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Compass

The document discusses the principles and properties of gyroscopes, including their degrees of freedom, gyroscopic inertia, and precession. It explains the concepts of tilt and drift, as well as the transformation of a free gyroscope into a marine gyro compass, which is essential for navigation on ships. Additionally, it covers the effects of magnetic variation and deviation on magnetic compasses and methods for compensating these deviations.

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Imran Hossan
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11 views21 pages

Compass

The document discusses the principles and properties of gyroscopes, including their degrees of freedom, gyroscopic inertia, and precession. It explains the concepts of tilt and drift, as well as the transformation of a free gyroscope into a marine gyro compass, which is essential for navigation on ships. Additionally, it covers the effects of magnetic variation and deviation on magnetic compasses and methods for compensating these deviations.

Uploaded by

Imran Hossan
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
GYROSCOPE FREE GYRO PRINCIPLE Groncope = Ithas 3 degrees of freedom: mage 1. Itis free to spin about spinning a ‘ 2. Itis free to rotate about verti 3. Itis free to rotate about horizontal axis, i.e. tilt. PROPERTIES OF A FREE GYRO SCOPE 1. Gyroscopic inertia(Rigidity in space) Thisis the property that keeps the gyro spin axis direction fixed in space, even though the gimbals are moved. (When no force is exerted on spin axis direct) 2. Precession Precession is the term used to describe the movement of the axle of a gyro under the influence of an external force, The direction of torque (force) on a free gyro rotor will be 90 degrees different to the direction of its effect, Le. if we appl torque about horizontal axis, the direction of movement will be around vertical axis, Here is Said that gyro is precessed around Vertical axis or vice versa. TILT AND DRIFT OF GYROSCOPE mur this is the angle by which the spin ays of the gyro has apparently moved up and down from the herlzental plane, bait, Thisis the angle by which the spin axis ofthe gyro has apparently moved away from the eriginal diction in the horizontal plane frre ee Pa} “4 eu TILT AND DRIFT OF GYROSCOPE DRIFTING OF SPIN AXIS: ‘The spin axis is said to be drifting when it changes its azimuth, ‘which means it turns about a vertical axis. When referring to the directionof diiftit is always with reference io the Nori end of the spin. axis. Rate of drifting per hour ~ 15.04:° Cosaltitude Sin latitude, ‘The Drifting is maximum at poles, ‘TITLTINGOF SPINANIS: The spin. avis ofa free gyro is said to be tilting when it moves in ayertical plane eitterin an upward directionor ina downward direction (when west of meridian), ‘The tilting or rate of change of altitudewe know is zero on meridian, ‘The rate of titingin a given latitude nerenses with the azimuth (directionto the imaginary star) and ina trace it 18 ‘maximum on the east or west extemity. When the spitiaxis comes to its own meridian it seeks north. It ‘requires to setile the spin axis of gyroscope when converting to hhortli seeking gy roseope’ gyro compass) TRANSFORMING A FREE GYROSCOPE INTO A MARINE GYRO COMPASS (NORTH SEEKING). Sythe eo of ssn ast ots pasate dein sce The erenent ot Frstpraperty offre gyroscopes uel. However due to theplacing ofthis eyoscope on the surface ofthe earthit willbe moved alongthe direction of rotation ofthe (arte ach thu ifscepenl hae anapouren maton Presale, stnigh be gyoscopelemace apo tin he drectonola ar ten he gyrosrope il OOM Shear athe eer rotatecondthe sar spparenty mows tes 1g concert free svroscope intoa gyroscope the tree gyrescopemst bemade iNorthseekingte seekthemeridimn ne P sNerthseting Le. mus point in or near the meridian. Tess mte HORLONTAL Then it mth BAMPEVED Parton, ols Foe Pee lng. ete hs nF gine serpin ode canter le tthe reese nth tise Wnt ion ner ‘ho tilting force . Similarty. processional force is nil when axis is horizontal. FESR Sub SE RE ocane atte ever ne ‘snes nari ere nt eg ae eter ti Use stir i etoile RoR ult We gett at Sa nt Thecosleynsedknrhin ort tn emer 8 esl st heme Ino. Gres i gree he mata pe nd mot hens ey hut a a ET HELE Ae ‘Therefore, we have to damp the oscillations ofthe conteoled gyroand male it settlein the meridian. This process is [Link] DAMPING TOP HEAVY GYRO Titing of tp heavy eyo In gyroscope, when the spin axis is horizontal the CoG of the weight passes through the centre of the rotor producing no torque but the spin axis does not always remain horizontal. Because the earth’s rotation tilts the spin axis and the other external force like vessel’s movement, friction etc. ‘When gyro axis tilts the CoG of the weight does not act through the center of the rotor and this weight produces a torque about the horizontal axis. This torque tends to take the spin axis towards the meridian. Adding a weight to the top of the rotor casing produces a number of undesirable effects. These effects become pronounced when a ship is subjected to severe movement in heavy weather. To counteract unwanted effects, an ‘apparent’ top weighting of the compass is achieved by the use of a mercury fluid ballistic contained in two reservoirs or ballistic pots. ‘Top heavy gyro is used when the rotor is revolving anti clock wise direction. Bottom heavy gyro Because of the earths rotation and gyro rigid, the pendulum wal cause the gravity fontol 9 mBte away fom the centre gram, The Frinnér {f rotating Clockwise When viewed Tram EretSouly end ane thercloras precession, "caused by "he revitational force exertea. on the [Link], wil cause the hort rnd of the spin avis to mave to He eact when it f below the horizontal, & reciprocal action wil accu causing the north end of tie Spin axis fo precess (owerca the west wher cbove the Froude the spit exis wih elvays aopear to tit wh i north i suay fom the earth Cups whe fs ease ofthe marian end BS toch end toward: te earch (down) when tothe west o ENE merielan as expained in igure. This action cayses the north end of the spin axis, ofa gravis Toneaslod undamoed ayra to describe an ellass abode sno” Heethae Becaure tae bndam ged tne gyre ull not seme oy Hhemmeriéian. Figure shows ‘he action Or @ evra wih a clockwise rotating spinners ths elipse produced wil Eemeilockwse due Ghecothnt external nfusnces acting upon the gyros the extent fe elie wi Rewever vary dependite upon fhe ia Gisolacementof the gyro spin ais Irom the mendhan and from fhe earths hovontak In cace of the Mercury ballastic gyro, the rotor is rotating ant dloflinge I therotensroraingHechwse and bing the morcuny alaste Bors, fel rend the NOwh Seengend pi tre Gyro to archer ahd thus the damping wil be faled to achieve [Link] to achieve, Gyroscoping inertia For the clockwise rotating Fotor he seeking all the ame tavuve norch or align with the rherclan) a pump is fitted and instead of mercuy, ol is Used, ppntans tothe Murty, Rb matter how niuch dhe git and Se ree Ffom torque tat occtis by the gravity contra oF uid m the pors DAMPING GYROSCOPE FOR GYRO COMPASS DAMPING IN TILT ‘A sorvo motor causes a torque to be appliad about the vertical axis, opposing the tlt of the ‘gyro axis proportional to the degree of ti. The net effect is to cause the gyro axis to spiral Into. position where all tho foreas are balanced: thie le slightly off the meridian, Ue / oh t \ me Creates 2 torque — towards the Merialan DAMPING GYROSCOPE FOR GYRO COMPASS DAMPING IN AZIMUTH A second, top heavy ballistic is edded to the rotor casing which causes a precession which ‘opposes the control precession by an amount proportional to the degree of tilt. The net effect is 10 cause the gyro axis to spiral into.a position where all the forces are balanced; this i slightly off the horizontal Damping Baltic N GYRO COMPASS A Gyro compassis a form of gyroscope, used widely on ships. It employs an electrically owered, fast-spinning gyroscope wheel and rictional forces, among other factors, to find the true north, utilising the basic physical laws, influences of gravity, and the Earth’s rotation. The Gyro compasshas become an indispensable instrument in almost all merchant ships or naval vessels for its ability to detect the direction of the true north and not the magnetic north. It is comprised of the following units: + Master Compass: Discoversand maintains the true north reading with the help of a gyroscope. + Repeater Compasses: Receive and indicate the true direction transmitted electrically from the Master Compass. * Course Recorder: Makes a continuous record of the manoeuvring on a moving strip of paper. * GYRO COMPASS AND GYRO SCOPE GYRO COMPASS * Control Panel: Governs the electrical operation of the system and ascertains the running condition by means of a suitable meter. * Voltage Regulator: Maintains constant supply of the ship to the motor-generator. * Alarm Unit: Indicates failure of the ship’s supply. * Amplifier Panel: Controls the follow-up system. + Motor Generator: Converts the ship's DC supply to ACand energizes the Compass equipment. Gyro compasses are linked to the repeater compasses via one transmission system. The fast- spinning rotor attached weighs from 1.25 pounds to 55 pounds. The flywheel of a gyrocompass can rotate at 20,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). The period of oscillation of the gyroscope depends on the speed of the flywheel's rotation and the latitude angle. For example, a gyroscope at the equator with a fiywheel rotating at 20,000 rpm has a period of oscillation of 11.4 seconds. As the latitude increases, the period of oscillation also increases. oronsenenaTon uae EcLATOR covmoL me, Coun ener REPATERCOMMSS GYRO COMPASS + WORKING OF GYRO COMPASS External magnetic fields which deflect normal compasses cannot affect Gyro compasses. Wh¢ ship alters its course the independently driven framework calied ‘Phantom’ moves with it, but the rotor system continues to point northward. This lack of alignment _of Rotor and Phantom enables to send a signal to the driving motor, which moves the phantom step in with the rotor system again in 2 path where the phantom may have crossed only'a fraction of a degree or several degrees of the compass circle. As soonas they are aligned, electrical impulses are sent by the phantom to the repeater compasses for each degree it traverses. The Gyroscope in the Gyrocompass is mounted in such a way so that it can move freely about three mutually perpendicular axes and is controlled to enable its axis of spin to settle parallel with the true meridian, influenced by the Earth’s rotation and gravity. ena MK _xw GYRO. compass CONTROL PANEL MOTOR GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR COURSE RECORDER REPEATER COMPASS compass MAGNETIC COMPASS — VARIATION AND DIP As the compass needle points to Magnetic North it only points to True North when the needle, the Magnetic Pole and the Geographic Pole all lie in the same Meridian. At other locations the needle will be displaced from True North by an amount called VARIATION. Similarly, because the magnetic poles are deep within the core, the compass. needle will DIP towards the pole by an amount determined by latitude. Both effects are variable due to unevenness of the Earths field and the differential rotation of the core and the crust. Depiction of Earth's magnetic field as a bar magnet coinciding with the core. The south pole of such a magnet points to Earth's North Pole compass Pole refers to Magnetic pole only Earth’s north pole Farth’s south pole compass MAGNETIC COMPASS — DEVIATION Stee! and Iron, as used for ships, will gain its. own magnetic field if it is exposed to an external magnetic field, such as the Earth. ‘The effect can be made greater by heatii striking the field, or by exposing it to ternating electrical current. gor It is therefore no surprise that a ship under construction, or repair, acquires its own magnet field, the direction of which is largely determined by the orientation and latitude of the slipway or repair berth. ‘The magnetism built inte the ship is called HARD IRON MAGNETISM Stoo! cargoss, electric equipment and the Earth's field can temporarily change the ship's field, Inducing SOFT IRON MAGNETISM The effect is to displace the compass needle away from the Earths magnetic pole by a variable amount, largely determined by heading and latitude. This effect is called DEVIATION compass MAGNETIC COMPASS — CORRECTING FOR DEVIATION + Any magnetic fields, created by the ship's structure, equipment, ote, which cause the compass te deviate are reduced or, if possible, eliminated, by creating equal but opposite magnetic fields using compensating correctors. These are placed inside the compass binnacle or adjacent to the compa + Magnets are aligned fore and aft and athwartships to create horizontal magnetic fields to compensate for the pormanent horizontal components of the ship's magnetism. + Soft iron correcting spheros or plates and the Flinders bar compensate for the induced magnetiam caused by the effect the earth's magnetic field has on the ship's magnetism. + Heeling error magnets compensate for the vertical component of the ship's magnetism 000° 045" 030) 135° 180°| 235° 270° 3154 360" compass MAGNETIC COMPASS — COMPENSATING FOR RESIDUAL DEVIATION «aoe ge geE ge w 100° A. We need to steer 100°C. 2. We are steading 270° Compass "Whats the True Heading? T VOM Do ¢ 270° 2 frome Devon ard ft evan na Computing of TVOM D ¢ 276° 6° 270" 4 Seaton appa tthe Comes Heating to prvi Magri eating GADET M bd ¢ 276° 6°E 270" TO oVOM Doe 273° sw 276° GE 270° A273

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