SECTION-A

1. Plants need to get rid of waste products just like animals. Through which of the following structures do plants excrete gaseous
waste products like oxygen?
(a) Stomata and Lenticels
(b) Xylem and Phloem
(c) Roots and Bark
(d) Flowers and Fruits

2. The rapid folding of the leaves of a ‘touch-me-not’ plant (Mimosa pudica) upon being touched is an example of which type of
plant movement?
(a) Phototropism
(b) Geotropism
(c) Nastic movement
(d) Chemotropism

3. In the human female reproductive system, the process of fertilization, where the sperm fuses with the ovum, typically takes
place in which specific location?
(a) Uterus
(b) Vagina
(c) Ovary
(d) Oviduct (Fallopian tube)

4. In the study of genetics, the term used to describe the observable physical traits of an organism, such as its height, eye color,
or hair texture, is its:
(a) Genotype
(b) Phenotype
(c) Allele
(d) Chromosome

5. An ecosystem is composed of both living and non-living components. Which of the following lists contains only the abiotic
components of an ecosystem?
(a) Sunlight, Soil, Bacteria, Water
(b) Temperature, Fungi, Air, Soil
(c) Water, Air, Sunlight, Temperature
(d) Plants, Air, Water, Animals
6. Consider the following statements regarding the process of human digestion:
(i) The digestion of starch begins in the mouth by the action of salivary amylase.
(ii) Pepsin is the primary enzyme in the stomach that digests proteins in an acidic medium.
(iii) Bile juice, produced by the liver, contains powerful enzymes for digesting fats.
(iv) Trypsin, found in the small intestine, acts on proteins and breaks them down. Which of the above statements are correct?

(a) (i) and (iii) only

(b) (i), (ii), and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iv) only
(d) All are correct.

7. The regulation of blood sugar levels is a classic example of a hormonal feedback mechanism. Which hormones are responsible
for lowering and raising blood sugar levels, respectively?
(a) Glucagon and Insulin
(b) Insulin and Glucagon
(c) Adrenaline and Thyroxine
(d) Thyroxine and Adrenaline

8. Assertion(A): Decomposers play a critical role in every ecosystem.

Reason (R): They are responsible for breaking down dead organic matter and returning essential nutrients to the soil, which
are then used by producers.
 (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true.

9. Assertion (A): A plant grown from a cutting will be genetically identical to the parent plant.
Reason (R): This method of reproduction, known as vegetative propagation, involves the fusion of gametes from two different
parents.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true.

10. “The release of energy in aerobic respiration is much larger than in anaerobic respiration.” Provide two reasons to justify this
statement.

11. Student to attempt either option A or B.

A. Differentiate between arteries and veins based on the thickness of their walls and the type of blood they generally carry.
OR
B. Explain the role of kidneys in osmoregulation in the human body.

12. The overuse of fertilizers in agricultural fields often leads to the enrichment of nearby water bodies with chemicals, a
process called eutrophication. How does this process affect the aquatic life in the water

13. Draw a neat diagram of the human brain and label the following parts:
(i) Cerebrum
(ii) Cerebellum
(iii) Medulla

14. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group B, and they have a child with blood group O.
(i) What are the genotypes of the parents?
(ii) Show the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring with a cross.
(iii) What is the probability of them having a child with blood group AB?

15. Observe the given diagram showing a part of the human excretory system. the questions that follow.

A. Identify the structural and functional unit of the part labelled ‘Kidney’. Draw its neat labelled diagram. R
B. Describe the process of urine formation in a human kidney, focusing on ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption.
C. What happens to the glucose that enters the nephron along with the filtrate? What does the presence of glucose in urine
indicate?

16. Attempt either option A or B.

A. (i) Name the type of fission carried out by Leishmania. How is it different from the fission in Amoeba?
(ii) What is regeneration? Give an example of an organism that shows this ability. Can regeneration be considered a mode
of reproduction? Why?
R
B. (i) Identify the male and female reproductive parts of a flower. State the function of each.
(ii) What is pollination? Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination
 (iii) Mention one agent of cross pollination.

SECTION-B
17. Analyze the following chemical equations and identify the correct values for ‘p’ and ‘q’.
Equation 1: 𝑝𝑀𝑔 (𝑠) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝑀𝑔𝑂(𝑠)

Equation 2 : 𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂₃)₂(𝑠) → 𝑞𝑃𝑏𝑂(𝑠) + 𝑁𝑂₂(𝑔) + 𝑂₂(𝑔)

(a) p = 1, q = 1
(b) p = 2, q = 4
(c) p = 1, q = 2
(d) p = 2, q = 2

18. When dissolved in water, which of the following oxides is most likely to form a solution with a pH value greater than 7?
(a) SO2 (Sulphur dioxide)
(b) (b) CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
(c) K2O (Potassium oxide)
(d) N2O5 (Dinitrogen pentoxide)

19. A student places a clean strip of magnesium metal into a test tube containing a blue solution of copper (II) sulphate. What is
the expected observation after some time?
(a) The solution remains blue, and a greyish layer deposits on the strip.
(b) A colorless, odorless gas is evolved, and the strip dissolves completely.
(c) The blue color of the solution fades, and a reddish-brown solid is deposited on the strip.
(d) No reaction occurs, and the appearance of the solution and the strip remains unchanged.

20. A few drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added separately to a solution of vinegar and a solution of washing soda. What
are the observed colors?

Color in Vinegar Color in Washing Soda Solution

A Pink Colorless
B Colorless Pink
C Orange Yellow
D Colorless Colorless
21. Arrange the following common substances in the increasing order of their pH values: Lemon Juice, Toothpaste, Sodium
Hydroxide Solution, Distilled Water.
(a) Lemon Juice < Toothpaste < Distilled Water < Sodium Hydroxide Solution
(b) Distilled Water < Lemon Juice < Toothpaste < Sodium Hydroxide Solution
(c) Lemon Juice < Distilled Water < Toothpaste < Sodium Hydroxide Solution
(d) Sodium Hydroxide Solution < Toothpaste < Distilled Water < Lemon Juice

22. Dilute sulphuric acid is added to sodium hydrogen carbonate. The gas evolved is then passed through freshly prepared lime
water. What is the final observation?
(a) A reddish-brown gas is seen, which turns lime water orange.
(b) No gas is evolved.
(c) Brisk effervescence occurs, and the gas turns lime water milky.
(d) The solution becomes hot, and the lime water remains clear.

23. Consider the reaction : 𝐶𝑎𝑂 (𝑠) + 𝐻2𝑂 (𝑙) ⟶ 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
This reaction can be classified as:
(i) Combination reaction
(ii) Exothermic reaction
(iii) Decomposition reaction
 (iv) Endothermic reaction
(a) (iii) and (iv)
(b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)

24. Assertion (A): Synthetic detergents can be used for washing clothes even in hard water.
Reason (R): The charged ends of detergent molecules form soluble salts with the calcium and magnesium ions present in hard
water.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

25. Answer the following based on the properties of metals:

(a) The electrical wiring in homes is typically made of copper or aluminum. Which property of these metals makes them
suitable for this purpose?
(b) Gold can be drawn into extremely thin wires, some just a few micrometers thick. Name the property responsible for this
characteristic.

26. Attempt either option A or B.

(A) The chief ore of a metal ‘M’ is Cinnabar (𝐻𝑔𝑆). This metal is placed low in the reactivity series.
(i) Identify the metal ‘M’.
(ii) Name the process used to convert the sulphide ore into its oxide and write the balanced chemical equation for the
reaction.
(iii) How is metal ‘M’ subsequently extracted from its oxide? Write the equation.
OR
(B) Alloys are prepared to enhance the properties of metals.
(i) Name the constituent elements of the alloy Brass.
(ii) State two reasons why stainless steel, an alloy of iron, is preferred over pure iron for making cooking utensils.
(iii) What is an alloy containing mercury as one of its constituents called? Give an example

A student performs an experiment to test the electrical conductivity of a dilute acid solution using a beaker, two graphite rods,
a battery, and a bulb.

(b) When a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is taken in the beaker and the switch is turned on, what will the student
observe? Give a reason for this observation.
(c) If the HCl solution is replaced with an aqueous solution of glucose (C 6H12O6), will the observation change? Explain why.
(d) Name a common base which, if used instead of HCl, would produce a similar observation as seen in part (A).
27. While playing in a garden, Anjali was stung by a honeybee, which caused her immense pain and a burning sensation. Her friend
immediately advised her to rub the affected area with some toothpaste. Later that evening, after having a spicy meal, her father
complained of acidity. Anjali suggested he take a solution of baking soda.
(a) Bee stings are acidic in nature. How does rubbing toothpaste on the sting provide relief?
(b) Why did Anjali suggest baking soda for her father’s acidity?
(c) Name the acid injected by the bee sting.
OR
A laboratory has three unlabeled beakers containing different liquids: (A) Rainwater with a pH of 5.2, (B) Tap water with a pH
of 7.1, and (C) Drain cleaner with a pH of 13.5.
(a) Classify each liquid as a weak acid, a weak base, or a strong base.
(b) What is acid rain? Explain why liquid (A) is an example of acid rain.
(c) Which of the three liquids will have the highest concentration of hydrogen (H +) ions?

28. Attempt either option A or B.

(A) The molecular formula of a saturated hydrocarbon is C 4H10.
(a) Draw the structural formula of its straight-chain isomer and provide its IUPAC name.
(b) Draw the structural formula of its branched-chain isomer and provide its IUPAC name.
(c) What is the relationship between these two compounds called? Define this phenomenon.
(d) Explain why the boiling point of the straight-chain isomer is higher than that of the branched-chain isomer.
(e) Write the balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of this hydrocarbon.
OR
(B) four organic compounds are given below:
(i) 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻𝑂
(ii) 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝑂 − 𝐶𝐻3
(iii) 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
(iv) 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝑂𝐻

(a) Identify and name the functional group present in compounds (iii) and (iv).
(b) Give the IUPAC names for compounds (i) and (ii).
(c) Which two compounds from the list are isomers of each other? Justify your answer.
(d) Which compound is commonly used as a solvent in nail polish removers?
(e) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when compound (iv) reacts with compound (iii) in
the presence of an acid catalyst.

SECTION-C
30. A student is analyzing the behavior of light rays and makes the following observations:
I. A ray of light passing through the center of curvature of a concave mirror retraces its path.
II. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror, after reflection appears to diverge from the principal focus.
III. A ray of light incident obliquely at the pole of a concave mirror is reflected obliquely, making an equal angle with the
principal axis.
Choose from the following the correct option that lists the correct statements. (a) I and II
(b) I and III
(c) I, II and III(d) II and III

31. When a beam of white light passes through a glass prism, the light separates into its constituent colors. Choose the correct
option that explains this phenomenon.
a. The different colors of light travel at the same speed inside the prism.
b. The different colors of light are refracted at different angles due to their different speeds inside the prism.
c. The angle of incidence is different for each color of light, leading to the separation of colors
 d. The prism itself produces the colors and this effect is due to the scattering of light by the prism material.

32. Assertion (A): A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in front of an object at 10 cm. The image formed will be
virtual and erect.
Reason (R): For a convex lens, when the object is placed between the optical center and the principal focus, it forms a virtual
and erect image.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

33.

The above image shows the formation of an image with an optical instrument. A. Which type of the
lens is used in the above diagram?
B. What type image is formed in the above case?
C. What is the focal length of the lens

34. Attempteither option A or B.

A. The current flowing through a resistor connected in an electrical circuit and the potential difference developed across its
ends are shown in the given ammeter and voltmeter. Find the least count of the voltmeter and ammeter. What is the voltage
and the current across the given resistor?

OR
B. In the given circuit diagram suppose the resistors R1, R2 and R3 have the values 5 Ω, 10 Ω, 30 Ω respectively, which have
been connected to a battery of 12 volt. Calculate

(a) The current through each resistor,

(b) The total current in the circuit

35.

Study the diagram below and answer the following questions:

(i) Name the defect of vision depicted in the diagram.
(ii) List two causes of the above defect.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram for the correction of the above defect using an appropriate lens.

36. (a) What is the total resistance of n resistors each of resistance R connected in:
(i) Series,
(ii) Parallel.
(b) Calculate the resultant resistance of 3 resistors 3 Ω, 4 Ω and 12 Ω connected in parallel.

37. What is a compass needle? What happens when a compass needle is placed (a) in a region having no magnetic
field, (b) near a bar magnet?

38. Every car today is fitted with rear-view mirrors for safety purposes. The outside rear-view mirror is specially
designed to give a wider field of view so that the driver can see vehicles coming from behind. These mirrors are
made slightly curved outward and provide an image that looks smaller than the actual object, but helps cover a
larger portion of the road. That is why the message “Objects in the mirror are closer than they appear” is written
on such mirrors. This practical application is based on the principle of image formation by spherical mirrors.

a Which type of spherical mirror is used here—concave or convex?

b State two characteristics of the image formed in such a mirror for distant objects.
Attempt either subpart C or D.
c For a convex mirror of focal length f =− 30cm, a vehicle is u =− 500cm from the mirror. Find the image
distance v. OR
d For the situation in (C), find the magnification m and comment on the image size.

39. Attempt either option A or B.

e A student named Riya is conducting an experiment using a coil wound around a long, hollow cardboard tube
connected to a battery to demonstrate the concept of electromagnetism.

(i) Show the polarity acquired by each face of the solenoid.

(ii) Draw the magnetic field lines of force inside the coil and also show their direction.
(iii) Mention two methods to increase the strength of the magnetic field inside the coil.
OR
(iv) State the factors on which the resistance of a cylindrical conductor depends. How will resistance of a conductor change if
it is stretched so that its length is doubled?