MU

Sent
enceLevelWr
it
ing
1.
1. Wr
it
ingEf
fect
ivesent
ences
I
tisobvi
oust
hatpeopl
eusual
lycommuni
cat
ever
bal
lyt
hrought
womedi
[Link]
e
speaki
ngandwr
it
[Link]
heycommuni
cat
ethr
oughwr
it
ingf
ormal
ly,most
lyt
he
basi
cuni
tofi
deai
sasent
ence.
I
fasent
encei
sthebasi
cmeansf
orconveyi
ngi
dea(
thought
),youneedt
ousei
t
cor
rect
lyandappr
opr
iat
elyt
oachi
eveef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ion.I
fyouf
ailt
ouse
sent
ences cor
rect
lyand appr
opr
iat
ely,you mayr
esul
tin conf
usi
on,di
stor
ti
on or
devi
ati
onofi
nfor
mat
ionandi
ntur
ncommuni
cat
ionbr
eakdown.
1.
2. Def
ini
ti
onofasent
ence
-
Asent
encei
susual
lydef
inedasagr
ammat
ical
lyi
ndependentuni
tmadeupofawor
d
orgr
oupofwor
dssor
elat
edast
oconveyacompl
etet
hought
.
-
Asent
encei
sagr
oupofwor
dst
hatar
elogi
cal
lyr
elat
edeachot
hert
oexpr
essani
dea.
Wet
endt
othi
nkofasent
enceasagr
oupofwor
dswi
thaper
iod,aquest
ionmar
k,or
anexcl
amat
ionpoi
ntatt
heendandacapi
tall
ett
eratt
hebegi
nni
ng,
butt
her
eismor
e
t
oitt
hant
hat
.Inor
dert
obeasent
ence,awor
dgr
oupmustbecompl
eteenought
o
st
andi
ndependent
ly.I
not
herwor
ds,sent
encei
sagr
oupofwor
dst
hatexpr
essesa
compl
etet
hought
.
1.
[Link]
encecl
assi
fi
cat
ion
1.
[Link]
enceCl
assi
fi
cat
ionbyFunct
ion
Asment
ionedear
li
er,
sent
encesar
emeansbywhi
chwecommuni
cat
ewi
thot
her
sand
expr
essourt
houghtandf
eel
ingt
oot
her
[Link]
deas,t
hought
sorf
eel
ingsar
edi
ff
erent
i
nki
ndandt
ype,t
hepur
poseofcommuni
cat
ingt
hem al
sovar
ies.I
fthepur
poseof
communi
cat
ingwi
thpeopl
evar
ies,
thet
ypeofsent
enceweusef
orcommuni
cat
ionwi
ll
al
sovar
[Link]
dingt
othepur
poset
heyachi
eve,sent
encesar
eoff
ourt
[Link]
st
atedabove,
theyar
edecl
arat
ive,
int
err
ogat
ive,
imper
ati
veandexcl
amat
orysent
ences.
1)Decl
arat
iveSent
ence
Adecl
arat
ivesent
encei
sast
atementwhi
chi
susedt
ogi
vei
nfor
mat
ion.I
tisal
soa
sent
encet
hati
susedmor
efr
equent
lyt
hananyot
hersent
encet
[Link]
ssent
ence
nor
mal
lyendswi
thaper
iodoraf
ullst
op.I
tcanbemani
fest
edi
ndi
ff
erentf
orms.I
t

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can be ei
theraf
fi
rmat
ive ofnegat
ive. Look att
he f
oll
owi
ng exampl
[Link]
lar
e
decl
arat
ivesent
encesi
nbot
hfor
ms.
[Link]
mei
srunni
ngshor
t.(
Aff
ir
mat
ive)
[Link]
nst
ruct
orsdonotal
lowcheat
ingi
nexam.(
Negat
ive)
Asyoucanunder
stand,
thef
unct
ionofal
lthesesent
encesi
stoconveyi
nfor
mat
ionor
si
mpl
ytoexpr
essone’
[Link]
soseet
hateachsent
encei
spunct
uat
edwi
th
af
ullst
[Link]
tfr
om t
his,youcannot
icet
heor
deroft
hesubj
ectandt
hepr
edi
cat
e.
I
nal
lsent
encesgi
venabovet
hesubj
ectpr
ecedest
hepr
edi
cat
e.
2)I
nter
rogat
iveSent
ence
An i
nter
rogat
ivesent
enceasksa quest
ion. Unl
ikea decl
arat
ivesent
encewhi
ch
pr
ovi
desi
nfor
mat
ion,t
hepur
poseofi
nter
rogat
ivesent
encei
sseeki
ngi
nfor
mat
ion.
Theor
deroft
hesubj
ectandt
hepr
edi
cat
eorpar
tofi
t(ahel
pingver
b)comesbef
ore
t
hesubj
ect
.Att
heendoft
hesent
ence,t
hepunct
uat
ionmar
kisal
waysaquest
ion
mar
k(i
nter
rogat
ion)
Exampl
e:1.
Whati
syourf
avor
it
efoot
bal
lteam?
[Link]
kinEt
hiopi
a?
[Link]
eadt
hisbook,
sir
?
Asyoucanseef
rom t
heexampl
esr
ightabove,
youcanvar
yoni
nter
rogat
ivesent
ence
accor
dingt
othei
nfor
mat
ionandr
esponseyouneed.
3)I
mper
ati
veSent
ence
Thi
sisat
ypeofsent
encet
hatexpr
essesacommand,ar
equest
,anor
der
,anadvi
ce,
et
[Link]
deroft
hesubj
ectandt
hepr
edi
cat
eisl
iket
hatofadecl
arat
ivesent
ence,
exceptt
hatsubj
ecti
srar
elyexpr
[Link]
ectofani
mper
ati
vesent
ence–you
i
susual
lyunder
stood.
Theendmar
kforani
mper
ati
vesent
encei
saper
iod,butsomet
imesanexcl
amat
ion
mar
kisusedf
oremphasi
s.
Nowl
ookatt
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
esandnot
icet
henat
ureofi
mper
ati
vesent
ences.
Exampl
e
[Link]
hedoor
.(command)
[Link]
oyourcol
leagues.(
advi
ce)
[Link]
ease,
haveaseat
.(
invi
tat
ion)

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[Link]
d,pl
ease.(
request
)
Asyoucannot
icef
rom t
heexampl
egi
venabove,
ani
mper
ati
vesent
encei
sused
t
oachi
evedi
ff
erentpur
posesaccor
dingt
othei
ntent
ionoft
hewr
it
[Link]
lthe
i
mper
ati
vesent
encesgi
venhaveonet
hingi
ncommon;t
heyar
eaddr
essedt
oa
secondper
[Link]
onounyoucoul
dbei
mpl
iedorexpr
essed.
4)Excl
amat
orySent
ence
Thi
sisasent
encet
hatexpr
essesst
rongemot
ion,exci
tementorsuddenf
eel
[Link]
f
eel
ingcoul
dbeofdi
ff
erentt
ypes.I
tcoul
dbeaf
eel
ingofhappi
ness,
sor
row,
wonder
,
sur
pri
seet
c.I
nexcl
amat
orysent
ence,
ther
ear
ewor
dsandphr
asest
hatar
ecommonl
y
usedwi
tht
hemai
nsent
[Link]
ncl
udewor
dsl
ike‘
what
;’‘
how‘
,
’per
haps;
’‘
oh’
,‘
oh
god’
,‘
Alas’‘
Hur
rah’
,et
[Link]
heor
deroft
hesubj
ectandt
hepr
edi
cat
eisnor
mal
,
when t
hese wor
ds (
int
erj
ect
ions)ar
e used,t
he subj
ectf
oll
ows t
he i
nter
ject
ion,
pr
ecedi
ngt
hepr
edi
cat
eorpar
tofi
[Link]
uat
ionmar
kint
hist
ypeofsent
encei
s
an excl
amat
orymar
k.I
tispl
aced att
heend ofei
thert
heexcl
amat
orywor
d or
sent
ence.
Exampl
e:
[Link]
rah!Wehavewont
hemat
ch.
[Link]
atet
hedoct
ori
s!
[Link]
aveboyhei
s!
[Link]
if
ulf
loweri
tis!
Excl
amat
orysent
encei
sfr
equent
lyusedi
nspeaki
ngt
hani
nwr
it
ing.I
tappear
srar
ely
i
nwr
it
tensent
encesofaf
ormall
evel
.
Sof
arwehavebeendi
scussi
ngt
hef
ourt
ypesofsent
encest
hatar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
nter
ms
oft
hei
rfunct
[Link]
ff
erent
iat
eonef
rom t
heot
her
?Checkyourunder
standi
ng
byf
ryi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngexer
cises.
Act
ivi
ty1.
I
dent
if
ywhet
hert
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesar
edecl
arat
ive,
int
err
ogat
ive,
imper
ati
ve,
and
excl
amat
[Link]
opr
iat
eendmar
ks.
[Link]
syourbestf
ri
end
[Link]
fuladvent
urei
tis
3. Don’
tevergetoutofyourcart
otaket
hepi
ctur
esoft
heel
ephant
s

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[Link]
hir
tybones
5. Whi
chonei
sthebestexer
cise
1.
2.2Sent
enceCl
assi
fi
cat
ionbygr
ammat
icalSt
ruct
ure
I
nter
msoft
hei
rst
ruct
ure,
sent
encescoul
dbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntof
ourt
[Link]
st
ruct
ureofasent
ence,
wear
eref
err
ingt
heconst
it
uentpar
tsf
rom whi
cht
hesent
ence
i
sfor
[Link]
heseconst
it
uentpar
tsofasent
ence,wecancat
egor
ize
sent
encesi
ntosi
mpl
e,compound,
compl
exandcompound–compl
exsent
ences.
1)Si
mpl
eSent
ence
Asi
mpl
esent
encei
sasent
encewi
thonemai
ncl
auseorasent
encewi
thonesubj
ect
andonepr
edi [Link]
cat e:Mywal
lethaddi
sappear
ed.
Thesubj
ectcoul
dbesi
mpl
e,compl
[Link]
edi
cat
ecoul
dbesi
mpl
e,
compound orcompl
ete,orbot
hthe subj
ectand t
he pr
edi
cat
e coul
d be si
mpl
e,
compoundorcompl
[Link]
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
e
1. Youmustgo.(
asi
mpl
esent
encewi
thasi
mpl
esubj
ectandpr
edi
cat
e)
[Link]
udent
spl
ayedt
enni
s.(
aCompl
etesent
encewi
thacompl
etesubj
ectand
pr
edi
cat
e)
[Link]
lst
udent
s ofgr
ade t
en shoul
dn’
tgo. (
compl
ete subj
ectand compl
ete
pr
edi
cat
e)
[Link]
udentandt
hei
rteacher
spl
ayedt
enni
sandt
ookshower
.(Compound
subj
ectandcompoundpr
edi
cat
e)
2)CompoundSent
ence
Acompoundsent
encei
smadeupoft
woormor
eindependentormai
ncl
[Link]
mai
ncl
auseofacompoundsent
encehasi
tsownsubj
ectandpr
edi
cat
[Link]
auses
ar
eusual
lyj
oinedbyacoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion(
and,
or,
for
,nor
,but
,yet
,so)pr
eceded
byacomma,asemi
col
onorconj
unct
ionadver
bs(
also,st
il
l,consequent
ly,however
,
i
ndeed,hence,t
hen,f
urt
her
mor
e,mor
eover
,li
kewi
se,t
hus,i
nst
ead,never
thel
ess,
t
her
efor
e,ot
her
wisepr
oceededbyasemi
col
onandf
oll
owedbyacomma)
.
Exampl
e
[Link]
lethaddi
sappear
ed,
andIhadnowayt
opaymyf
are.
[Link]
lethaddi
sappear
ed;Ihadnowayt
opaymyf
are.
[Link]
i consequent
day; ly,
thepar
kwascr
owded.

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[Link]
kwascr
owded,
forMondaywasahol
iday.
The wor
ds wr
it
ten i
n bol
dint
he exampl
e gi
ven r
ightabove ar
e coor
dinat
ing
conj
unct
[Link]
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
het
woi
ndependentcl
auses.
3)Compl
exSent
ence
Thi
sisat
ypeofsent
encemadeupofani
ndependentcl
auseandadependentcl
ause.
I
tmayhavet
woormor
ecl
[Link]
hesecl
auses,
onei
sindependentcl
auseand
t
heot
her(
s)i
s(ar
e)dependentorsubor
dinat
ecl
ause(
s)j
oined bysubor
dinat
ing
conj
unct
ions(
because,si
nce,as,al
though,ast
hough,event
hough,t
hough,eveni
f,
wher
eas,whi
le,eveni
f,i
f,asi
f,asl
ongas,pr
ovi
dedt
hat
,unl
ess,t
hat
,sot
hat
,inor
der
t
hat
,af
ter
,unt
il
,assoonas,bef
ore,si
nce,when,whi
le,once,whenever
,af
ter
,wher
e,
wher
everet
c.

.
Exampl
e
BecauseIhadl
ostmywal
let
,Ihadnowayt
opaymyf
are.
I
nthi
ssent
ence,
thecl
ausebecauseIhadl
ostmywal
leti
sasubor
dinat
e(dependent
)
cl
ause.
I
tisdependentbecausei
tcannotgi
veacompl
etemeani
ngoni
tsown.I
tneedst
obe
at
tachedt
othemai
ncl
auset
ogi
veacompl
etemeani
[Link]
hercl
auseIhadno
wayt
opaymyf
arei
sani
ndependent(
mai
n)cl
ause.I
nbr
ief
,whenadependentcl
ause
andani
ndependentcl
ausear
ecombi
nedi
ntoonesent
encet
oexpr
essani
dea,t
he
sent
encei
scal
ledacompl
exsent
ence.
Theor
deroft
hemai
ncl
auseandt
hesubor
dinat
ecl
[Link]
thert
he
mai
ncl
auseort
hesubor
dinat
ecl
ausecancomef
ir
[Link]
hesubor
dinat
ecl
ause
comesf
ir
st,t
hecommaspl
it
sthet
wocl
ausesasi
ntheaboveexampl
e.I
fthemai
n
cl
ausepr
ecedest
hesubor
dinat
ecl
ause,noneedofusi
ngacommai
nbet
[Link]
t
heexampl
ebel
ow.
Exampl
e:
Ihadnowayt
opaymyf
arebecauseIhadl
ostmywal
let
.
4)Compound–Compl
exSent
ences
Acompound–compl
exsent
encei
sasent
encewi
tht
woormor
emai
ncl
ausesandone

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ormor
e subor
dinat
e cl
auses.I
n ot
herwor
ds,ast
he namei
ndi
cat
es,compound
–compl
ex sent
ence has a compound sent
ence and a compl
ex sent
ence. The
f
oll
owi
ngexampl
eil
lust
rat
est
hei
dea.
BecauseIhadbeencar
eless,mywal
lethaddi
sappear
ed,andIhadnowayt
opaymy
f
are.
I
nthi
s sent
ence,t
her
e ar
ethr
ee cl
[Link] ar
e dependent
,independentand
i
ndependentcl
ausesaccor
dingt
othei
ror
deri
nthesent
[Link]
ir
stcl
ause,
because
Ihadbeencar
eless,i
sadependent(
subor
dinat
e)cl
ause;t
hesecondonewhi
chi
smy
wal
lethaddi
sappear
edi
sani
ndependent(
mai
n)cl
auseandt
het
hir
donet
hati
sIhad
nowayt
opaymyf
arei
sanot
hermai
ncl
[Link]
hissent
encei
sacombi
nat
ionof
onesubor
dinat
ecl
auseandt
womai
n(pr
inci
palori
ndependent
)cl
auses.I
not
her
wor
ds,
iti
sacombi
nat
ionofonecompl
exsent
ence(
BecauseIhadbeencar
eless,
my
wal
lethaddi
sappear
ed)andonesi
mpl
esent
ence(Ihadnowayt
opaymyf
are.
).
I
. Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesandi
dent
if
ywhet
hereachoft ssi
hem i mpl
e,
compound,compl
ex,orcompound-
compl
ex.
Thenwr
it
etheansweront
he
spacepr
ovi
ded.
[Link]
edi
sli
kessi
tt
ingont
hebeach;heal
waysget
sbor
ed.
[Link]
nconst
antcont
actont
hei
nter
net
.
[Link]
teral
engt
hyandnoi
sydebat
e,t
heydeci
dedt
otakevacat
ions,andt
hey
wentt
oDoha.
[Link]
eisnot
hingei
thergoodorbad,
butt
hinki
ngmakesi
tbad.
5..
Ifyour
eal
lywantmet
ohel
pyouwashyourf
loor
s,pl
easegi
vemea
week’
snot
ice.
1.
[Link]
enceEr
ror
s
[Link]
enceFr
agment
s
Asent
encef
ragmenti
sagr
oupofwor
dst
hatdoesnotexpr
essacompl
etei
dea.I
t
l
ooksl
ikeasent
ence,
buti
snot
.Itmaybegi
nwi
thacapi
tall
ett
erandendwi
thaper
iod,
buti
tsconst
ruct
ionf
ail
sthemai
npar
tsofsent
ence(
subj
ectorver
b)andt
her
eader
’s
expect
ati
onofameani
ngf
ulst
atement.
Whenyouar
ereadi
ngsent
encef
ragment
s,
youcanf
eelt
hatsomewor
dsar
emi
ssi
ngt
ocompl
etet
hei
deaort
hei
deabyi
tsel
fis
sensel
[Link]
hesent
encef
ragment
sbel
ow andr
eadt
heexpl
anat
ionsgi
ven

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under
.
a)Geneal
ogy,
thest
udyoff
ami
lyhi
stor
y.
b)Al
thoughsever
all
arger
iver
shavebeencl
eanedup.
c)Thegr
eenf
iel
dshummi
ngwi
thsoundsofi
nsect
s.
d) Fr
om Mi
zant
oTepi
.
Youmayt
hinkt
hati
ntheexampl
eabovewor
dgr
oupi
n‘a’i
sasent
enceasi
tmay
seem t
ohavesubj
ectGeneal
ogyandpr
edi
cat
ethest
udyoff
ami
lyhi
stor
[Link]
,
i
tisnotasent
encebecauset
hever
b(anessent
ialel
ement oft
hepr
edi
cat
e)i
s
mi
[Link]
dgr
oupi
nbi
sadependentcl
auseandcannotgi
veacompl
etet
hought
.
Thus,i
tisnotasent
enceaswel
[Link]
mil
arl
y,wor
dgr
oupcf
ail
stogi
veacompl
ete
t
houghtasi
tmi
ssest
hepr
edi
cat
[Link]
kewi
se,
wor
dgr
oupdhasnosubj
ectandt
hus
f
ail
stogi
veacompl
etet
hought
.
Whatdoyout
hinkar
ethepossi
blewaysofcor
rect
ingt
heabovesent
encef
ragment
s?
Now,not
ice how t
he above f
ragment
s ar
erevi
sed and made i
nto compl
ete
sent
ences.
[Link]
ogyi
sthest
udyoff
ami
lyhi
stor
y.
b. Al
thoughsever
all
arger
iver
shavebeencl
eanedup,t
her
eisshor
tageof
cl
eanwat
eri
nthevi
ll
age.
[Link]
eenf
iel
dshummedwi
thsoundsofi
nsect
s.
d. I
ttakes1hourf
rom Mi
zant
oTepibycar
.
Anydependentel
ementsuchasaphr
ase,
acl
auseorasubor
dinat
e,i
fwr
it
tenal
one
(
wit
houtasubj
ectandorapr
edi
cat
e),
iti
sasent
encef
ragment
.
Waysofcor
rect
ingsent
encef
ragment
s
Sent
encef
ragment
scanbecor
rect
edi
nthef
oll
owi
ngways:
(
1) Addi
ngasubj
ectand/
orapr
edi
cat
etomaket
hesent
encecompl
ete
(
2) At
tachi
ngt
hef
ragmentt
oanadj
acentsent
enceandmaki
ngi
tani
ntegr
al
par
toft
hesent
ence.
(
3) Omi
tt
ingsomeel
ement
sandmaki
ngasepar
atesent
ence
a)Fr
agment
s Al
thoughshewor
kshar
d.(
hassubor
dinat
ecl
auseonl
y)
Compl
eteSent
ence Shewor
kshar
d.

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
cPage7
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Whenchecki
ngf
orsent
encef
ragment
s,l
ookf
oragr
oupofwor
dswi
thoutasubj
ect
.
Al
sol
ookf
oragr
oupofwor
dswi
thoutacompl
etever
[Link]
all
yforawor
d
gr
oupt
hati
ncl
udesaver
bal(
apar
ti
cipl
e,ger
und,ori
nfi
nit
ive)r
athert
hanacompl
ete
ver
[Link]
nal
lybesur
eyouhaven’
tpunct
uat
edasubor
dinat
ecl
auseasi
fitwer
ea
compl
etesent
ence.
[Link]-onSent
ences
I
nthepr
evi
ousdi
scussi
ons,youhaver
eal
izedt
hati
fagr
oupofwor
dsl
ackasubj
ect
and/
orapr
edi
cat
eordoesnotgi
veasi
ngl
ecompl
etet
hought
,thatgr
oupofwor
dsi
s
notasent
encebutasent
encef
ragment
.Int
hef
oll
owi
ngsect
ion,youar
egoi
ngt
o
l
ear
naboutot
hercommonsent
enceer
ror
s:r
un-
ons.
Ar
an-oncanbehappenedi
nthr
eeways;
[Link]
encei
saner
rorbecausei
tisr
eal
lyt
woormor
esent
enceswr
it
ten
t
oget
herasonesent
encewi
thoutusi
nganypunct
uat
ion.
Whi
lesent
encef
ragment
sleavei
deasout
,thef
usedsent
encescombi
nei
deast
hat
shoul
dbesepar
[Link]
deast
hatseem t
orunt
oget
herar
eputt
oget
herat
onceandmakecompr
ehensi
ondi
ff
icul
tfort
her
eader
.
Not
icet
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
[Link]
hem car
eful
lyandt
heywi
llgi
veyoucl
eari
mage
aboutt
heconceptofr
un-
onsent
ences.
Fused:Myf
atheri
sachai
rmanoft
hecommi
tt
eeonf
orei
gnr
elat
ionsheal
soheads
t
hewar
rantcommi
ssi
on.
Cor
rect
: Myf
atheri
schai
rmanoft
hecommi
tt
eeonf
orei
gnr
elat
ions,andheal
so
headst
hewar
rantcommi
ssi
on.
Cor
rect
:Myf
atheri
schai
rmanoft
hecommi
tt
eeonf
orei
gnr
elat
ions;heal
soheadst
he
War
rantcommi
ssi
on.
Cor
rect
:Myf
atheri
schai
rper
sonoft
hecommi
ssi
[Link]
soheadst
hewar
rant
commi
ssi
on.
Asyoucanseef
rom t
heaboveexampl
e,t
hef
ir
stsent
encei
saFusedbecauset
her
e
ar
etwosent
encesf
usedt
oget
her
.Thet
hreecor
rectexampl
esshowt
hatt
hef
aul
tcan
beel
imi
nat
edbyaddi
ngaconj
unct
ionsi
nce[
cor
rectone]
,inser
ti
ngasemicol
on
[
cor
rectt
wo]
,ormaki
ngt
wosepar
atesent
ences[
cor
rectt
hree]
.
[Link]
ice:ar
un-
onsent
encecanal
sobef
ormedwhent
her
eisacomma

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
cPage8
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spl
iceconsi
stsoft
woormor
eindependentcl
ausest
hatf
oll
owoneanot
herand
ar
eincor
rect
lyl
inkedt
oget
heronl
ywi
thacomma(
orcommas)
.Thi
smeans
commaspl
icesoccurwhent
woi
ndependentcl
ausesar
ejoi
nedwi
thacomma
whi
chi
snotf
oll
owedbyacoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion(
and,but
,or
,nor
,for
,so,
yet
).I
nthi
ssense,acommaspl
iceoccur
swhenonl
yacommasepar
atest
wo
i
ndependentsent
ences.
You can cor
rectt
his ki
nd ofer
rorby i
nser
ti
ng comma bef
oret
he coor
dinat
ing
conj
unct
ionorbyusi
ngappr
opr
iat
eendmar
ksl
ikef
ullst
opbef
oret
heconj
unct
[Link]
youcanj
oint
het
woi
ndependentcl
ausesusi
ngsemicol
on,butyoumustr
emovet
he
coor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion.
Not
icet
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
e
Commaspl
ice:Il
ist
enedt
othef
oot
bal
lgameal
laf
ter
noon;mywi
fewentt
othe
movi
es.
Cor
rect
:Il
ist
enedt
othef
oot
bal
lgameal
laf
ter
noon,
butmywi
fewentt
othemovi
es.
Cor
rect
:Il
ist
enedt
othef
oot
bal
lgameal
laf
ter
noon;mywi
fet
othemovi
es.
Cor
rect
:Il
ist
enedt
othef
oot
bal
lgameal
laf
ter
[Link]
fewentt
othemovi
es.
Remembert
hatar
un-
onsent
encei
sasent
encef
aul
tbecausei
tcont
ainst
woormor
e
sent
encesar
enotj
oinedcor
rect
ly. A commaspl
icei
sasent
encei
nwhi
cht
wo
sent
encesappeart
obej
[Link]
dthepr
obl
em,youcanadda
coor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion,orr
epl
acet
hecommawi
thanendpunct
uat
ionmar
k(a
per
iod,aquest
ionmar
koranexcl
amat
orymar
k),andbegi
nthenew sent
encewi
tha
capi
tall
ett
er.
Acommadoesnotsepar
atesent
ences.
Tocor
rectt
woi
ndependentcl
auses,acommai
[Link]
commaandaconnect
ingwor
d,oryouneedt
oavoi
dthecommaandusea
semi
col
onbet
weent
hecl
auses,oryouneedt
owr
it
ethet
woi
ndependent
cl
ausessepar
atel
yi.
e.,useandendpunct
uat
ion,mar
k(aper
iod,aquest
ion
mar
koranexcl
amat
ionmar
k)af
tert
hef
ir
sti
ndependentcl
auseandbegi
n
t
hesecondi
ndependentcl
ausewi
thacapi
tall
ett
er.
Rememberacommadoesnotsepar
atesent
encesr
atheri
tpauseasent
ence

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
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[Link]
somi
tt
edbef
orecoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion:Thi
siswhent
wo
i
ndependentcl
ausesar
ejoi
nedbycoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ionwi
thoutapr
ecedi
ng
comma.
.Exampl
e:
Er
ror
:Youhadbet
terdowhatwesayorIwi
llpuni
shyou.
Cor
rect
:Youhadbet
terdowhatIsay,
orIwi
llpuni
shyou.
Cor
rect
:Youhadbet
terdowhatIsay;Iwi
llpuni
shyou.
Cor
rect
:Youhadbet
[Link]
llpuni
shyou.
[Link]
spl
acedModi
fi
ers
Mi
spl
acedmodi
fi
ersar
ewor
dst
hat
,becauseofawkwar
dpl
acement
,donotdescr
ibe
t
hewor
dst
hewr
it
eri
ntendedt
hem t
odescr
[Link]
spl
acedmodi
fi
ersof
tenobscur
ethe
meani
ngofasent
ence.
Toavoi
dthem,pl
acewor
dsascl
oseaspossi
blet
owhatt
hey
descr
ibeand makesur
ethemodi
fi
ercl
ear
lyr
efer
stot
heel
ementyouwanti
[Link]
att
heexampl
ebel
ow.
Thecounci
ladvi
sesphysi
ciansatr
egul
ari
nter
val
stoadmi
nist
ert
hedr
ug.
I
sthemeani
ngcl
eart
oyou?Whatdoest
hemodi
fyi
ngphr
ase“
atr
egul
ari
nter
val
s”
modi
fy?I
sthecounci
l
’sadvi
ceoradmi
nist
eri
ngt
hedr
ug?

Not
icehowt
heabovesent
encei
srevi
sedt
oavoi
dtheambi
gui
ty.
[Link] counci
ladvi
ses physi
cians t
o admi
nist
ert
he dr
ug atr
egul
ar
i
nter
val
s.(
admi
nist
eri
ngt
hedr
ugatr
egul
ari
nter
val
s)
[Link]
egul
ari
nter
val
s,t
hecounci
ladvi
sesphysi
cianst
oadmi
nist
ert
he
dr
ug.
(t
hecounci
ladvi
singphysi
ciansatr
egul
ari
nter
val
s)
Logi
cal
ly,
modi
fi
ersshoul
dbepl
acedcl
osert
owor
ds,
phr
asesorcl
ausest
heymodi
fy.
Whent
heyar
epl
acedapar
tfr
om t
hewor
ds,phr
asesorcl
ausest
heymodi
fy,t
heyar
e
knownasmi
spl
acedmodi
fi
[Link]
spl
acedmodi
fi
ersmaket
hesent
enceambi
guous.
Tocor
rectasent
encewi
thmi
spl
acedmodi
fi
er,
movet
hemodi
fi
erascl
oseaspossi
ble
t
othewor
ditmodi
fi
es.
Mi
spl
aced:Leavesf
loat
edgent
lydownont
othel
awnwi
thdazzl
ingaut
umncol
ors.
(
Preposi
ti
onalphr
asei
ncor
rect
lymodi
fyi
ngl
awn)
Cl
ear
:Leaves wi
th dazzl
ing aut
umn col
orsf
loat
ed gent
lydown on t
othe l
awn.
(
Preposi
ti
onalphr
asecor
rect
lymodi
fyi
ngl
eaves)

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
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[Link]
ingModi
fi
er
Adangl
ingmodi
fi
ermodi
fi
esawor
dwhi
chhasbeenl
eftoutoft
hesent
ence.I
tdoes
notmodi
fyanywor
dint
hesent
encei
nwhi
chi
tappear
s.A modi
fi
ert
hatopensa
sent
encemustbef
oll
owedi
mmedi
atel
ybyt
hewor
diti
smeantt
odescr
[Link]
her
wise
t
hemodi
fi
eri
ssai
dtobedangl
ing,
andt
hesent
encet
akesonanuni
ntendedmeani
ng.
Lookatt
heexampl
esbel
ow:
[Link]
let
aki
ngshower
,thedoor
bel
lrang.
Whatdoest
hesent
encemean?Whof
oll
owedt
her
eci
pecar
eful
ly?Thepar
ti
cipi
al
phr
asewhowast
aki
ngshower
?Notmodi
fyi
nganywor
dint
hesent
[Link]
dor
phr
aset
hatneedst
obemodi
fi
edi
slef
toutoft
hesent
[Link]
yingawor
dthat
canbemodi
fi
edbyt
hedangl
ingmodi
fi
er,
youcancor
rectt
hesent
ence.
Whi
leIwast
aki
ngshower
,thedoor
bel
lrang.
Not
icehowt
hephr
aseIwasi
susedt
ocor
rectt
hesent
ence.
a)Themodi
fi
erandt
hewor
dmodi
fi
edshoul
dbeasneareachot
heraspossi
ble.
b)Themai
ncl
ausef
oll
owi
ngani
ntr
oduct
oryver
balmodi
fi
ershoul
dbegi
nwi
tha
Subj
ectwhi
chnamest
hel
ogi
calper
sonort
hingt
odot
heact(
orhavet
hest
ateof
bei
ng/
ref
err
edt
obyt
hever
bal
).
Youcancor
rectt
heabovesent
encebypr
ovi
ding/
suppl
yingt
hemi
ssi
ngel
ement
(s)
:
Af
tert
ryi
ngt
hecombi
nat
ionsever
alt
imes,
Ast
erf
inal
lyopenedt
hel
ock.
Dangl
ingmodi
fi
ersdonotseem l
ogi
cal
lyt
omodi
fyanywor
dint
hesent
ence.

Adangl
ingmodi
fi
eri
susual
lyaver
bal
.Itmayeasi
lysl
ipi
ntoyourwr
it
ing,causi
ng
conf
usi
onoruni
ntent
ionalhumor
.Ther
ear
efourki
ndsofdangl
ingver
bal
;al
lofwhi
ch
maybecor
rect
edi
nei
theroft
woways;
a) Bysuppl
yinganounorpr
onount
hatt
hever
balcanl
ogi
cal
lymodi
fi
es
b) Byexpandi
ngt
hever
bali
ntoanadver
bcl
ausewhi
chwi
llmodi
fyt
he
ver
b.
[Link]
eementEr
ror
s
Agr
eementer
ror
sar
ethemostcommonpr
obl
emst
hataf
fectourwr
it
[Link]
i
nconsi
stencypr
obl
emsandcanconf
useourr
eader
s.I
nthedi
scussi
onbel
ow,
youwi
ll
l
ear
nhow agr
eementer
ror
scanaf
fectyourwr
it
[Link]
llal
sol
ear
nhow youcan
Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
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 MU

cor
rectt
hoseer
ror
stomakeyoursent
encesmeani
ngf
ulandsensi
ble.
[Link]
ect
-ver
bagr
eementer
ror
Thebasi
crul
est
atest
hatasi
ngul
arsubj
ectt
akesasi
ngul
arver
b,whi
leapl
ural
subj
ectt
akesapl
uralver
[Link]
rori
nsubj
ect
-ver
b-agr
eementoccur
sinwr
it
ing
ei
therbecausest
udent
sfor
gett
hisgener
alpr
inci
pleorf
ailt
oident
if
ythet
wosubj
ect
s
i
nasent
ence.
Ver
bsdonotf
ormt
hei
rpl
ural
sbyaddi
ngansasnounsdo.I
nor
dert
odet
ermi
ne
whi
chver
bissi
ngul
arandwhi
chonei
spl
ural
,thi
nkofwhi
chver
byouwoul
duse
wi
thheorsheandwhi
chver
byouwoul
dusewi
tht
[Link]
e:t
alkandt
alks.

Rul
e1.
Twosi
ngul
arsubj
ect edbyorornorr
sconnect equi
reasi
ngul
arver
b.
Exampl
e:Myauntormyuncl
eisar
ri
vingbyt
rai
ntoday.

Rul
e2.
Twosi
ngul
arsubj
ect edbyei
sconnect ther
/orornei
ther
/norr
equi
reasi
ngul
ar
ver
basi
nRul
e1.
Butwhenoneoft
hem i
spl
ural
,thever
bagr
eeswi
tht
henear
estsubj
ectf
or
nei
ther
/norandal
wayspl
ur orei
alf ther
/or
.
Exampl
es:Nei
therJuannorCar
meni
savai
labl
e.
Ei
therKi
anaorCaseyi
shel
pingt
odaywi
thst
agedecor
ati
ons.
Nei
thert
het
eachernort
hest
udent
sar
ecomi
ng.
Ei
thert
het
eacher
sort
hest
udentar
ecomi
ng
Rul
e3
Useapl
uralver
bwi
tht
woormor
esubj
ect
swhent
heyar edbyand.
econnect
Exampl
e:Acarandabi
kear
emymeansoft
ranspor
tat
ion.

Rul
e4
Somet
imest
hesubj
ecti
ssepar
atedf
rom t
hever dssuchasal
bbywor ongwi
th,
aswel
las,besi
des,ornot
.Ignor
etheseexpr
essi
onswhendet
ermi
ningwhet
her
t
ouseasi
ngul
arorpl
uralver
b.
Exampl
es:Thepol
it
ici
an,
alongwi
tht
henewsmen,
isexpect
edshor
tl
y.

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
cPage12
 MU

Rul
e5
onounseach,
Thepr ever
yone,
ever
yone,
ever
ybody,
anyone,
anybody
someone,
andsomebodyar
esi
ngul
arandr
equi
resi
ngul
arver
[Link]
mi
sledbywhatf
olowsof
l .
Exampl
es:Eachoft
hegi
rl
ssi
ngswel
l.
Ever
yoneoft
hecakesi
sgone.
NOTE:Ever
yonei
sonewor tmeansever
dwheni [Link]
yonei
stwowor
ds
whent
hemeani seachone.
ngi
Rul
e6
dsher
Thewor eandt
her
ehavegener
all
ybeenl
abel
edasadver
bsevent
hough
t
hey i
ndi
cat
e pl
ace.I
n sent
ences begi
nni
ng wi
thher
eort
her
e,t
he subj
ect
f
oll
owst
hever
b.
Exampl
es:Ther
ear
efourhur
dlest
ojump.
Ther
eisahi
ghhur
dlet
ojump.
2. Pr
onounandAnt
ecedentAgr
eementer
ror
Apr
onounmustagr
eewi
thi
tsant
ecedenti
nnumber(
singul
arorpl
ural
),i
nper
son
(
fi
rst
,secondort
hir
dper
son)andi
ngender(
mascul
ine,f
emi
nine,orneut
er)
.An
ant
ecedenti
sthewor
dorgr
oupofwor
dst
owhi
chapr
onounr
efer
stoort
hata
pr
onounr
epl
[Link]
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
es:
1.I
nconsi
stencyi
nnumberandper
son
Conf
usi
ng:A st
udenti
s an i
mpor
tantmemberofa soci
ety,and you shoul
d
expr
essyouropi
nionf
reel
y.(
Inconsi
stencyi
nnumberandper
son)
Cl
ear
:A st
udenti
sani
mpor
tantmemberofasoci
ety,andhe/
sheshoul
dexpr
ess
hi
s/heropi
nionf
reel
y.(
theant
ecedenti
sAst
udent
,at
hir
dper
sonsi
ngul
ar)
Conf
usi
ng:Al
thoughonesomet
imesmi
ghtexper
iencewor
kasbur
densome,
youmi
ght
mor
eof
tenf
indi
tver
yrewar
ding.
(i
nconsi
stencyi
nnumberandper
son)
Cl
ear
:Al
thoughonesomet
imesmi
ghtexper
iencewor
kasbur
densome,one mi
ght
mor
eof
tenf
indi
tver
yrewar
ding.
When apr
onoun hasanot
herpr
onoun asi
tsant
ecedent
,besur
ethatt
het
wo
pr
onounsagr
eei
nper
[Link]
dil
logi
calshi
ft
sfom t
r heyt
oyou,
Itoyou,
oronet
oyou.
[Link]
onounr
efer
ence
Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
cPage13
 MU

Vague:Hel
lenvi
sit
edt
hewomanbef
oreshewentt
oschool
.
Thi
sisavaguepr
onounr
efer
ence(
forwhom t
hepr
onoun‘
she’r
efer
sto)
.
Whowentt
oschool
?)
Cl
ear
:Bef
orehel
lenwentt
oschoolshevi
sit
edt
hewoman.
Cl
ear
:Bef
oret
hewomanwentt
oschoolhel
lenvi
sit
edher
.
[Link]
typar
all
eli
sm
Exampl
e:Ir
esol
vedt
olosewei
ght
,tost
udymor
e,andwat
chi
ngmor
eTV.
I
ntheabovesent
encet
her
eist
hel
ackofpar
all
eli
sm duet
oawor
dthewat
chi
ng
becauset
her
estoft
hewor
dsi
nthesent
encear
eint
hef
ormi
nfi
nit
ive(
tol
oseandt
o
st
udy)
.Thecor
rectsent
encewi
thpar
all
elst
ruct
urebecomeasf
oll
ows
 Ir
esol
vedt
olosewei
ght
,tost
udymor
eandt
owat
chl
essTV
Wor
dsi
npai
roraser
iesshoul
dhaveapar
all
elst
ruct
[Link]
anci
ngt
hei
temsi
na
pai
roraser
iessot
hatt
heyhavet
hesameki
ndofst
ruct
ure,
youwi
llmakeasent
ence
cl
ear
erandeasi
ert
oread.I
not
herwor
ds,nounsshoul
dbecoor
dinat
edwi
thnouns,
ver
bs wi
th ver
bs,adj
ect
ives wi
th adj
ect
ives,adver
bs wi
th adver
bs,phr
ases wi
th
phr
ases,andcl
auseswi
thcl
[Link]
icehowt
hepar
all
elsent
encest
hatf
oll
owr
ead
mor
esmoot
hlyt
hant
henonpar
all
elones.
Nonpar
all
el:Mar
thal
ikest
owat
erhergar
den,
wal
kingherf
oxt
err
ier
,andar
gui
ngwi
th
herhusband
Par
all
el:Mar
thal
ikeswat
eri
nghergar
den,
wal
kingherf
oxt
err
ier
,andar
gui
ngwi
thher
husband
[Link]
ft
Tenseshi
fti
sthepr
obl
em ofj
umpi
ngf
rom onet
enset
oanot
her
.Exampl
e:
 Wef
ini
shedourmealandt
henhet
urnst
omeandasksi
fImi
ndedpayi
ng.
 Ipl
ayedf
oot
bal
lbef
oreIdeci
det
odosomehomewor
k.
[Link]
cti
on
Di
cti
on–choi
ceofwor
ds
Vague-somet
hingwhi
chi
snotcl
earorambi
guous
Oneoft
heer
ror
swhi
chaf
fectt
hecl
ari
tyofasent
encei
svaguedi
cti
[Link]
s
oneoft
hemaj
orweaknessesi
ndi
cti
[Link]
dsar
evaguewhen,
incont
ext
,theydonot
conveyt
oar
eaderonespeci
fi
cmeani
[Link]
dwi
thsever
almeani
ngs.

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
cPage14
 MU

Andanywor
dthathasmor
ethanonemeani
ngi
sboundt
ocauset
roubl
[Link]
der
t
hissent
ence:
Exampl
e:Icoul
dtel
lbyt
hef
unnyl
ookonherf
acet
hatshewasmad.
I
fyout
aket
hewor
dmad
Ver
yangr
y:af
fect
edbygr
eatdi
spl
easur
eoranger
lgomadwhenshef
She’
l indsout
.
Ment
all
yil
l:af
fect
edwi
thapsychi
atr
icdi
sor
der
Exci
ti
ng:ver
yexci
ti
ngorboi
ster
ous
Passi
onat
e aboutsomet
hing:ver
yfond of
,ent
husi
ast
ic about
,ori
nter
est
ed i
n
somet
hing,
oft
ent
otheexcl
usi
onofever
ythi
ngel
se
I
’
m notmadaboutt
hecol
or.
Iam f
oot lmad
bal
Mar
kedl
yaggr
essi
ve:unusual
lyaggr
essi
veorf
eroci r
ous(ef
erst
oani
mal
s;of
fensi
vei
n
somecont
ext
s)
Wor
dsl
ike“
funny”and“
mad”canhavequi
tespeci
fi
cmeani
ngs,
butnoti
nthi
scont
ext
.
Whatdoes“
mad”meanher
e?Cer
tai
nlynot“
insane”
,whi
chi
tmi
ghtmeani
nanot
her
sent
ence.“
angr
y”,
then,
or“
annoyed”
,“i
rr
it
ated”,
“of
fended”
?Ar
eadercannotbesur
e.
Butt
hewr
it
ercanr
emoveanydoubtbyusi
ngmor
especi
fi
cdi
cti
on:
Icoul
dtel
lbyt
hewayherf
acest
if
fenedt
hatshewasof
fended.
I
nor
dert
omakeourmessagescl
ear
,whenwechoosewor
ds,
weshoul
ddeser
ve
speci
alcaut
ion,
i.
e.,
thewor
dswechooseshoul
dbewhi
chgi
veonecl
eari
nter
pret
ati
on;
t
heyshoul
dbef
reef
rom vagueness.
Theot
hermaj
orweaknessi
ndi
cti
oni
sjar
[Link]
goni
sal
anguaget
hati
susedbya
par
ti
cul
argr
oup,
prof
essi
on,
orcul
tur
e,especi
all
ywhent
hewor
dsandphr
asesar
enot
under
stood orused byot
herpeopl
[Link]
efchar
act
eri
sti
cofj
argon i
s:hi
ghl
y
abst
ractdi
cti
on,of
tent
echni
cal
,wi
thaf
ondnessf
or“
lear
ned”r
athert
hanpopul
ar
wor
ds.
Awor
dinonepr
ofessi
onmaygi
veadi
ff
erentmeani
ngi
ntheot
herpr
ofessi
on.
Medi
calj
argon CommonUse
Pat
ient pat
ient
St
ool st
ool

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
cPage15
 MU

Exami
nat
ionr
oom exami
nat
ionr
oom
Pat
ient(
common)(
ordi
nar
y use)-capabl
e ofwai
ti
ng,abl
etot
oler
ate di
ff
icul
t
ci
rcumst
ancespat
ient(medi
cine)(
jar
gon)
-somebodywhoi
sbei
nggi
venmedi
cal
t
reat
mentst
ool
(common)(
ordi
nar
yuse)-asi
mpl
eseatwi
tht
hreeorf
ourl
egsandno
backorar
mrest
sst
ool
(medi
cine)(
jar
gon)
-api
eceofexcr
ementst
ool
(bot
any)(
jar
gon)
-t
hebaseofapl
ant
,acl
umpofshoot
sorsucker
sexami
nat
ionr
oom(
common)
(
ordi
nar
y use)– a pl
ace wher
e st
udent
s ar
e eval
uat
ed wi
th paperand penci
l.
Exami
nat
ionr
oom (
medi
cine)(
jar
gon)
-apl
acewher
eapat
ienti
sinvest
igat
edf
ora
di
sease
Not
e:
Dur
ingdi
cti
on -Knowyouraudi
ence.
-Don’
tusej
argonsi
nor
dinar
ywr
it
ing.
- Usecommonwor
dswhi
chgi
veonecl
eari
nter
pret
ati
onf
oral
l
peopl
es.
[Link]
diness
Thi
sref
erst
heuseoft
oo manyand over
loadi
ng wor
dsi
n a sent
ence.I
tisan
ext
ravagantoruneconomi
caluseofwor
[Link]
rawor
dssmot
hert
hemeani
ng.A
wr
it
erwi
thashar
peyecanspotexcesswor
dsanddel
etet
hem dur
ingr
evi
sionoft
he
wor
k.
Exampl
e:
dy:Hi
[Link] li
nai
soft
heopi
niont
hatt
hedeat
hpenal
it
yshoul
dbeal
lowed.
sed:Hi
Revi li
nabel
ievesi
nthedeat
hpenal
it
y.
dy:Iwoul
[Link] dli
ket
osayt
hatmysubj
ecti
nthi
spaperwi
llbehowmyf
atherwasa
gener
ousper
son.
sed:Myf
Revi atherwasgener
ous.

1.
4Di
cti
on
Di
cti
on,i
nit
sor
igi
nalandpr
imar
ymeani
ng,r
efer
stot
hewr
it
er’
sort
hespeaker
’sdi
sti
nct
ive
vocabul
arychoi
cesandst
yleofexpr
essi
on.I
thasmul
ti
pleconcer
ns;r
egi
ster–wor
dsbei
ng
ei
therf
ormalori
nfor
mali
nsoci
alcont
ext–i
sfor
emost
.Forexampl
e:
Toaf
ri
end:ascr
ew-
up
Toachi
ld:ami
stake

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
cPage16
 MU
Tot
hepol
ice:anacci
dent
Toandempl
oyer
:onover
sight.
[Link]
li
ngt
ouseSent
enceVar
iet
y
Themosti
mpor
tantt
hingyouwi
llder
ivef
rom usi
ngavar
iet
yofsent
encet
ypesi
sthe
shi
ft
sint
onet
hatwi
llr
esul
[Link]
iet
yofsent
encest
ruct
ureandt
ypel
iber
atesyourt
ext
f
rom t
hemonot
[Link]
yingt
hesent
encesofat
exti
nthei
rlengt
h,st
ruct
ureaswel
las
pur
posewi
llkeepusf
rom dr
ivi
ngourr
eader
scr
azyandbor
ed.
 I
nyourwr
it
ing,
yourai
m shoul
dbet
ouseavar
iet
yofsent
ences.
 Shor
tsi
mpl
esent
encesgr
abt
her
eader
s’at
tent
ionandaddemphasi
s.
 Compoundsent
encescanemphasi
zebal
anceandpar
all
eli
deas.
Compl
exsent
encesshowwhati
nfor
mat
iondependsonwhatot
heri
nfor
mat
ion
Act
ivi
ty
[Link]
istofsent
encei
sgi
venbel
[Link]
hem car
eful
lyt
heni
dent
if
ythe
er
rort
ype(
ifany)
,andwr
it
ethecor
rectver
sioni
nthespacepr
ovi
ded.

[Link]
omonwant
stoqui
tsmoki
ngt
hishabi
tist
ooexpensi
ve.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
[Link]
ishedi
nthepaper
,themanbel
ievedt
hest
ory.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
3. Thedogj
umpedt
heobst
acl
ewi
thi
tst
ail
waggi
ng.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
[Link]
ybodywhosi
gnedupf
ort
heskit
ri
pwer
etaki
ngl
esson.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
[Link]
ldl
ovedhi
snewt
[Link]
all
ytheonest
hatsqueaked.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
cPage17
 MU

Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
[Link]
hest
udent
sar
oundnoneoft
hem comet
ocl
asst
heymi
ssedt
hequi
z
whi
chaccountt
enpoi
nts.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
[Link]
chedar
oundandf
oundanol
dbusschedul
eint
hedr
awert
hatwasout
ofdat
e.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
[Link]
eet
hinacr
ocodi
le’
smout
hisshar
p.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
[Link]’
sar
ri
val
from Addi
sAbaba.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
10.
Alem andDawi
trecogni
zedeachot
hert
heyhadbeeni
nthef
ir
stgr
adet
oget
her
.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
11.
Whi
lesmoki
ngaci
gar
ett
e,Isatmyki
dwi
thmebyt
hecr
ackl
ingf
ir
e.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
12.
Thewomani
sdr
ivi
ngt
hecarwear
ingabi
kinispedt
hrought
own.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
13.
Thei
ntel
li
genceofmanyseaani
mal
sar
eindeedamazi
ng.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
cPage18
 MU
[Link]
thert
hei
nst
ruct
ornort
hest
udent
swant
stodoanot
herwat
ercol
or.

Typeofer
ror
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Cor
rectver
sion_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

UNI
TTWO
THEWRI
TINGPROCESS
2.
1TheWr
it
ingAnxi
ety

Ast
hej
obofwr
it
ingi
stoughert
hanot
herski
ll
s,st
udent
sfeelanxi
[Link]
eel
anxi
etyover
whel
mingi
fthepaperi
sdi
ff
icul
tori
mpor
tant
.Thoughamoder
ateanxi
ety
i
saf
ri
endl
yfeat
ureofourpsychol
ogi
calmakeupbuti
fiti
slef
tun-
att
ended,i
tmi
ght
par
alyzeorhampert
heper
for
manceoft
hewr
it
[Link]
etyorappr
ehensi
oni
san
emot
ionalst
atepl
aguesst
udent
sandpr
ofessi
onal
sal
ike,r
egar
dlessoft
hei
rwr
it
ing
abi
l
ity.I
not
herwor
ds,i
tisaf
eel
ingofi
ndi
ff
erenceorpessi
mism t
owar
dswr
it
ingt
hat
r
esul
tsi
nput
ti
ngof
ftheassi
gnment
.Byunder
standi
ngt
hesour
ceofwr
it
inganxi
ety
andut
il
izi
ngpr
obl
em-
sol
vingandcopi
ngst
rat
egi
es,
wri
ter
scancount
eractt
hisanxi
ety.

The causes f
orwr
it
ing anxi
ety can be di
ff
icul
tto under
stand assi
gnment
s and
pr
ompt
s,ext
ernal st
ress f
act
ors,negat
ive pr
evi
ous wr
it
ing exper
iences,bad
r
elat
ionshi
pswi
thi
nst
ruct
orsorr
eader
s,t
her
equi
rementt
ofol
lowst
ri
ctf
ormul
asl
ike
gr
ammar
,par
agr
aphi
ng,
dict
ion,
etc,
andf
eart
ofai
lur
e.

Thegoodnewsi
sthatt
her
ear
ewayst
orest
orewr
it
ingequi
li
bri
um andgetdownt
o
wr
it
[Link]
ear
esomest
rat
egi
est
ohel
pst
udent
sunl
ockt
hei
rwr
it
ingt
alent
s.

2.
2St
rat
egi
esf
orHandl
ingWr
it
ingAnxi
ety
[Link]
ti
veat
ti
tudet
owar
dst
heassi
gnmentandt
het
opi
cofwr
it
ing.
[Link]
standt
hewr
it
ingcont
extandi
nst
ruct
[Link]
desunder
standt
hepr
otocol
s
ofwr
it
ingsuchaspr
ocesswr
it
ing,wr
it
ingef
fect
ivesent
encesandavoi
dingf
aul
ty
sent
ences.
[Link]
hesubj
ectwel
l.

2.
3Pr
e-wr
it
ingTechni
ques
Pr
epar
ingt
owr
it
ecanencompasst
hreer
emar
kabl
eel
ement
s,namel
yhavi
ngt
her
ight
at
ti
tude,
int
erestandknowi
ngt
hesubj
ectwel
l.

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
cPage19
 MU

Af
terchoosi
ngt
het
opi
cthatyouknow,
thenextst
epshoul
dbesear
chi
ngf
orpossi
ble
waysofget
ti
ngi
deasdownont
hepaper
.Youhavet
otaket
imet
ospot
li
ghtyour
t
houghtt
ogener
atei
deaswhi
chwi
llbeor
gani
zedi
ntot
heskel
etonofcomposi
ti
on.
Thi
spr
ocedur
ecanbeut
il
izedatnayt
imedur
ingwr
it
ingpr
ocessasf
ari
tsf
ocusi
s
domi
nant
lyongener
ati
ngi
deat
hatwi
llber
euseddur
ingpot
ent
ialwr
it
[Link]
ewr
it
ing
t
echni
quesi
ncl
udesel
ect
ingat
opi
c,nar
rowi
ngt
het
opi
c,br
ainst
ormi
ng,cl
ust
eri
ng,
f
ree-
wri
ti
ngandaski
ngj
our
nal
ist
icquest
ions.

[Link]
ect
ingaTopi
c
At
ext(
par
agr
aphoressay)i
sagr
oupofsent
encest
hatgi
vei
nfor
mat
ionaboutat
opi
c.
Ther
efor
eifyoust
artwr
it
ing,
youshoul
dchooseat
opi
cforyourwr
it
ing.
 Chooseat
opi
cthati
snott
oonar
row (
li
mit
ed)
.Anar
row t
opi
cwi
llnothave
enoughi
deast
owr
it
eabout
.
 Chooseat
opi
cthati
snott
oobr
[Link]
oadt
opi
cwi
llhavet
oomanyi
deasf
or
j
ustonepar
agr
aphoressayofl
imi
tedpar
agr
aphs.
[Link]
rowi
ngt
heTopi
c
Nar
rowt
het
opi
cbychoosi
ngoneaspectoft
het
opi
ctodi
scuss.
e:Schooli
Forexampl stoobr
[Link]
ear
ethousandsoft
hingsyoucoul
dsayabouti
t.
Youcannar
rowt
hisas:
 Secondar
yschool
sinmycount
ry
 Popul
arschoolcl
ubs
 Uni
ver
sit
yent
ranceexams.

[Link]
ainst
ormi
ng/
List
ing
Br
ainst
ormi
ngi
sanabr
upti
nspi
rat
ionofi
[Link]
it
ermakesuseoft
hisscheme
t
ofi
rstgethi
s/hert
houghtdownont
hepaperei
theri
nphr
aseorwor
dfor
m andt
hen
scant
heassoci
ati
onamongt
hem f
orpot
ent
ialwr
it
[Link]
ainst
ormi
nghaspar
amount
si
gni
fi
cancet
opr
ovi
deexampl
est
hatwi
llf
urt
herbui
ldupcomposi
ti
oni
npr
ogr
ess.I
t
i
sapr
ocessofgener
ati
ngal
otofi
nfor
mat
ionwi
thi
nashor
tti
me.
[Link]
artwi
tht
hekeywor
dofyourt
it
le.
[Link]
edet
ermi
nedper
iodoft
ime,
wri
teal
lthet
houghtt
hatt
hiskeywor
dbr
ings

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
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t
oyourmi
ndei
theri
nawor
dorphr
asef
orm.
[Link]
it
eal
istofal
lassoci
ati
onsyoucant
hinkofdur
ingt
imeper
iod.
N.
[Link]
udget
hesepr
eli
minar
ythought
sandt
ryt
ocor
rectt
[Link]
reeand
i
nhabi
tedi
nyourt
hinki
ngsi
nceyouwi
llhavesuf
fi
cientt
imet
olookoverwhatyou
havewr
it
tenandmakeadeci
siononwhati
susef
ulandnot
.

[Link]
ust
eri
ng
As i
tcan be concept
ual
ized f
rom t
he t
erm i
tsel
f,cl
ust
eri
ng i
s maki
ng gr
oup or
associ
ati
onamongt
hings,i
deas,concept
s,et
c.I
tissomet
imescal
ledmappi
ng/
mind
mappi
[Link],cl
ust
eri
ngi
sthet
echni
quewhi
chi
sof
tenusedt
omakeconnect
ions
amongi
deassoast
oinst
allvi
sualmapoft
het
hought
saboutt
het
opi
cpr
iort
o
st
art
ingwr
it
ingt
heact
ualpaper
.Tocl
ust
er,
[Link]
artbywr
it
ingakeywor
dfr
om yourt
opi
catt
hemi
ddl
eoft
hepage,
anddr
awa
ci
rcl
ear
oundi
t.
[Link]
aw al
inef
rom t
heci
rcl
eandwr
it
eideasassoci
atedwi
tht
het
opi
[Link]
rcl
e
t
hesei
deasagai
nanddr
awanot
herl
ineandwr
it
emor
eideasassoci
atedt
oit
.
[Link]
inuet
hispr
ocessunt
ilyoucannott
hinkofot
heri
deasorr
eachpr
esent
t
imel
i
mit
.
Ther
esul
twi
lll
ookawebonyourpage.I
nusi
ngcl
ust
eryouwi
llbeabl
etodi
sti
ngui
sh
howt
hei
deasf
itt
oget
her
,especi
all
ywher
ether
eisanabundanceofi
deas.I
tal
sol
ets
youseeyouri
deasvi
sual
lyi
nadi
ff
erentway,
sot
hatyoucanmor
ereadi
lyunder
stand
possi
bledi
rect
ionsyourpapermayt
ake.

[Link]
ee-
wri
ti
ng
Ast
hewor
dit
sel
fimpl
ies,f
ree-
wri
ti
ng can si
mpl
ybedef
ined aswr
it
ing wi
thout
st
oppi
ng.I
tiswr
it
ingwhat
evercomest
oyourmi
ndwi
thoutper
tur
bingaboutwhet
her
t
hei
deasmakesenseorgr
ammat
ical
lypr
eci
se.I
tisanal
ogouswi
thbr
ainst
ormi
ng
si
ncet
hecent
erofat
tent
ioni
sonl
yongener
ati
ngi
deast
hatwi
llbeexpl
oit
edt
owr
it
e
t
heact
ualt
ext
.Thedef
erencei
swewr
it
econt
inuousl
yei
theri
nthef
orm ofsent
ence
orpar
ti
alsent
encei
nfr
ee-
wri
ti
ngwhi
lephr
aseorwor
dfor
misut
il
izedi
nthecaseof
br
ainst
ormi
[Link]
ee-
wri
ti
ngi
nvol
vesf
il
li
ngpur
epaperwi
thj
unksofi
deast
hatwi
llbe
r
efi
nedandr
eusedt
opr
oset
hef
inalver
sionofyourpaper
.Itf
orcesyout
owr
it
eso

Compi
ledby:GI
RMAYT.2006E.
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qui
ckl
ythatyouar
eunabl
etoedi
tanyofyouri
deas.

[Link]
ngJour
nal
ist
icQuest
ions
Thi
stechni
queengr
ossesaski
ngyour
sel
fasmanywh-
quest
ionsaspossi
ble,
suchas
who,how,what
,when,wher
e,why,whi
ch,whom,et
c.,t
opr
oducei
deast
hatwi
llbe
usedt
onot
edownt
hef
ir
stdr
aft
.Thi
ssyst
em i
shi
ghl
yindi
spensabl
etovi
ew your
t
opi
cfr
om di
ff
erentper
spect
ivessi
nceeachquest
ionr
aisesdi
ff
erenti
ssuesaboutt
he
samet
opi
c.
2.
4Out
li
ning
Thi
sist
hest
epwher
eyouor
gani
zeyouri
[Link]
tergener
ati
ngi
deasbyusi
ngoneof
t
heabovepr
ewr
it
ingt
echni
ques,t
henextst
epshoul
dbescr
eeni
ngoutsi
gni
fi
cant
i
deasandor
der
ingt
hem soast
ouseasr
oadmapt
ocr
aftt
hef
ir
stdr
aft
.Out
li
ningi
sa
bl
uepr
intwhi
chcanser
veasagui
det
owr
it
ethef
ir
sthandpaper
.Itshowst
he
or
gani
zat
ionofyouressay.I
tal
sot
ell
swhi
chi
dea(
s)wi
llcomef
ir
st,
secondandsoon,
andendswi
tht
heessay’
sconcl
usi
on.I
not
herwor
ds,out
li
nei
stheskel
etonofyour
[Link] how t
hei
deaswor
ktoget
her
,numbert
[Link]
oman
number
sforyouressay’
smaj
ori
deasandAr
abi
cnumber
sfort
hemi
nororspeci
fi
c
i
deas.I
tcanbeei
therf
ormalori
nfor
mal
.Gener
all
y,out
li
ningi
sdevi
singapl
anf
ora
par
agr
aph.

For
malout
li
nei
sthear
rangementofal
lmaj
orandspeci
fi
cideasusi
ngf
undament
als
off
ormal
it
ysuchasRomannumber
s,upper
caseEngl
ishal
phabet
,Ar
abi
cnumber
,and
l
ower
caseEngl
ishal
phabet
.Iti
sfor
malbecausei
tengagest
heuseoft
heabove
basi
cs.
I
nfor
mal
,as t
he t
erm i
tsel
fimpl
ies,i
sthe r
ough l
istofmaj
orand some mai
n
suppor
ti
ngi
deas.I
tisi
nfor
malsi
ncei
tdoesn’
tengageusi
ngel
ement
ssuchasr
oman
number
sandEngl
ishal
phabet
s.

Asapr
inci
ple,out
li
ningi
nvol
vesi
dent
if
yingmaj
orandmi
nori
[Link]
waysmi
nor
i
deasmustbewr
it
tenundermaj
ori
deaswi
thi
ndent
edspace.
Exampl
e:I
.Feat
uresofadvancement
[Link]
terj
oboppor
tuni
ty
2.I
mpr
ovedst
andar
dofl
ivi
ng

Compi
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RMAYT.2006E.
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[Link]
gherqual
i
tyofeducat
ion
4Mor
eaccesst
oheal
thcar
e.
2.
5Dr
aft
ing,
Edi
ti
ng,
Proof
readi
ngandRewr
it
ing
[Link]
aft
ing
Dr
aft
ingi
sthef
ir
stphasei
nwr
it
ingt
heact
ualpaper
.Iti
ssi
mil
arwi
thf
ree-
wri
ti
ng
excepti
tinvol
vesusi
ngout
li
neasagui
de.I
tiswr
it
ingf
reel
ywi
thoutwor
ryi
ngabout
cont
ent
, or
gani
zat
ion and l
anguage er
ror
s such as spel
li
ng, punct
uat
ion,
capi
tal
izat
ion….Thecent
erofat
tent
ioni
slar
gel
yonget
ti
ngi
deasdownont
hepaper
r
athert
hanst
ri
vingf
orgr
ammat
icalaccur
acysi
ncet
her
ear
eot
herst
epst
othi
nkabout
accur
acy.

[Link]
ti
ng
Edi
ti
ngi
nvol
vesr
evi
singandr
evi
ewi
ng.I
nor
dert
oedi
t,youneedt
oreadyourpaper
agai
n.I
tfocuseson cor
rect
ing cont
entand or
gani
zat
ion er
ror
s,and gr
ammat
ical
pr
obl
[Link]
sist
hemosti
mpor
tantst
ageatwhi
chyoul
ookatt
heover
allcont
entof
t
hepaperandj
udget
heef
fect
ivenessofyourar
gument
.Ofcour
se,youcanst
il
ladd
newi
deasi
fyout
hinkofsomet
hingel
sewhi
leyouar
ereadi
ngyourf
ir
stdr
aft
.Dur
ing
edi
ti
ngyouhavet
ofocusont
hef
oll
owi
ngt
asks:
 Addi
deat
osuppor
tyourt
hesi
s
 Cuti
rr
elevanti
deas
 Repl
acepar
tsyouhavecut
 Movemat
eri
alar
ound
[Link]
oof
readi
ng
Thi
sisr
eadi
ng f
ort
hel
astt
imet
o gr
asp er
ror
swhi
ch wer
enotobser
ved whi
le
r
evi
ewi
ngandr
evi
sing.I
tisadvi
sabl
eforyout
otaket
imeatt
hisst
agesi
nceyouwi
ll
haver
oom t
oseeyourpaperwi
thnew [Link]
ti
ngot
her
sreadyourpaperbef
ore
submi
tt
ingi
sal
sovi
talsi
ncedi
ff
erentpeopl
eseet
hingsf
rom di
ff
erentper
spect
ives.
Pr
oof
readyourf
inaldr
aftsever
alt
imes,put
ti
ngasmucht
imebet
weent
hel
astt
wo
r
eadi
ngs as possi
[Link]
esh eyes cat
ch mor
etypogr
aphi
calorcar
eless er
ror
s.
Remembert
hatt
ypi
nger
ror
s—event
hesi
mpl
etr
ansposi
ngofl
ett
ers—canchanget
he
meani
ngofanent
ir
ethoughtandoccasi
onal
lybr
inguni
ntendedhumort
oyourpr
ose.

Compi
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[Link]
it
ing
Thi
sist
hef
inalst
[Link]
it
eyourdi
sti
ll
edandr
efi
nedessaywi
tht
he
appr
opr
iat
emar
ginsandcl
earhandwr
it
ingsot
hatyourr
eaderwi
llnotgetdi
ff
icul
tyt
o
r
eadyouressay.

UNI
TTHREE
[Link]
TING
2.I
.Def
ini
ti
on
A par
agr
aphi
sagr
oupofr
elat
edsent
encest
hatpr
esentanddevel
oponemai
nidea.
I
tisauni
tofcommuni
cat
ioni
nar
elat
ivel
yfi
xedf
[Link]
agr
aphcanst
andal
one,
or
i
tcanbepar
tofal
ongerpi
eceofwr
it
[Link]
dsar
ethebui
ldi
ngbl
ocksof
sent
ence,sent
ences ar
ethe bui
ldi
ng bl
ocks ofl
ongerf
orms ofwr
it
[Link],a
par
agr
aphi
sauni
tofwr
it
ingbeyondasent
encel
evelcont
aini
ngonemai
nideaora
t
opi
candsent
encest
hatdevel
opt
hemai
nidea.I
tist
ermedasuni
fi
edbecausei
thas
onecent
rali
deaandal
lthesent
encesi
nthepar
agr
aphshoul
donl
ytal
kaboutt
his
cent
rali
dea.
2.
[Link]
ruct
ureofaPar
agr
aph;byt
hest
ruct
ureofapar
agr
aphi
smeantt
he
bui
ldi
ngorcomposi
ti
onofi
[Link]
ini
ti
onofapar
agr
aphi
ndi
cat
est
hatt
he
sent
encesmustber
elat
ed;i
tmusthaveapar
ti
cul
arst
ruct
[Link]
sst
ruct
urei
s
det
ermi
nedbyt
her
elat
ionshi
poft
hei
deas,
andi
tisbyconst
ruct
ingt
hepar
agr
aph
pr
oper
lyt
hatyoudevel
opt
hei
[Link]
opani
deai
stounf
oldorr
eveali
[Link]
i
nst
ance,
whensomeoneasksyouhowt
odoamat
hemat
icalpr
obl
em,
youexpl
aint
he
pr
ocessbygi
vingt
hest
epsi
nor
der
.Thel
astsent
enceofyourexpl
anat
ioni
s,of
Compi
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RMAYT.2006E.
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cour
se,
thel
astst
epoft
hepr
obl
[Link]
opmentofani
deai
napar
agr
aph
f
oll
owst
hesamepr
ocedur
[Link]
efor
eawel
l-
organi
zedpar
agr
aphi
sexpect
edt
ohave:

[Link]
opi
csent
ence;
[Link]
ti
ngdet
ail
s(maj
orandmi
nor
);and
[Link]
usi
onsent
ence
At
ypi
calpar
agr
aphhasat
opi
csent
ence,
suppor
ti
ngsent
ences(
maj
orandmi
nor
)and
aconcl
udi
ngsent
ence.
 Thet
opi
csent
encei
ntr
oducest
het
opi
candt
ell
swhatt
hewr
it
eri
sgoi
ngt
osay
aboutt
het
opi
c.
 Thesent
encest
hatf
oll
owf
urt
hert
oexpl
ainandsuppor
tthet
opi
csent
encear
e
cal
ledsuppor
ti
ngsent
ences.
 Theconcl
udi
ngsent
enceof
tenr
epeat
sthei
nfor
mat
ioni
nthet
opi
csent
encei
n
adi
ff
erentway.
Thet
opi
csent
encei
susual
lyt
hef
ir
stsent
enceofapar
agr
aph.I
tismadeupoft
wo
par
ts,t
het
opi
candt
hecont
rol
li
ngi
[Link]
opi
csent
enceshoul
dfi
tevi
denceor
anal
ysi
sint
oabr
oaderar
gument
.Inot
herwor
ds,
itshoul
dcont
aint
heMai
nIdeaoft
he
par
agr
aph.
Todoso,
itdoest
hreet
hings.
[Link]
opi
csent
encehol
dsf
act
stoget
her
.Whenyouhaveaser
iesoff
act
sont
he
samegener
alsubj
ect
,gr
oupt
hem t
oget
herandsummar
izet
hem wi
that
opi
c
sent
ence.
[Link]
opi
csent
encer
elat
esf
act
stoar
gument
.Inaddi
ti
ont
osummar
izi
ngt
hef
act
s
wi
thi
napar
agr
aph,
itmustshowt
hei
rrel
evancet
oyourover
allt
hesi
[Link],
at
opi
csent
encecannotmer
elyst
atef
act
s,butmustmakeacl
aim aboutt
hose
f
act
s,ser
vingast
het
hesi
sst
atementofaone-
par
agr
aphessay.
[Link]
opi
csent
encer
elat
est
hepar
agr
apht
owhatcamebef
ore.I
tof
tenwi
l
lcont
ain
t
ransi
ti
onwor
dsshowi
ngcont
inui
ty(
next
,anot
her
,mor
e)orat
urni
ngpoi
nti
n
t
hear
gument(
despi
te,
never
thel
ess,
but
).
Thet
opi
csent
encepr
esent
sthet
opi
candexpl
ainswhatt
hewr
it
erwi
llsay
aboutt
het
opi
[Link]
fi
cissuet
hatt
hewr
it
erwant
stoexpl
aini
scal
ledt
he
cont
rol
li
ngi
dea.
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