝐴 , 𝐵 and 𝐶 be three matrices of order 𝑚 × 𝑛, then A + B = A +
C⟹B=C
3.1.10 Multiplication of A matrix By Scalar
Let 𝐴 be any 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝑘 be any real or complex number
called scalar 𝑘 is a matrix that's each element is 𝑘 times the
corresponding elements of 𝐴 .
In symbol, if 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , 𝐾𝐴 = [𝐾𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 = 𝐴𝑘 =
then
1 2 2 4
[𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑘]𝑚×𝑛 for example, If k=2 and 𝐴 = ( ), then 𝑘𝐴 = ( )
0 3 0 6
Properties of Multiplication By A scalar
 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are tow matrices each of type 𝑚 × 𝑛 then 𝑘
(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑘 𝐴 + 𝑘 𝐵
 If 𝑘 and 𝑙 are two scalars and 𝐴 is any matrix of type 𝑚 ×
𝑛 , then
(𝑘 + 𝑙)𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑙𝐴
• If 𝑘 and 𝑙 are two scalars and 𝐴 is any matrix of type 𝑚 × 𝑛 , then
𝑘 (𝐿𝐴) = (𝑘𝐿) 𝐴
• If 𝐴 is any matrix of type 𝑚 × 𝑛 and 𝑘 be any scalar then
(−𝑘)𝐴 = −(𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘(−𝐴)
3.1.11 Multiplication of Matrices
The multiplication of two matrices A and B is defined if the number of
columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B.

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Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑗𝑘 ] be an 𝑛 × 𝑝 matrix.

Then the product of the matrices A and B is the matrix C of order 𝑚 ×
𝑝 .To get the (𝑖, 𝑘)𝑡ℎ element 𝐶𝑖𝑘 of the matrix C. we take the 𝑖𝑡ℎ row
of A and 𝑘 𝑡ℎ column of B, multiply them elementwise and take the
sum of all these products i.e.
𝐶𝑖𝑘 = 𝑎𝑖1 𝑏1𝑘 + 𝑎𝑖2 𝑏2𝑘 + 𝑎𝑖3 𝑏3𝑘 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑛𝑘
The matrix 𝐶 = [𝐶𝑖𝑘 ]𝑚×𝑝 is the product of A and B.
Notes:
1. If AB is defined, then BA need not be defined.
2. If A, B are, respectively 𝑚 × 𝑛, 𝑘 × 𝑙 matrices, then both AB
and BA are defined if and only if
𝑙 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑘
3. If AB and BA are both are defined, it is not necessary that AB =
BA
4. If the product of two matrices is a zero matrix, it is not necessary
that one of the matrices is a zero matrix.
5. For three matrices A, B and C of the same order, if
A = B, then AC = BC, but converse is not true.
6. 𝐴. 𝐴 = 𝐴2 , 𝐴. 𝐴. 𝐴 = 𝐴3 , so on
Example (1)
0 2
1 2 −1
Let A = ( ) , 𝐵 = ( 1 −1)Find 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴
0 1 −3
−1 2
Solution
0 2 −6
3 −2
𝐴𝐵 = ( ) and 𝐵𝐴 = ( 1 1 2)
4 −7
−1 0 −5
3.1.12 (Division law of multiplication)
By the division law, we mean that if 𝑎𝑏 = 0 then either 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑏 =
0. This result is not true in matrices, for example
0 1 1 0 0 0
If 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( ) , then 𝐴𝐵 = ( ), thus AB is a
0 0 0 0 0 0
null or zero matrix while neither A nor B is zero.
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3.1.13 Transpose of a Matrix

1) 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix, then the matrix obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the transpose
of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by 𝐴′ 𝑜𝑟 (𝐴𝑇 ) in the
other words, if 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] then 𝐴𝑇 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]
𝑚×𝑛 𝑛×𝑚
1 −1
For example: If A= (0 2 ) then 𝐴𝑇 = ( 1 0 2)
−1 2 3
2 3
Properties of transpose of the matrices
For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, we have
I. (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
II. (𝑘𝐴𝑇 ) = 𝑘𝐴𝑇 (where k is any constant)
III. (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
IV. (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
Example (2)
1 −3 2 1 0 2
Let A=(2 1 −3) B=(1 1 2 ) ,k=2 , find (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 and verify
4 −3 −1 0 3 −1
the above (2)
Solution
1 −3 2 𝑇 1 2 4
𝑇
𝐴 = (2 1 −3) = (−3 1 −3)
4 −3 −1 2 −3 −1
Then
1 2 4 𝑇 1 −3 2
𝑇 𝑇
(𝐴 ) = (−3 1 −3) = (2 1 −3)
2 −3 −1 4 −3 −1
=𝐴
1 −3 2 1 0 2 𝑇
𝑇
(𝐴 + 𝐵) = {(2 1 −3) + (1 1 2 )}
4 −3 −1 0 3 −1
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2 −3 4 𝑇 2 3 4
= (3 2 −1) = (−3 2 0)
4 0 −2 4 −1 −2
1 2 4 1 1 0 2 3 4
𝑇 𝑇
𝐴 + 𝐵 = (−3 1 −3) + (0 1 3 ) = (−3 2 0)
2 −3 −1 2 2 −1 4 −1 −2
Similarly, we can show that
(𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐵𝑇
1 −3 2 𝑻 2 −6 4 𝑻
𝑇
(𝑘𝐴) = {2 (2 1 −3)} = (4 2 −6)
4 −3 −1 8 −6 −2
2 4 8
= (−6 2 −6)
4 −6 −2
1 −3 2 𝑇 1 2 4
𝑇
𝑘𝐴 = 2 (2 1 −3) = 2 (−3 1 −3) =
4 −3 −1 2 −3 −1
2 4 8
= (−6 2 −6)
4 −6 −2
Similarly, we can show that
(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
3.1.14 (Orthogonal matrix)
An n- rowed square matrix is said to be Orthogonal if 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 =
𝐼𝑛
Example (3)
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
Prove that 𝐴 = ( ) is orthogonal matrix
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Solution

𝑇 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑇

𝐴𝐴 = ( )( )
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃

=( )( )
− sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 0
=( ) = 𝐼2 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴
0 1
Example (4)
1 2 2
1
If the matrix 𝐴 = (2 1 −2) is orthogonal, find x and y
3
𝑥 2 𝑦
Solution
Since the matrix 𝐴 is orthogonal, then
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼3
1 2 2 1 2 𝑥 1 0 0
1 1
(2 1 −2) (2 1 2 ) = (0 1 0)
3 3
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −2 𝑦 0 0 1
Or
9 0 𝑥 + 4 + 2𝑦
1
( 0 9 2𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑦)
9
𝑥 + 4 + 2𝑦 2𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑦 𝑥 2 + 4 + 𝑦2
1 0 0
= (0 1 0)
0 0 1
By solving two equations
𝑥 + 4 + 2𝑦 = 𝟎 &2𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑦, we get, 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 = −1

3.1.15 Symmetric Matrix and Skew Symmetric Matrix

I. A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is said to be symmetric if 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴
,that is, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all possible values of i and j.
II. A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is said to be skew symmetric if 𝐴𝑇 =
−𝐴 ,that is, 𝑎𝑗𝑖 = −𝑎𝑖𝑗 for all possible values of i and j.

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1 1
−1 2 3 6
1 −2
For examples ( 1 0 ), (3 4 5) , (
2 ) are
−2 0
−1 0
5 6 5 9
0 1 −2
Symmetric. For example, (−1 0 3 ) is skew symmetric
2 −3 0
Note: Diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
III. Theorem 1: For any matrix A with real number entries, 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇
is a symmetric matrix and 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is a skew symmetric matrix.
Proof

Let 𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝐵𝑇 . Taking a transpose,

𝐴𝑇 = ( 𝐵 + 𝐵𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 + ( 𝐵𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐵𝑇 =
𝐴

This implies 𝐵 + 𝐵 𝑇 is a symmetric matrix.

Next, let 𝐶 = 𝐵 − 𝐵 𝑇 , Taking a transpose, we get

𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝐶 𝑇 = ( 𝐵 + ( − 𝐵 𝑇 )) = 𝐵𝑇 + ( − 𝐵𝑇 ) = 𝐵𝑇 − ( 𝐵𝑇 )

= 𝐵𝑇 − 𝐵 = − ( 𝐵 − 𝐵𝑇 ) = − 𝐶

This implies 𝐵 − 𝐵 𝑇 is a skew-symmetric matrix.

Example (5)

1 −3 2
If 𝐵 = (2 1 −3), Find 𝐵 + 𝐵𝑇 , 𝐵 − 𝐵𝑇
4 −3 −1
Solution

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1 2 4
𝑇
𝐵 = (−3 1 −3) and
2 −3 −1
2 −1 6
𝑇
𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝐵 = (−1 2 −6) . Thus 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴
6 −6 −2
0 −5 −2
𝑇
𝐴 = 𝐵 − 𝐵 = (5 0 0 ) . Thus 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴
2 0 0
IV. Theorem 2: any square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of
a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric matrix, that is
(𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 ) (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 )
𝐴= +
2 2
Example (6)
Express the following matrix as the sum of a symmetric and skew
symmetric matrix:
1 −1 4
𝐴 = (2 1 3)
4 3 0
Solution
(𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 ) 𝟏 1 −1
4 1 2 4
= {(2 3) + (−1 1 3)} =
1
2 𝟐
4 03 4 3 0
1
2 1 8 1 4
𝟏 2
( 1 2 6) = 1
𝟐 1 3
8 6 0 2
(4 3 0)
(𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 ) 𝟏 1 −1 4 1 2 4
= {(2 1 3) − (−1 1 3)}
2 𝟐
4 3 0 4 3 0

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−3
0 0
𝟏 0 −3 0 2
(3 0 0) = 3
𝟐 0 0
0 0 0 2
(0 0 0)
Then matrix 𝐴 can be expressed as a sum of symmetric matrix and
skew symmetric matrix as,
1 −3
1 −1 4 1 4 0 0
2 2
𝐴 = (2 1 3) = 1 + 3
4 3 0 1 3 0 0
2 2
(4 3 0) (0 0 0)
1 −3
1 4 0 0
2 2
Here, ( 1 1 3) is a symmetric matrix and (
3
0 0) is a skew
2 2
4 3 0 0 0 0
symmetric matrix.

Remark
In Symmetric Matrix. The elements of the principal diagonal may be
any elements, but in Skew Symmetric Matrix. The elements of the
principal diagonal are always zeroes.

3.1.16 (Adjoin of a Matrix)

Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an n-square matrix and let B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] be an n-uare
𝑇
matrix such that 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = (𝐴𝑖𝑗 ) , Where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 in
determinant |𝐴| . Then B is called the joint of the matrix A and denoted
by the symbol Adj. A.
Example (7)
−1 −2 3
Let A = [−2 1 1] , Find Adj. A
4 −5 2
Solution
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 Chapter 3 Matrices

−1 −2
3
then |𝐴| = |−2 11|. The cofactors of the elements
4 −5
2
of the first row of the determinant |𝐴| , i.e. , the cofactors of the
1 1 −2 1 −2 1
elements -1 , -2 and 3 are | |,−| |,−| |, i.e., are
−5 2 4 2 4 −5
7,8and 6 restively .
Similarly, the cofactors of the elements of the second row he
determinant |𝐴|, i.e., the cofactors of the elements -2 ,1 and 1
−2 3 −1 3 −1 −2
are − | |,| |,−| | are -11,-14and -13
−5 2 4 2 4 −5
respectively.
Also, the cofactors of the elements of the third row of the determinant
|𝐴| , i.e., the cofactors of the element 4, -5 and 2 are |−2 3|, -
1 1
−1 3 −1 −2
| |, | |, i.e., are -5 , -5 and -5 respectively .
−2 1 −2 1
7 8 6
∴ Adj A = transpose of the matrix B , where B= [−11 −14 −13]
−5 −5 −5
is the matrix forms of the cofactors of the elements of |𝐴|.
7 −11 −5
∴ Adj. A = [8 −14 −5]
6 −13 −5
Properties of Adj. Matrix
1- If 𝐴 is a square matrix of order n , then

𝐴(𝐴𝑑𝑗 . 𝐴) = |𝐴| . 𝐼𝑛 = (𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴 ) 𝐴

Where, 𝐼𝑛 is the unit matrix of order 𝑛 .
2- if A and B are n-square matrices ,then Adj. AB = Adj. B. Adj. A
3- The product of a singular matrix and its adjoin is the zero matrixes.
4- If A is a square matrix of order n, then Adj. AT = (Adj. A)T

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

3.1.17 Invertible Matrices

I. If A is a square matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑚, and if there exists
another square matrix B of the same order 𝑚 × 𝑚 ,such that
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼𝑚 ,then A is said to be invertible matrix and B
is called the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by 𝐴−1 . For
example
1 2 3 6 −2 −4 1 0 0
[1 3 3] [−1 1 0 ] = [0 1 0] = 𝐼3
1 2 4 −1 0 1 0 0 1
Properties of inverse matrix
1- A necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A possess
as inverse is that it is a non-singular i.e. |A| ≠ 0
2- Inverse of every square matrix, if it exists , is unique
3- if a matrix 𝐴 is non-singular , the equation AB = 0 implies 𝐵 = 0
4- let 𝐴 be a non-singular matrix , then
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 implies = 𝐶 , where 𝐵 and 𝐶 are square matrices of the
same matrices of the same order as 𝐴 .
5- If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are non-singular matrices of the same order, then AB is
also non-singular
6- if A is non-singular matrix , then (𝑖) (𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐴
(𝑖𝑖) (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝐴∗ )−1 = (𝐴−1 )∗
7- if 𝐴 is a non-singular matrix and 𝑘 is any positive integer , then
(𝐴𝑘 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑘
Inverse of a Non-singular Matrix
We have seen that if A is a square matrix, then 𝐴 (𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴) =
(𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼𝑛
If A is non-singular. 𝑖. 𝑒. , |𝐴| ≠ 0, we can re-write the above equation.
1 1
( . 𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴) = ( . 𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴) . 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛
|𝐴| |𝐴|

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

1
Hence (|𝐴| . 𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴) is the 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 of A. It is usual to denote the
𝐴𝑑𝑗.𝐴
inverse of 𝐴 𝑏𝑦 𝐴−1 , 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐴−1 = |𝐴|
and this provides as atool for
computing the inverse of a non-singular matrix.
Example (8)
8 4 2
If 𝐴 = [2 8 4], find 𝐴−1
1 2 8
Solution
8 4 2
|𝐴| = |2 8 4| = 392.
1 2 8
56 −12 −4
The cofactor matrix is 𝐵 = [−28 62 −12]
0 −28 56
∴ 𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴 = Transpose of the matrix B.
56 −28 0
∴ 𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴 = [−12 62 −28]
−4 −12 56
56 −28 0
392 392 392
1 −12 62 −28
Now 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| . 𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴 = 392 392 392
.
−4 −12 56
[ 392 392 392 ]
1 −1
0
7 14
−3 31 −1
Hence, 𝐴−1 = 98 196 14
−1 −3 1
[ 98 98 7 ]
3.1.18 Use of the Inverse of a Matrix to solve the system of Linear Equations
Consider the system of 𝑛 linear equation

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ +𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1

[ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ] …
𝑎𝑛1 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ +𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛
(1)
In the 𝑛 unknowns 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛
Keeping in mind the rules for multiplication of matrices and their
equality, the above system of 𝑛 linear equations can be written in the
matrix form as
AX = B (2)
𝑥1 𝑏1
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑥
Where 𝐴 = [ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ], 𝑋 = [ 2 ] , 𝐵 = [ 𝑏2 ]
⋮ ⋮
𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑛 𝑏𝑛
If A is non-singular i.e., if |𝐴| ≠ 0 , then 𝐴−1 exists. On multiplying
both sides of (2) by 𝐴−1 , we get,
𝐴−1 (𝐴𝑋) = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⇒ (𝐴−1 𝐴)𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
⇒ 𝐼𝑛 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 (3)
Which gives the required solutions of the system of linear equations?
Since 𝐴−1 is unique, then the solution of system of equations (1) as
provided by (3) is unique.
Remarks 1. If the matrix A is singular, i.e.|𝐴 | = 0, then 𝐴−1 does not exist
and hence in this case the system of equation (1) has no solution. It is also
inapplicable when the number of equations and the number of unknowns are
unequal.
2. The equation (3) of using the inverse of matrix for solving the system of
linear equation is essentially the same as the equation (3) implies that:
𝑥1 𝐴11 ⋯ 𝐴𝑛1 𝑏1
1
[…] = [ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ] [𝑏2 ] , Where ∆= |𝐴| ≠ 0 ,
∆
𝑥𝑛 𝐴1𝑛 ⋯ 𝐴𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑛

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

1 ∆
𝑥𝑖 = (𝐴1𝑖 𝑏1 + 𝐴2𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛𝑖 𝑏𝑛 ) = 𝑖,say,
∆ ∆
(4)
𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
Where ∆𝑖 is the determinant obtained by replacing the 𝑖𝑡ℎ column ∆ =
|𝐴| by the elements 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , … , 𝑏𝑛 . Now the rule (4) is same as given by
Cramer's rule.

Example (9)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
(𝑖) 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1 , 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −1 &
6𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 7
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 , 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8 &
5𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 14
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 6 , 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 3 &
3𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 11𝑧 = 11.

Solution: (i) The given system of equations can be written matrix form as
AX= B
1 −3 1 𝑥 −1
A = [2 1 −4], X=[𝑦], B= [−1] … (1)
6 −7 8 𝑧 7
We have |𝐴 | = 1(8 − 28)— 3(16 + 24) + (−14 − 6) = 80 ≠ 0, expand
by 𝑅1 since |𝐴| ≠ 0, then A is non-singular . Hence 𝐴−1 exist and the solution
of (1) is given by
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 (2)
−20 −40
−20
∴ Cof.A = [ 17 −11]
2
11 6
7
−20 −40 −20
𝑇
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴 = (𝑐𝑜𝑓 𝐴) = [ 17 2 −11]
11 6 7

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

−20 17 11
−1 1 1
𝐴 = |𝐴|
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴 = [−40 2 6]
80
−20 −11 7

Now substituting the values of X, 𝐴−1 and B in (2) , we get

𝑥 1 −20
17 11 −1
(𝑦) = 2 [−40
6 ] [−1]
𝑧 80
−11 7 −20 7
20 −17 +77 80 1
1 1
= [40 −2 +42] = [80] = [1]
80 80
20 +11 +49 80 1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 1 , 𝑧 = 1 is the required solution .
(ii) Here
1 1 1 𝑥 3
𝐴 = [3 −5 2] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [ 8 ] .
5 −3 4 𝑧 14

We have
|𝐴| = 1 (−20 + 6) − 1 (12 − 10) + 1(−9 + 25) = 0 .
−1
Since |𝐴|=0, then A is singular. Hence 𝐴 does not exist, so the above
method fails. If we examine the given set of equations can be replaced by the
set
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =3
] . . (1)
3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8
These two equations cannot give a unique solution. But if we assume any
one of the unknowns arbitrarily, say 𝑧 = 𝑘 , then we write the equations (1)
as
𝑥+𝑦 =3−𝑘
] (2)
3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 8 − 2𝑘
1 1
The coefficient matrix [ ] of equations (2) is non-singular and its
3 −5
inverse is
1 −5 −1
− [ ]
8 −3 1
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 Chapter 3 Matrices

By using X=𝐴−1 𝐵, we have

𝑥 1 −5 −1 3 −𝑘 1 23 −7𝑘
[𝑦 ] = − [ ][ ]= [ ]
8 −3 1 8 −2𝑘 8 1 −𝑘
1 1
∴ 𝑥 = (23 − 7𝑘), 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑘), 𝑍 = 𝑘 .
8 8
Now, if we take different values of 𝑘 we will obtain different sets of
solution of the given system of equations.

2 −5 7 𝑥 6
A= [1 −3 4 ], X= [𝑦], B= [ 3 ]
3 −8 11 𝑧 11
We have
|𝐴| = 2 (−33 + 32) − (−5)(11 − 12) + 7(−8 + 9) = 0.
Hence, 𝐴−1 does not exist, so the above method fails. If we examine the
three given equations, we find that the left-hand side of third equations, we
find that the left-hand side of third equation is a combination ( 𝑖. 𝑒., their
sum ) .
Consider the first two equations of the given system of equations:
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 6
] …(1)
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 3
These 2 equations cannot give a unique solution , but if we assume any one
of the unknown arbitrarily, say 𝑧 = 𝑘 , then we can write the equations (1)
as,
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 6 − 7𝑘
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 3 − 4𝑘
2 −5
The coefficient matrix [ ] of these two equaions is non-singular
1 −3
and its inverse is ..

(−1) [−3 5
]
−1 2
By using the technique = 𝐴−1 𝐵, we have,

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

𝑥 −3 5 6 − 7𝑘 3−𝑘
[𝑦 ] = − [ ][ ]=[ ]
−1 2 3 − 4𝑘 𝑘
∴ 𝑥 = 3 − 𝑘 , 𝑦 = 𝑘 , 𝑧 = 𝑘 ,.
Putting these values in the third equation 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 11𝑧 = 11 , we
get,
3(3 − 𝑘) − 8𝑘 + 11𝑘 = 11
Or
0=2 Which is impossible.

3.2 Solved examples

Short Answer (S.A.)

Example 1
Construct a matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] 2×2 whose element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are given by
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 sin 𝑗𝑥
Solution
For 𝑖 = 1, 𝑗 = 1 𝑎11 = 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
For 𝑖 = 1, 𝑗 = 2 𝑎12 = 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥
For 𝑖 = 2, 𝑗 = 1 𝑎21 = 𝑒 4𝑥 sin 𝑥
For 𝑖 = 2, 𝑗 = 2 𝑎22 = 𝑒 4𝑥 sin 2𝑥
2𝑥
Thus, 𝐴 = [ 4𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑒 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 ]
𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑒 4𝑥 sin 2𝑥

Example 2
2 3 1 3 2 1 4 6 8
If 𝐴 = [ ], 𝐵 = [ ],𝐶 = [ ],𝐷 = [ ] , then
1 2 4 3 1 2 5 7 9
which of the sums 𝐴 + 𝐵, 𝐵 + 𝐶, 𝐶 + 𝐷, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 + 𝐷 is defined?
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 Chapter 3 Matrices

Solution
Only 𝐵 + 𝐷 is defined since matrices of the same order can only by
added.

Example 3
Show that a matrix which is both symmetric and skew symmetric is a
zero matrix.
Solution
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 be a matrix which is both symmetric and skew
symmetric.
Since A is a skew symmetric matrix, so 𝐴′ = −𝐴
Thus for all i and j, we have 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖
Again, since A is a symmetric matrix, so 𝐴′ = 𝐴
Thus for all i and j, we have 𝑎𝑗𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
Therefore, from (1) and (2), we get
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑖𝑗 for all i and j
Or 2𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0
i.e. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all i and j. Hence A is a zero matrix.
Example 4
1 2 𝑥
If [2𝑥 3] [ ] [ ] = O find the value of x
−3 0 8
Solution
We have,

[2𝑥 1 2 𝑥 𝑥
3] [ ] [ ] = O ⟹ [2𝑥 − 9 4𝑥 ] [8] = [O]
−3 0 8
Or [2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 32𝑥 ] = [O] ⟹ 2𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 = 0

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

−23
Or 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 23) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 =
2

Example 5
if A is 3 × 3 invertible matrix, then show that for any scalar k (non-
1
zero) 𝑘𝐴 is invertible and (𝑘𝐴)−1 = 𝐴−1
𝑘

Solution
We have
1 1
𝑘𝐴 ( 𝐴−1 ) = (𝑘. ) (𝐴. 𝐴−1 ) = 1(I) = I
𝑘 𝑘
1 1
Hence (𝑘𝐴) is inverse of ( 𝐴−1 ) or (𝑘𝐴)−1 = 𝐴−1
𝑘 𝑘

Long Answer (L.A.)

Example 6
Express the matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix, where
2 4 −6
𝐴 = [7 3 5]
1 −2 4
Solution
We have
2 4 −6 2 7 1
𝐴 = [7 3 5 ] then 𝐴𝑇 = [ 4 3 −2]
1 −2 4 −6 5 4
11 −5
2
4 11 −5 2 2
𝐴+𝐴𝑇 1 11 3
Hence = [ 11 6 3 ]= 3
2 2 2 2
−5 3 8 −5 3
[2 4]
2

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

−3 −7
0
0 −3 −7 2 2
𝐴−𝐴𝑇 1 3 7
And = [3 0 7 ]= 0
2 2 2 2
7 −7 0 7 −7
[2 0]
2

Therefore,
11 −5 −3 −7
2 0
2 2 2 2
𝐴 + 𝐴′ 𝐴 − 𝐴′ 11 3 3 7
+ = 3 + 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
−5 3 7 −7
[2 4] [ 0]
2 2 2
2 4 −6
= [7 3 5 ]=𝐴
1 −2 4
Example 7
1 3 2
If 𝐴 = [2 0 −1] then show that A satisfies the equation 𝐴3 −
1 2 3
2
4𝐴 − 3𝐴 + 11I = O
Solution
1 3 2 1 3 2
2
𝐴 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [2 0 −1] × [2 0 −1]
1 2 3 1 2 3
1+6+2 3+0+4 2−3+6
= [2 + 0 − 1 6 + 0 − 2 4 + 0 − 3]
1+4+3 3+0+6 2−2+9
9 7 5
= [1 4 1]
8 9 9
9 7 5 1 3 2
3 2
And 𝐴 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [1 4 1] × [2 0 −1]
8 9 9 1 2 3

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

9 + 14 + 5 27 + 0 + 10 18 − 7 + 15
=[1+8+1 3+0+2 2−4+3 ]
8 + 18 + 9 24 + 0 + 18 16 − 9 + 27
28 37 26
= [10 5 1]
35 42 34
Now 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 11I
28 37 26 9 7 5 1 3 2 1 0 0
[10 5 1 ] − 4 [1 4 1] − 3 [2 0 −1] + 11 [0 1 0]
35 42 34 8 9 9 1 2 3 0 0 1
28 − 36 − 3 + 11 37 − 28 − 9 + 0 26 − 20 − 6 + 0
= [ 10 − 4 − 6 + 0 5 − 16 + 0 + 11 1−4+3+0 ]
35 − 32 − 3 + 0 42 − 36 − 6 + 0 34 − 36 − 9 + 11
0 0 0
= [0 0 0] = O
0 0 0
Example 8
2 3
Let 𝐴 = [ ] Then Show that 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 + 7I = O
−1 2
Using this result calculate 𝐴5 also.
Solution
We have
2 3 2 3 1 12
𝐴2 = [ ]×[ ]=[ ]
−1 2 −1 2 −4 1
−8 −12 7 0
−4𝐴 = [ ] , 7I = [ ]
4 −8 0 7
Therefore, 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 + 7I =
1−8+7 12 − 12 + 0 0 0
[ ]=[ ]=O
−4 + 4 + 0 1−8+7 0 0
⟹ 𝐴2 = 4𝐴 − 7I
Thus 𝐴3 = 𝐴. 𝐴2 = 𝐴(4𝐴 − 7I) = 4(4𝐴 − 7I) − 7𝐴

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

= 16𝐴 − 28I − 7𝐴 = 9𝐴 − 28I

And so 𝐴5 = 𝐴3 𝐴2 = (9𝐴 − 28I)(4𝐴 − 7I)
= 36𝐴2 − 63𝐴 − 112𝐴 + 196I
= −31A − 56I
2 3 1 0
= −31 [ ] − 56 [ ]
−1 2 0 1
−118 −93
=[ ]
31 −118

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options in Example 9
to 12
Example 9
If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then (𝐴 + 𝐵 )(𝐴 −
𝐵) is equal to
A. 𝐴2 − 𝐵2
B. 𝐴2 − 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵2
C. 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵
D. 𝐴2 − 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐵

E. Solution C. is correct answer (𝐴 + 𝐵)(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝐴(𝐴 − 𝐵) +

𝐵(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵

Example 10
2 3
2 −1 3
If 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [4 −2] then
−4 5 1
1 5
A. Only AB is defined
B. Only BA is defined

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

C. AB and BA both are defined

D. AB and BA both are not defined
Solution
C. is correct answer. Let
𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] , 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] Both AB and BA are defined
2×3 3×2

Example 11
0 0 5
The matrix 𝐴 = [0 5 0] is a
5 0 0
A. Scalar matrix
B. Diagonal matrix
C. Unit matrix
D. Square matrix
Solution
D. is correct answer

Example 12
If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then
(𝐴𝐵𝑇 − 𝐵𝐴𝑇 ) is a
A. Skew symmetric matrix
B. Null matrix
C. Symmetric matrix
D. None of these
Solution
𝑇
𝑇
A. is correct answer since (𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 ) = (𝐴𝐵𝑇 )𝑇 − (𝐵𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 =
𝑇

(𝐵𝐴𝑇 − 𝐴𝐵𝑇 ) = −(𝐴𝐵𝑇 − 𝐵𝐴𝑇 )

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

Fill in the blanks in each of the Examples 13 to 15:

Example 13
If A and B are two skew symmetric matrices of same order, then AB
is symmetric matrix if ….
Solution
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴

Example 14
If A and B are matrices of same order, then (3𝐴 − 2𝐵)𝑇 is equal to
….
Solution
3𝐴𝑇 − 2𝐵𝑇

Example 15
Addition of matrices is defined if order of the matrices is ….
Solution
Same
State whether the statements in each of the examples 16 to 19 is true
or false:

Example 16
If two matrices A and B are of the same order, then 2𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 +
2𝐴
Solution

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

True

Example 17
Matrix subtraction is associative
Solution
False

Example 18
For the nonsingular matrix A,
(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇
Solution
True

Example 19
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 ⟹ 𝐵 = 𝐶 for any three matrices of same order.
Solution
False
3.3 EXERCISE
Short Answer (S.A.)
1. If a matrix has 28 elements, what are the possible orders it can
have? What if it has 13 element?

𝑎 1 𝑥
2. In the matrix 𝐴 = [2 √3 𝑥 2 − 𝑦] write:
−2
0 5
5
I. The order of the matrix A

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

II. The number of elements

III. Write element 𝑎23 , 𝑎31 , 𝑎12

3. Construct 𝑎2×2 matrix where

(𝑖−2𝑗)2
I. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
2
II. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = |−2𝑖 + 3𝑗|
4. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
𝑒 𝑖𝑥 sin 𝑗𝑥
5. Find Values of a and b if 𝐴 = 𝐵, where
𝑎 + 4 3𝑏 2
𝐴=[ ], 𝐵= [ 2𝑎 + 2 𝑏 +2]
8 −6 2
8 𝑏 − 5𝑏

6. If possible, find the sum of the matrices A and B, where 𝐴 =

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
[√3 1] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ]
2 3 𝑎 𝑏 6

3 1 −1 2 1 −1
7. If 𝑋 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = [ ] Find
5 −2 −3 7 2 4

I. 𝑋+𝑌
II. 2𝑋 − 3𝑌
III. A matrix Z such that 𝑋 + 𝑌 + 𝑍 is a zero matrix.

8. Find non-zero values of x satisfying the matrix equation:

2𝑥 2 8 5𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 8) 24
𝑥[ ]+2[ ] = 2[ ]
3 𝑥 4 4𝑥 (10) 6𝑥

0 1 0 −1
9. If 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ] show that (𝐴 + 𝐵)(𝐴 −
1 1 1 0
2 2
𝐵) ≠ 𝐴 − 𝐵
10. Find the value of x

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

1 3 2 1
[1 𝑥 1] [ 2 5 1] [2] = O
15 3 2 𝑥
5 3
11. Show that 𝐴 = [ ] satisfies the equation 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 −
−1 −2
7I = O and hence find 𝐴−1
12. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation:
2 1 −3 2 1 0
[ ]𝐴[ ]=[ ]
3 2 5 −3 0 1

4 −4 8 4
13. Find A, if [1] 𝐴 = [−1 2 1]
3 −3 6 3

3 −4
2 1 2
14. If 𝐴 = [1 1 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ], then verify
1 2 4
2 0
2 2
[𝐵𝐴] ≠ 𝐵 𝐴 2

15. If possible, Find BA and AB, where

4 1
2 1 2
𝐴=[ ] , 𝐵 = [2 3]
1 2 4
1 2

16. Show by an example that for

𝐴 ≠ O, 𝐵 ≠ O, 𝐴𝐵 = O

1 4
2 4 0
17. Given 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [2 8]
3 9 6
1 3
Is (𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐵′𝐴′ ?
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 Chapter 3 Matrices

18. Solve for x and y

2 3 −8
𝑥[ ]+𝑦[ ]+[ ]=O
1 5 −11

19. If X and Y are 2 × 2 matrices, then solve the following

matrix equations for X and Y
2 3 −2 2
2X + 3Y = [ ] , 3X + 2Y = [ ]
4 0 1 −5
20. If 𝐴 = [3 5] , 𝐵 = [7 3] find a non-zero matrix C such
that AC = BC.
21. Given an example of matrices A, B and C such that AB = AC,
where A is non-zero matric, but 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶

1 2 2 3 1 0
22. If 𝐴 = [ ], 𝐵 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [ ] verify:
−2 1 3 −4 −1 0
I. (𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶 )
II. 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶

𝑥 0 0 𝑎 0 0
23. If 𝑃 = [0 𝑦 0] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = [0 𝑏 0] prove that
0 0 𝑧 0 0 𝑐
𝑥𝑎 0 0
𝑃𝑄 = [ 0 𝑦𝑏 0 ] = 𝑄𝑃
0 0 𝑧𝑐

−1 0 −1 1
24. If [2 1 3] [−1 1 0 ] [ 0 ] = 𝐴 find A
0 1 1 −1

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

5 3 4 −1 2 1
25. If: 𝐴 = [2 1] , 𝐵 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶=[ ]
8 7 6 1 0 2
verify that 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 )

1 0 −1
26. If 𝐴 = [2 1 3 ] then verify that
0 1 1
𝐴2 + 𝐴 = 𝐴(𝐴 + I) where I is 3 × 3 unit matrix.

4 0
0 −1 2
27. If 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [1 3] then verify that:
4 3 −4
2 6
I. (𝐴′)′ = 𝐴
II. (𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐵′𝐴′
III. (𝑘𝐴)′ = (𝑘𝐴′)

1 2 1 2
28. If 𝐴 = [4 1] , 𝐵 = [6 4] then verify that:
5 6 7 3
′ ′
I. (2𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2𝐴 + 𝐵′
II. (𝐴 − 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ − 𝐵′

29. Show that 𝐴′𝐴 and 𝐴𝐴′ are both symmetric matrices for any
matrix A.
30. Let A and B be square matrices of the order 3 × 3 is (𝐴𝐵)2 =
𝐴2 𝐵2 ? Give reasons.
31. Show that if A and B are square matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴
then (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 + 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2
1 2 4 0 2 0
32. Let 𝐴 = [ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] ,𝐶 = [ ]
−1 3 1 5 1 −2
𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −2
Show that
I. 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

II. 𝐴(𝐵𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐵)𝐶

III. (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝐵 = 𝑎𝐵 + 𝑏𝐵
IV. 𝑎(𝐶 − 𝐴) = 𝑎𝐶 − 𝑎𝐴
V. (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
VI. (𝑏𝐴)𝑇 = 𝑏𝐴𝑇
VII. (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑇
VIII. (𝐴 − 𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵𝐶
IX. (𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐵𝑇

cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
33. If 𝐴 = [ ] then show that
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃
𝐴2 = [ ]
− sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃
0 −𝑥 0 1
34. 𝐴 = [ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 = −1
𝑥 0 1 0
Then show that (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2
2

0 1 −1
2
35. Verify that 𝐴 = I when 𝐴 = [4 −3 4 ]
3 −3 4
36. Prove by mathematical induction that
(𝐴′)𝑛 = (𝐴𝑛 )′ where 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 for any square matrix A.

37. Find inverse, by elementary row operations (if possible), of

the following matrices
1 3
I. [ ]
−5 7
1 3
II. [ ]
−2 6

𝑥𝑦 4 8 𝑤
38. If [ ]= [ ] then find the values of x, y, z
𝑧+6 𝑥+𝑦 0 6
and w.

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

1 5 9 1
39. If 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ] find a matrix C such that
7 12 7 8
3𝐴 + 5𝐵 + 2𝐶 is a null matrix.
3 −5
40. If 𝐴 = [ ] then find 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 − 14I Hence, obtain
−4 2
3
𝐴
41. Find the value of a, b, c and d if
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 6 4 𝑎+𝑏
3[ ]=[ ]+[ ]
𝑐 𝑑 −1 2𝑑 𝑐+𝑑 3

42. Find the matrix A such that

2 −1 −1 −8 −10
[1 0 ]𝐴 = [ 1 −2 −5 ]
−3 4 9 22 15

1 2
43. If 𝐴 = [ ] find 𝐴2 + 2𝐴 + 7I
4 1

cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼
44. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐴−1 = 𝐴′ find the value of 𝛼
− sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼

0 𝑎 3
45. If the matrix [2 𝑏 −1] is a skew symmetric matrix, find
𝑐 1 0
the values of a, b and c.

cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
46. If 𝑃(𝑥) = [ ] then show that
− sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑃(𝑥 ). 𝑃(𝑦) = 𝑃(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑃(𝑦). 𝑃(𝑥)
47. If A is square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐴 show that (I + A)3 =
7𝐴 + I
48. If A, B are square matrices of same order and B is a skew
symmetric matrix, show that 𝐴′𝐵𝐴 is skew symmetric.

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

Long Answer (L.A.)

49. If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 for two square matrices, prove by mathematical
induction that (𝐴𝐵 )𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛 𝐵𝑛
0 2𝑦 𝑧
50. Find x, y, z if 𝐴 = [𝑥 𝑦 −𝑧]
𝑥 −𝑦 𝑧
51. If possible, using elementary row transformations, find the
inverse of the following matrices
2 −1 3
I. [−5 3 1]
−3 2 3
2 3 −3
II. [−1 −2 2 ]
1 1 −1
2 0 −1
III. [5 1 0 ]
0 1 3

2 3 1
52. Express the matrix [1 −1 2] as the sum of a symmetric
4 1 2
and skew symmetric matrix.

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options in each of the
Exercises 53 to 67.

0 0 4
53. The matrix 𝑃 = [0 4 0] is a
4 0 0
A. Square matrix
B. Diagonal matrix
C. Unit matrix
D. None

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

54. Total number of possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each

entry 2 or 0 is
A. 9
B. 27
C. 81
D. 512
2𝑥 + 𝑦 4𝑥 7 7𝑦 − 13
55. If [ ]=[ ] then the value of 𝑥 + 𝑦
5𝑥 − 7 4𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+6
is
A. 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1
B. 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3
C. 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4
D. 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 3

𝑥
1
sin−1 (𝑥𝜋) tan−1 ( )
𝜋
56. If 𝐴 = [ 𝑥
],
𝜋 −1 −1 (
sin ( ) cot 𝑥𝜋)
𝜋
−1 −1
𝑥
1 − cos (𝑥𝜋) tan ( )
𝐵= [ 𝜋 ]
𝜋 sin−1 (𝑥 ) −1
− tan (𝑥𝜋)
𝜋
Then 𝐴 – 𝐵 is equal to
A. 1
B. O
C. 2I
1
D. I
2
57. If A and B are two matrices of the order 3 × 𝑚 and 3 × 𝑛
,respectively, and 𝑚 = 𝑛 ,then the order of matrix 5𝐴 − 2𝐵 is
A. 𝑚 × 3
B. 3 × 3
C. 𝑚 × 𝑛
D. 3 × 𝑛
0 1
58. If 𝐴 = [ ] ,then 𝐴2 is equal to
1 0
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 Chapter 3 Matrices

0 1
A. [ ]
1 0
1 0
B. [ ]
1 0
0 1
C. [ ]
0 1
1 0
D. [ ]
0 1
59. If matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] where 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 1 if 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
2×2
2
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 if 𝑖 = 𝑗 ,then 𝐴 is equal to
A. I
B. A
C. 0
D. None of these
1 0 0
60. The matrix [0 2 0] is a
0 0 4
A. Identity matrix
B. Symmetric matrix
C. Skew symmetric matrix
D. None of these

0 −5 8
61. The matrix [ 5 0 12] is a
−8 −12 0
A. Diagonal matrix
B. Symmetric matrix
C. Skew symmetric matrix
D. Scalar matrix
62. If A is matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 and B is a matrix such that
𝐴𝐵′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵′𝐴 are both defined, then order of matrix B is
A. 𝑚 × 𝑚
B. 𝑛 × 𝑛
C. 𝑛 × 𝑚
D. 𝑚 × 𝑛

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

63. If A and B are matrices of same order, then (𝐴𝐵′ − 𝐵𝐴′) is

a
A. Skew symmetric matrix
B. Null matrix
C. Symmetric matrix
D. Unit matrix
64. If A is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = I, then (𝐴 − I)3 +
(𝐴 + I)3 − 7𝐴 is equal to
A. A
B. I − A
C. I + A
D. 3A
65. For any two matrices A and B, we have
A. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴
B. 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴
C. 𝐴𝐵 = O
D. None of the above

66. On using elementary column operations

𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 2𝐶1 in the following matrix equation

1−3 1 −1 3 1
[ ] =[ ] [ ] we have:
2 4 0 1 2 4
1 −5 1 −1 3 −5
A. [ ] =[ ] [ ]
0 4 −2 2 2 0
1 −5 1 −1 3 −5
B. [ ] =[ ] [ ]
0 4 0 1 −0 2
1 −5 1 −3 3 1
C. [ ] =[ ] [ ]
2 0 0 1 −2 4
1 −5 1 −1 3 −5
D. [ ] =[ ] [ ]
2 0 0 1 2 0
67. On using elementary row operation 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 3𝑅2 in the
following matrix equation

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

4 2 1 2 2 0
[ ] =[ ] [ ] we have:
3 3 0 3 1 1
−5 −7 1 −7 2 0
A. [ ] =[ ] [ ]
3 3 0 3 1 1
−5 −7 1 2 −1 −3
B. [ ] =[ ] [ ]
3 3 0 3 1 1
−5 −7 1 2 2 0
C. [ ] =[ ] [ ]
3 3 1 −7 1 1
4 2 1 2 2 0
D. [ ] =[ ] [ ]
−5 −7 −3 −3 1 1

Fill in the blanks in each of the Exercises 68 – 81

68. …. Matrix is both symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.

69. Sum of two skew symmetric matrices is always …. Matrix.
70. The negative of a matrix obtained by multiplying it by ….
71. The product of any matrix by scalar …. is the null matrix.
72. A matrix which is not a square matrix is called a …. Matrix.
73. Matrix multiplication is …. Over addition.
74. If A is a symmetric matrix, then 𝐴3 is a …. Matrix.
75. If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then 𝐴2 is a ….
76. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then
i. (𝐴𝐵)′ = ⋯
ii. (𝑘𝐴)′ = ⋯ (k is any scalar)
iii. [𝑘(𝐴 − 𝐵)]′ = ⋯
77. If A is skew symmetric, then 𝑘𝐴 is a …. (k is any scalar)
78. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then
i. 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 is a ….
ii. 𝐵𝐴 − 2𝐴𝐵 is a ….
79. If A is symmetric matrix, then 𝐵′𝐴𝐵 is ….
80. If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is
symmetric if and only if ….
81. In applying one or more row operations while finding 𝐴−1
by elementary row operations, we obtain all zeros in one or more,
then 𝐴−1 ….

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 Chapter 3 Matrices

State Exercises 82 to 101 which of the following statements

are True or False

82. A matrix denotes a number.

83. Matrices of any order can be added.
84. Two matrices are equal if they have same number of rows and
same number of columns.
85. Matrices of different order can not be subtracted.
86. Matrix addition is associative as well as commutative.
87. Matrix multiplication is commutative.
88. A square matrix where every element is unity is called an
identity matrix.
89. If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then
𝐴+𝐵 =𝐵+𝐴
90. If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
𝐵−𝐴
91. If matrix 𝐴𝐵 = O , then 𝐴 = O or 𝐵 = O or both A and
B are null matrices.
92. Transpose of a column matrix is a column matrix.
93. If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴
94. If each of the three matrices of the same order are symmetric,
then their sum is a symmetric matrix.
95. If A and B are any two matrices of the same order, then
(𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐴′𝐵′
96. If (𝐴𝐵 )′ = 𝐵′𝐴′ where A and B are not square matrices, then
number of rows in A is equal to the number of columns in B and
number of columns in A is equal to number of rows in B.
97. If A, B and C are square matrices of same order, then 𝐴𝐵 =
𝐴𝐶 always implies that 𝐵 = 𝐶
98. 𝐴𝐴′ is always a symmetric matrix for any matric A
2 3
2 3 −1
99. If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [ 4 5]
1 4 2
2 1
Then AB and BA are defined and equal.
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 Chapter 3 Matrices

100. If A is skew symmetric matrix, then 𝐴2 is a symmetric

matrix.

101. (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐴−1 . 𝐵−1 where A and B are invertible matrices

satisfying commutative property with respect to
multiplication.

90