Name--------------------------------------------------, ID--------------------------------, Section------------------

Section I: Choose the correct answer (4 × 9 = 36 points)

1. What is the primary goal of representative 2. Which of the following is an example of
sampling? secondary data?
(a) To achieve small bias and small variability. (a) Data collected through an observation.
(b) To achieve large bias and small variability. (b) Data obtained from published datasets.
(c) To achieve small bias and large variability. (c) Data collected using a survey.
(d) To achieve large bias and large variability. (d) Data collected from interviews.

3. A researcher interviewed a working mother with a newborn, asking about her difficulties and how the
workplace offers support. Also, the researcher asked her to refer other participants in similar circumstances.
This type of non-probability sampling is called:
(a) Convenience sampling.
(b) Self-selected sampling.
(c) Snowball sampling.
(d) Simple random sampling.

4. Wadeema wants to know what students think about a certain instructor she plans to take a course with next
semester. She asks her friends about their experiences with the instructor. The best description of this
sampling method is:
(a) Convenience sampling.
(b) Volunteer sampling.
(c) Simple random sampling.
(d) Systematic sampling

Questions 5 – 7: Japanese researchers investigated whether magnesium supplements affect borderline high blood
pressure. They assigned 200 participants from various age groups into two groups. One group received 400–500
milligrams of magnesium daily for four weeks, while the other group received a sugar pill.
Answer Questions 6 to 8 based on this research scenario.

5. Which of the following is an independent (explanatory) variable?

(a) Age.
(b) Sugar pill.
(c) Blood pressure.
(d) Magnesium supplements.

6. Which of the following best describes this study?

(a) Experiment.
(b) Survey.
(c) Observation.
(d) None of the above.

7. Which of the following is considered a placebo?

(a) Age.
(b) Sugar pill.
(c) Blood pressure.
(d) Magnesium supplements.
8. The given histogram describes the students’ scores in one of the assignments. Which
of the following best describes the distribution of the scores?
(a) Scores are skewed right; the assignment was easy.
(b) Scores are skewed left; the assignment was easy.
(c) Scores are skewed left; the assignment was difficult.
(d) Scores are skewed right, and the assignment was difficult.

9. A researcher gave each passenger on a cruise ship a bracelet; some passengers

received magnetic bracelets, while others received non-magnetic ones. Which of the
following best describes a double-blind setting?
(a) Only the researcher knows which passengers received magnetic bracelets, but the passengers do not.
(b) Both the researcher and the passengers know which passengers received magnetic bracelets.
(c) Only the passengers know which type of bracelet they received, while the researcher does not.
(d) Neither the researcher nor the passengers know which type of bracelet was received.
Section II: Short Answers: ( 32 points)
10. (12 Points) In a recent survey conducted by the communications firm Duke+Mir ahead of COP28, it was
found that 75% of people in the UAE believe humans will develop technology to solve global warming.
The survey included over 1,000 people and was carried out by YouGov as part of a research paper titled
‘Environmental Action in the UAE.’
Based on the given scenario, identify the following:
(a) Population: All people in the UAE.
(b) Sample: The ~1,000 UAE residents surveyed by YouGov.
(c) Statistic: 75% (the sample proportion who believe tech will solve global warming).
(d) Parameter: The true proportion of all UAE people who believe tech will solve global warming.

11. (10 Points) Based on the Household Expenditure and Income Survey (2014–2015), which aimed to study
the financial habits of Emirati families, identify the variable type (Qualitative or Quantitative), and
specify its classification (Nominal, Ordinal, Discrete, or Continuous) for each of the following variables:
(a) Blood type (A, B, O, AB): Qualitative — Nominal.
(b) Highest educational degree of parents: Qualitative — Ordinal.
(c) Brand of car owned: Qualitative — Nominal.
(d) Family size: Quantitative — Discrete.
(e) Spending amount per month: Quantitative — Continuous.
12. (10 Points) A grocery store manager wants to analyze customers' purchasing habits by recording the
amount spent per customer. The manager selects random customers with different purchase amounts.
Complete the following distribution table. (If needed, round your answers to two decimal places.)
Classes (AED) Freq Rel. Freq Percent
0 – 49 71 0.59 59.17%
50 – 99 30 0.25 25.00%
100 – 149 7 0.06 5.83%
150 – 199 8 0.07 6.67%
200 – 249 4 0.03 3.33%
Total 120 1 100%
Section III: Essay Questions: ( 32 points)
13. (6 Points) The following pie chart shows the sports activities
corresponding to severe knee injury reports from 250 hospital
emergency room patients. Based on this graph, answer the following.
(a) Identify the variable and its type.
(b) Find the percentage of injuries categorized as "Others."
(c) Calculate the number of injuries caused by running.

(a) Variable & type: Activities linked to serious injury — Qualitative,

nominal.
(b) 100 - (13+13+25+43) = 6%
(c) Number of injuries caused by running = (43%) × 250= (43/100) ×250 =
107.5= 108 approximately.

14. (5 Points) Suppose you had a list of 5000 students’ names and e-mail addresses and wanted to select a
sample of 50. Explain how you would use systematic random sampling to select the sample.
• First student’s chosen interval = 5,000/50 = 100.
• Randomly pick the first student from the first interval 1 to 100.
• Select the remaining student at every 100th position from the first selected student’s position until you pick 50
students.

15. (2+ 4= 6 Points) A group of students was surveyed during a fitness event. The figure below shows a
histogram of 160 responses to the question, “How many hours do you exercise per week?” Based on the
graph, answer the following questions (show your work for all parts).

(a) What percentage of students reported exercising 6 hours or more per week?
(b) Describe the histogram, identifying shape, center(median), spread(range),
and possible outliers.
(a) (48/160)*100= 30 %
(b) The shape of the histogram is skewed right, the centre is between 4 and
6, it varies from 0 to 14, and there are no potential outliers.
16. Case Study: (5×3=15 Points)
There is no doubt that smoking cigarettes is hazardous to health and to those around
you. Yet, for someone addicted to smoking, quitting is no simple matter. One promising technique for helping
people quit smoking is the use of nicotine patches.
To test the effectiveness of these patches, Dr. Richard Hurt and his colleagues recruited 240 smokers from
Mayo Clinics in Minnesota, Florida, and Arizona. Volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either
nicotine patches or placebo patches for 8 weeks. All participants also received counselling, following a program
recommended by the National Cancer Institute, before, during, and many months after the patch period.
After 8 weeks, 46% of the nicotine group had quit smoking, compared to 20% of the placebo group. Quitting
was defined as self-reported abstinence (not even a puff) since the last visit and an expired air carbon monoxide
level of 8 ppm or less.

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After one year, quit rates had declined in both groups,
but remained higher in the nicotine group (27.5%)
compared to the placebo group (14.2%).
During this study, neither the participants nor the
nurses measuring outcomes knew who had received
the active patches.
Tasks
(a) Identify the type of study: Is this an experiment
or an observational study? Explain your
reasoning.
(b) Study the two pie charts for the nicotine and
placebo groups after 8 weeks and after 1 year.
I. Write a short description of the results,
focusing on group similarities and differences.
II. Comment on how the quit rates changed from
8 weeks to 1 year.
(c) Based on the study's design, can the results be
used to establish causality or only association?
Justify your answer.
(d) If you were in a position to counsel smokers, would you recommend using nicotine patches? Justify your
answer clearly, using evidence from the study.
(a) This is an experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to either the nicotine patch group or the placebo
group, and both groups received counselling. Because of random assignment and intervention, it is not
observational.
(b) I. At 8 weeks, the Quit rate was 46% for the nicotine group versus 20% for the placebo group. Nicotine
patches clearly improved short-term quit rates.
At 1 year: Quit rates declined in both groups, but remained higher in the nicotine group (27.5%) than in the
placebo group (14.2%).
II. Quit rates decreased over time for both groups:
• Nicotine group dropped from 46% → 27.5%.
• Placebo group dropped from 20% → 14.2%.
The decline shows relapse over the year, but the nicotine group consistently maintained an advantage.
(c) Causality can be inferred. The randomized controlled design with placebo and counselling reduces
confounding and bias so that the differences can be attributed to the nicotine patch treatment rather than
external factors.
(d) Yes, nicotine patches should be recommended. Evidence shows higher quit rates in the short term (46% vs
20%) and in the long term (27.5% vs 14.2%) compared to placebo. Although relapse is common, the treatment
provides sustained benefit and should be offered as part of counselling programs to maximize quit success.