NARASUS’S SARATHY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
Poosaripatty, Salem 636 305

EEE
SEMESTER
VII

1
Power System
Simulation
LaboratoryManual

2
 POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Computation of Parameters and Modelling of Transmission Lines

2. Formation of Bus Admittance and Impedance Matrices and Solution of Networks.

3. Load Flow Analysis - I : Solution of Load Flow And Related Problems Using

Gauss-Seidel Method

4. Load Flow Analysis - II: Solution of Load Flow and Related Problems Using Newton-

Raphson and Fast-Decoupled Methods

5. Fault Analysis

6. Transient and Small Signal Stability Analysis: Single-Machine Infinite Bus System

7. Transient Stability Analysis of Multimachine Power Systems

8. Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems

9. Load – Frequency Dynamics of Single- Area and Two-Area Power Systems

10. Economic Dispatch in Power Systems.

3
[Link] :1
DATE :

COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELLING

OF TRANSMISSION LINES

AIM :
(i) To determine the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per kilometre of a three phase
single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements.

(ii) To understand modeling and performance of medium lines.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.9

THEORY :

Transmission line has four parameters – resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance.
The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields around the
conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufactures data, the
inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula.

Inductance:
The general formula:
L = 0.2 ln (Dm / Ds)
Where,
Dm = geometric mean distance (GMD)
Ds = geometric mean radius (GMR)
I. Single phase 2 wire system

GMD = D
-1/4
GMR = re = r′
Where, r = radius of conductor

II. Three phase – symmetrical spacing

GMD = D
-1/4
GMR = re = r′
Where, r = radius of conductor

III. Three phase – Asymmetrical Transposed

GMD = geometric mean of the three distance of the symmetrically place conductors
3
= √DABDBCDCA
-1/4
GMR = re = r′
Where, r = radius of conductors
4
Composite conductor lines

The inductance of composite conductor X., is given by

Lx = 0.2 ln (GMD/GMR)
where,
mn
GMD = √ (Daa′ Dab′)… ….(D na′…….D nm′)

2
GMR = n √ (D aa D ab……. D an )…….(D naDnb…….D nn)

(-1/ 4)
where, r′a = ra e

Bundle Conductors:

The GMR of bundle conductor is normally calculated GMR for two sub
1/2 b
conductor c = (Ds * d) GMR for three sub conductor Ds =(Ds
2 1/3
*d )
b 3 1/4
GMR for four sub conductor Ds = 1.09 (Ds * d )
where, Ds is the GMR of each subconductor and d is bundle spacing
Three phase – Double circuit transposed:

The inductance per phase in milli henries per km is

L = 0.2 ln (GMD / GMRL) mH/km
where,
GMRL is equivalent geometric mean radius and is given by
1/3
GMRL = (DSADSBDSC)
where,
DSADSB and DSC are GMR of each phase group and given by
4 b 2 b 1/2
DSA = √(Ds Da1a2) = [Ds Da1a2]
4 b 2 1/2
DSB = √(Ds Db1b2) = [Dsb Db1b2]
4 b 2 1/2
DSC = √(Ds Dc1c2) = [Dsb Dc1c2]
where,
b
Ds =GMR of bundle conductor if conductor a1, a2….. are bundle conductor.
b
Ds = ra1’= r b1= ra’2 = rb’2 = rc’2 if a1, a2……. are bundle conductor
GMD is the equivalent GMD per phase” & is given by
1/3
GMD = [DAB * DBC * DCA]
where,
DAB, DBC&DCA are GMD between each phase group A-B, B-C, C-A which are
5
 given by
1/4
DAB = [Da1b1 * Da1b2 * Da2b1 * Da2b2]
1/4
DBC = [Db1c1 * Db1c2 * Db2c1 * Db2c2]
1/4
DCA = [Dc1a1 * Dc2a1 * Dc2a1 * Dc2a2]
Capacitance
A general formula for evaluating capacitance per phase in micro farad per km of a
transmission line is given by
C = 0.0556/ ln (GMD/GMR) F/km
Where,
GMD is the “Geometric mean distance” which is same as that defined for inductance under
various cases.

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

EXERCISES: .
A three phase overhead line 200km long R = 0.16 ohm/km and Conductor diameter of 2cm with spacing
4,5,6m [Link] A,B,C,D constants ,sending end voltage,current ,power factor and power when the line
is delivering full load of 50MW at 132kV ,0.8 pf lagging , transmission efficiency , receiving end voltage and
regulation.
PROGRAM :
clc;
ab=input('value of ab');
bc=input('value of bc');
ca=input('value of ca');
pr=input('receving end power in mw');
vr=input('receving end voltage in kv');
pfr=input('receving end powerfactor');
l=input('length of the line in km');
r=input('resistance/ph/km'); f=input('frequency');
D=input('diameter in m'); rad=D/2; newrad=(0.7788*rad); deq=(ab*bc*ca)^(1/3);
L=2*10^(-7)*log(deq/newrad);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^-12)/log(deq/rad); XL=2*pi*f*L*l*1000;
rnew=r*l;
Z=rnew+i*(XL); Y=i*(2*pi*f*C*l*1000); A=1+((Y*Z)/2);
D=A;
B=Z; C=Y*(1+(Y*Z)/4);
vrph=(vr*10^3)/1.732; irold=(pr*10^6)/(1.732*vr*10^3*.8); k=sin(acos(pfr));
ir=irold*(pfr-(j*k)); vs=((A*vrph)+(B*ir)); is=((C*vrph)+(D*ir));
angle(vs); angle(is); f=angle(vs); u=angle(is); PFS=cos(f-u);
6
eff=((pr*10^6)/(3*abs(vs)*abs(is)*PFS))*100; reg=(((abs(vs)/abs(A))-
abs(vrph))/abs(vrph))*100;
L
C
rnew
A
B
C
abs(vs)
abs(is)
angle(vs)*180/pi
angle(is)*180/pi
PFS
eff
reg

OUTPUT:
value of ab4
value of bc5
value of ca6
receving end power in mw50
receving end voltage in kv132
receving end powerfactor0.8
length of the line in km200
resistance/ph/km0.16
frequency50
diameter in m0.02

L = 1.2902e-006
C = -2.5419e-006 +5.5725e-004i
rnew = 32
A = 0.9772 + 0.0090i
B = 32.0000 +81.0657i
C = -2.5419e-006 +5.5725e-004i
ans = 9.5677e+004
ans = 244.2088
ans = 7.9105
ans = -28.3157
PFS = 0.8067
eff = 88.4248
reg = 28.4694

MANUAL CALCULATIONS :

7
8
RESULT:
Thus the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per kilometre of a three
phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements were
determined and verified with MATLAB software.

9
[Link] :2
DATE :

FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES

AIM
To determine the bus admittance and impedance matrices for the given power system network.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7 & above

THEORY:

FORMATION OF Y BUS MATRIX

Bus admittance is often used in power system studies. In most of the power
system studies it is required to form y- bus matrix of the system by considering certain
power system parameters depending upon the type of analysis.

Y-bus may be formed by inspection method only if there is no mutual coupling

between the lines. Every transmission line should be represented by- equivalent. Shunt
impedances are added to diagonal element corresponding to the buses at which these are
connected. The off diagonal elements are unaffected. The equivalent circuit of Tap
changing transformers is included while forming Y-bus matrix.

Yii…..Yid

Ydi...Ydd

FORMATION OF Z BUS MATRIX

In bus impedance matrix the elements on the main diagonal are called driving
point impedance and the off-diagonal elements are called the transfer impedance of the
buses or nodes. The bus impedance matrix is very useful in fault analysis.
The bus impedance matrix can be determined by two methods. In one method we
can form the bus admittance matrix and then taking its inverse to get the bus impedance
matrix. In another method the bus impedance matrix can be directly formed from the
reactance diagram and this method requires the knowledge of the modifications of
existing bus impedance matrix due to addition of new bus or addition of a new line (or
impedance) between existing buses.

10
 PROCEDURE
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Initialize Y with all elements set to zero.
Step 2: Read the line list, one line at-a-time and update Y by adding the respective
Step 3: Read the transformer list, one transformer at-a-time and update Y by
adding the respective contribution.
Step 4: Read the shunt element list, one element at-a-time and update Y by adding the
respective contribution.

I. EXERCISE:
(i) Determine the Y bus matrix and Z bus matrix for the power system network shown in fig.
(ii) Check the results obtained in using MATLAB.

PROGRAM :
clc;
bus=input('Enter the No of bus');
z10=input('Enter the impedence b/w 1&0 ');
z12=input('Enter the impedence b/w 1&2 ');
z13=input('Enter the impedence b/w 1&3 ');
z23=input('Enter the impedence b/w 2&3 ');
z20=input('Enter the impedence b/w 2&0 ');
z30=input('Enter the impedence b/w 3&0 ');
11
disp('Ybus=');
y(1,1)=inv(z12)+inv(z13);
y(1,2)=-inv(z12);
y(1,3)=-inv(z13);
y(2,1)=y(1,2);

y(2,2)=inv(z12)+inv(z23);
y(2,3)=-inv(z23);
y(3,1)=y(1,3);
y(3,2)=y(2,3);
y(3,3)=inv(z13)+inv(z23)+inv(z30);
y
z=inv(y);
z

OUTPUT:
Enter the No of bus3
Enter the impedence b/w 1&0 1j
Enter the impedence b/w 1&2 0.4j
Enter the impedence b/w 1&3 0.2j
Enter the impedence b/w 2&3 0.2j
Enter the impedence b/w 2&0 0.8j
Enter the impedence b/w 3&0 0.08j
Ybus=

y=
0 - 7.5000i 0 + 2.5000i 0 + 5.0000i
0 + 2.5000i 0 - 7.5000i 0 + 5.0000i
0 + 5.0000i 0 + 5.0000i 0 -22.5000i

z=
0 + 0.2300i 0 + 0.1300i 0 + 0.0800i
0 + 0.1300i 0 + 0.2300i 0 + 0.0800i
0 + 0.0800i 0 + 0.0800i 0 + 0.0800i

MANUAL CALCULATIONS:

12
RESULT:
Thus the bus Impedance and admittance matrix for the given system were determined
and verified using MATLAB.

13
[Link] :3
DATE :
SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

AIM :
To understand, in particular, the mathematical formulation of power flow model in complex form
and a simple method of solving power flow problems of small sized system using Gauss-Seidel
iterative algorithm
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.9
THEORY:

The GAUSS – SEIDEL method is an iterative algori thm for solving a set of non-linear load
flow equations.
The non-linear load flow equation is given by
n
1 Pp – j Q p p-1
k+1
k+1 k
Vp = - ∑ YpqVq - ∑ YpqVq
k*
Ypp (Vp ) q=1 q=p+1

The reactive power of bus-p is given by

p-1 n
k+1 k* k+1 k
QP =(-1) x Im (Vp ) ∑ Ypq Vq + ∑ Ypq Vq
q=1 q=p

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor Window
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.
Algorithm for GSLF:
Step1: Read the input data
Step2: Find the admittance matrix
Step3: Choose the flat voltage profile 1+j*0
Step4: set the iteration count p=0 and bus count i=1
Step5: check the slack bus, if it is the generator bus then go to the next step otherwise go
to step7.
Step6: Before the check for the slack bus if it is slack bus then go to step11 otherwise go
to next step.
Step7: Check the reactive power of the generator bus within the given limit.
Step8: If the reactive power violates a limit then treat the bus as load bus.
Step9: Calculate the phase of the bus voltage on load bus.

14
 Step10: Calculate the change in bus voltage of the repeat step mentioned above until all
the bus voltages are calculated.
Step11: Stop the program and print the results.

EXERCISE :

The figure shows the single line diagram of a simple 3 buses power system with generator at bus [Link]
magnitude at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05pu. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are marked on the diagram.
Line impedance are marked in pu. The base value is 100MVA. The line charging susceptances are
neglected. Determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3. Find the slack bus real and
reactive power.
Verify the result using MATLAB.

Program:
%Gauss Sedial
clc;
data=[1 1 2 10-j*20
2 1 3 10-j*30
3 2 3 16-j*32]
elements=max(data(:,1));
bus=max(max(data(:,2)),max(data(:,3)));
y=zeros(bus,bus);
for p=1:bus,
for q=1:elements,
if(data(q,2)==p|data(q,3)==p)
y(p,p)=y(p,p)+data(q,4);
end
end
end
for p=1:bus,
for q=1:bus,
if (p~=q)
for r=1:elements
15
if((data(r,2)==p&data(r,3)==q)|(data(r,2)==q&data(r,3)==p))
y(p,q)=-(data(r,4));
end
end
end
end
end
a1=input('enter p2 in MW:');
b1=input('enter q2 in MVAR:');
a2=input('enter p3 in MW:');
b2=input('enter q3 in MVAR');
pu=input('enter the base value in MVA');
p2=(a1/pu);
q2=(b1/pu);
p3=(a2/pu);
q3=(b2/pu);
dx1=1+j*0;
dx2=1+j*0;
v1=1.05;
v2=1+j*0;
v3=1+j*0;
iter=0;
disp('iter v2 v3');
while(abs(dx1)&abs(dx2)>=0.00001)&iter<7;
iter=iter+1;
g1=(((p2-j*q2)/conj(v2))+(-y(1,2)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*v3))/y(2,2);
g2=(((p3-j*q3)/conj(v3))+(-y(1,3)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*g1))/y(3,3);
dx1=g1-v2;
dx2=g2-v3;
v2=v2+dx1;
v3=v3+dx2;
fprintf ('%g',iter),disp([v2,v3]);
end

OUTPUT:
data =
1.0000 1.0000 2.0000 10.0000 -20.0000i
2.0000 1.0000 3.0000 10.0000 -30.0000i
3.0000 2.0000 3.0000 16.0000 -32.0000i
enter p2 in MW:256.16
enter q2 in MVAR:110.2
enter p3 in MW:136.6
enter q3 in MVAR45.2
enter the base value in MVA100
iter v2 v3

1 1.0559 + 0.0309i 1.0661 + 0.0328i

2 1.0937 + 0.0505i 1.0841 + 0.0439i

3 1.1032 + 0.0568i 1.0886 + 0.0474i

4 1.1054 + 0.0588i 1.0896 + 0.0486i

5 1.1059 + 0.0595i 1.0898 + 0.0490i

16
6 1.1061 + 0.0598i 1.0899 + 0.0491i

7 1.1061 + 0.0599i 1.0899 + 0.0491i

MANUAL CALCULATION

17
RESULT
Thus the Load flow solution for the given problem was solved using Gauss-Seidal method and
verified using MATLAB software.

18
[Link] :4
DATE :

SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

AIM
To determine the power flow analysis using Newton – Raphson method
SOFTWARE REQUIRED : MATLAB 7.9
THEORY
The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which
approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations
using Taylor’s series expansion and the terms are limited to first order approximation.
The load flow equations for Newton Raphson method are non-linear equations in terms of real and
imaginary part of bus voltages.
N
PP = Σ ep(eq Gpq + fq Bpq) + fp (fq Gpq - eq Bpq)
q=1

N
QP = Σ fp (eq Gpq + fq Bpq) - ep (fq Gpq - eq Bpq)
q=1

2 2 2
Vp = ep + fp

where, ep = Real part of Vp

fp = Imaginary part of Vp
Gpq, Bpq = Conductance and Susceptance of admittance Ypq respectively.

PROCEDURE
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.
Algorithm:
Step1: Form the admittance(Ybus) matrix
Step2: Assume initial values of bus voltages|Vp|0 and phase angles p for load buses
and phase angles for PV [Link] we set the assumed bus voltage
magnitude and its phase angle equal slack bus quantities|V1|0= 1.0, 1=00
Step3: Compute Pp and Qp for each load bus using formulae’s
Step4: Compute the scheduled errors ΔPp and ΔQp for each load bus from the
Following relations.
ΔPpk=Ppsp-Pkpcal p=2,3…..n
ΔQpk= Qpsp-Qkpcal p=2,3…..n
For PV buses , the excat value of Qp is not specified, but its limits are known. If the
calculated value ofQp is within limits, only ΔPp is calculated.
If the calculated value of Qp is beyond the limits, then an appropriate limit is imposed and ΔQp is also
calculated by subtracting the calculated value of Qp from the appropriate limit. The bus under
consideration is now treated as a load on(PQ) bus.
Step5: Compute the elements of the jacobian matrix using the estimated |Vp| and p
from step 2.
Step6:Obtain Δ and Δ|Vp| from eqns calculated in step 6,modify the
19
 voltage magnitude and phase angle at all loads by the
Step7: using the values of Δ p and Δ|Vp| in step 6,modify the voltage magnitude
and phase angle at all loads using jacobian matrix. Start the next itration cycle
at step2 with thse modified p and |Vp|
Step8: Continue until scheduled errors
ΔPpk and ΔQpk for all load buses are within a specied tolerance, ie,
ΔPpk <€, ΔQpk<€. Where € denotes the tolerance level for load buses
Step9: Calculate line flows and power at the slack bus exactly in the same manner as in
the gauss seidal method.

EXERCISE
1. Consider the 3 bus system each of the 3 line bus a series impedance of 0.02 + j0.08 p.u and a total shunt
admittance of j0.02 pu. The specified quantities at the buses are given below :
Bus Real load Reactive Load Real power Reactive Power Voltage
demand, PD demand, QD generation,PG Generation, QG Specified

1 2 1 - - V1=1.04

2 0 0 0.5 1 Unspecified

3 1.5 0.6 0 QG3 =  V3 = 1.04

PROGRAM:
%NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
clc;
gbus = [1 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0
3 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.0];
ybus = [5.882-j*23.528 -2.941+j*11.764 -2.941+j*11.764
-2.941+j*11.764 5.882-j*23.528 -2.941+j*11.764
-2.941+j*11.764 -2.941+j*11.764 5.882-j*23.528];

20
t= 0.001
v1=1.04+j*0;
v2=1+j*0;
v3=1.04+j*0;
del3=angle(v3);
del1=angle(v1);
del2=angle(v2);
%abs(ybus(2,1))
%abs(v2)
for i=1:10
p2=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+....
del1-del2))+abs(v2)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*cos((angle(ybus(2,2))))+....
(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
q2=-(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))-....
abs(v2)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*sin((angle(ybus(2,2))))-(abs(v2)*....
abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
p3=(abs(v3)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(3,1))*cos((angle(ybus(3,1)))+del1-....
del3))+abs(v3)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,3))*cos((angle(ybus(3,3))))+....
(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,2))*cos((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
delp20=gbus(2,4)-gbus(2,2)-p2;
delp30=gbus(3,4)-gbus(3,2)-p3;
delq20=gbus(2,5)-gbus(2,3)-q2;
J(1,1)=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-
del2))+(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
J(1,2)=-(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
J(1,3)=(abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-
del2))+2*(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*cos((angle(ybus(2,2))))+(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((
angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2)));
J(2,1)=-(abs(v3)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(3,2))*sin((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
J(2,2)=(abs(v3)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(3,1))*sin((angle(ybus(3,1)))+del1-
del3))+(abs(v3)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(3,2))*sin((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
J(2,3)=(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,2))*cos((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
J(3,1)=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))-
(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del2-del3));
J(3,2)=(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del2-del3));

J(3,3)=-(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))-
2*(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*sin((angle(ybus(2,2))))-
(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2)));
end
J
inv(J);
A=[del2;del3;abs(v2)];
delA0=[delp20;delp30;delq20];
delA1=inv(J)*delA0;
delA1;
b0=abs(v2);
A1=[del2;del3;b0]+delA1;
A1-delA0;
if((A1-delA0)<=t)
break;
del2=A1(1,1);
del3=A1(2,1);
abs(v2)=A1(3,1);
end
A1
OUTPUT:
t=
1.0000e-003
21
J=
24.4691 -12.2346 2.5881
-12.2346 24.9585 -3.0586
0 -3.0586 59.7611
A1 =
-0.0050
-0.0639
1.0292

22
RESULT
Thus the power flow for the given problem was solved using Newton Raphson method and
verified using MATLAB software.

23
EXPT . NO :5-a
DATE :

LOAD – FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE AREA POWER SYSTEMS

AIM:
To become familiar with modeling & analysis of the frequency and tie line flow dynamics of a single
area power system with and without load frequency using simulink.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB 7 & above
THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performed to be normal operation of
the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing system of load in order to
maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level. This is one of the foremost
requirements in providing quality power supply. A change in systems load causes a change in the speed of
all rotating masses of the systems leading to change in system on which frequency. The speed change from
synchronous speed initiates the governor control action result in all the participating generator - turbine
unit’s value requires secondary and load control.
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new model by selecting File - New – Model.
3. Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and from a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram , save the block diagram
5. Double click the scope and view the result.
6.
PROBLEM : 1
An isolated power system has following parameters. Turbine rated output (Pr) =300MW
Nominal frequency = 50Hz, Governor speed regulation =0.05p.u, Inertia constant (H) =5, Turbine time
constant (Tt)=0.5sec, Governor Time constant (Tg)=0.2sec, Load change = 60MW The load varies by
0.8% for 1% change in freq. Determine the steady state freq duration using MATLAB

Theoretical Calculation:

H=5 ; Tt =0.5sec ; Tg= 0.2 sec

∆Pd=60/300=0.2p.u

Here R= 0.05 * f 0.05*50 R= 2.5 Hz / p.u MW

24
25
26
27
28
EXPT NO : 5-b
DATE:
LOAD FRQUENCY DYNAMICS OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEMS

AIM:

To become familiar with modeling & analysis of the frequency and tie line flow dynamics systems of a two
area power system with and without load frequency of LFC using Simulink.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7 & Above

THEORY:

Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performed to be normal operation of
the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing system of load in order to
maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level. This is one of the foremost
requirements in providing quality power supply. A change in systems load causes a change in the speed of
all rotating masses of the systems leading to change in system on which frequency. The speed change from
synchronous speed initiates the governor control action result in all the participating generator - turbine
units value requires secondary and load control .The function is referred to as load – Frequency control
(LFC)

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new model by selecting File - New -Model.

3. Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and from a block diagram.

4. after forming the block diagram, save the block diagram

5. Double click the scope and view the result.

29
30
31
[Link] :6
DATE:
FAULT ANALYSIS
AIM :
To become familiar with modelling and analysis of power systems under faulted condition and
to compute the fault level, post-fault voltages and currents for different types of faults, both
symmetric and unsymmetric.

PROGRAM REQUIRED: MATLAB 5.3

THEORY :
Symmetrical Fault :

II. Three phase fault :

From the thevenin’s equivalent circuit
Vth
Fault current If′ ′ =
Z th

Where Vth = Thevenin’s Voltage

Z th = Thevenin’s Impedance

Unsymmetrical Fault :
Single line to ground fault :
Fault current If = Ia = 3Ia1

Ia1 = Ea
Z1+Z2+Z0

Line to line fault:

2
Fault current If = Ia1(a – a )
Ea

Ia1 =
Z1+Z2

Double Line to ground fault :

2
Fault current If = 2 Ia0 +( Ia1+ Ia2) (a + a )
Ea
=
Z1  Z 0 Z 2 
Z0 + Z2

Ia2 = (- Ia1) * Z0

Z0 + Z2
32
 Ia0 = − ( Ia1 − Ia2)

Fault MVA = √3 * If * Vpu

where, Ia1, Ia2 and Ia0 are positive, negative and zero phase sequence currents

Z1 ,Z2 and Zo are positive, negative and zero phase sequence impedances

PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

EXERCISE :
1).A generator is connected through a transformer to a synchronous motor. The sub transient
reactance’s of generator and motor are 0.15 & 0.35 respectively. The leakage reactance of the
transformer is 0.1 p.u. All the reactance are calculated on a common base. A 3phase fault occurs
at the terminals of the motor when the terminal voltage of the generator is is 0.9 p.u. The output
current of generator is 1p.u. &0.8 pf leading. Find the sub transient current in p.u. in the fault,
generator & motor.
Use the terminal voltage of generator as reference vector.
PROGRAM :
clc;
xg=input('Enter the reactance of Generator in p.u:');
xt=input('Enter the reactance of transformer in p.u:');
xm=input('Enter the reactance of motor in p.u:');
vg=input('Enter the Terminal volage of Generator in p.u:');
i=input('Enter the output current of generator:');
pf=input('Enter the power factor:');
f=input('Enter which bus fault occur :');
disp('since fault occur in motor terminal');
disp('During fault reactance of gen & trans r series');
x=xg+xt;
x2=xm;
disp('x1 & x2 r parallel during fault');
Zth=(x*x2)/(x+x2);
disp('Equivalent impedence');
Zth
Eth=vg-i*xt;
Eth
If=Eth/Zth;
Ig=If*(x2/(x+x2));
Im=-If*(x/(x+x2));
disp('If');
abs(If)
x=angle(If);
y=x*180/3.14
33
disp('Ig');
abs(Ig)
a=angle(Ig);
b=a*180/3.14
disp('Im');
abs(Im)
c=angle(Im);
d=c*180/3.14

OUTPUT:
Enter the reactance of Generator in p.u:0.15i
Enter the reactance of transformer in p.u:0.1i
Enter the reactance of motor in p.u:0.35i
Enter the Terminal volage of Generator in p.u:0.9
Enter the output current of generator:0.8+0.6i
Enter the power factor:0.8
Enter which bus fault occur :2
since fault occur in motor terminal
During fault reactance of gen & trans r series
x1 & x2 r parallel during fault
Equivalent impedence
Zth =
0 + 0.1458i
Eth =
0.9600 - 0.0800i

If
ans =
6.6057
y=
-94.8117
Ig
ans =
3.8533
b=
-94.8117
Im
ans =
2.7524
d=
85.2796

MODEL CALCULATION:

34
RESULT
Thus analysis of power systems under faulted condition and to compute the fault level, post-
fault voltages and currents for different types of faults, both symmetric and [Link] studied
andsimulated using MATLAB software.
35
EXPT NO :7
DATE :

STABILITY ANALYSIS: SINGLE MACHINE CONNECTED TO AN INFINITE

BUS SYSTEM
AIM:
To perform transient and small signal stability analysis on a given machine
connected to an infinite bus.
ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program
2. Get the values of E=1.35; V=1.05; H=9.94; PM=0; D=0.138; F=60
3. Calculate d and f values
4. Calculate the
value of D0.
D0=a
sin(Pm/Pmax)
5. Calculate the Dd value
D
d0

1
Dd  1  z2   p   z  wn  tsinwdt * tn 
6. To calculate on value
Dd0
Dw wn  
 exp z  wn 
2
tsinwdt * t 1  z
7. Plot the graph in frequency Vs time and delta Vs time
8. Stop the program.

PROBLEM:
A 60Hz synchronous generator having an inertia constant H=5MJ/MVA and a direct axis
transient reactance X’d=3.0 p.u is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuit as
shown in fig. Reactance are marked on the diagram on a common system base. The generator is
delivering real power Pe=0.8 p.u and Q=0.074 p.u to the infinite bus at a voltage of V=1p.u. A
temporary 3 phase fault occurs at the sending end of the line at point F when the fault is cleared,
both lines are intact. Determine the critical clearing angle and the critical fault clearing time. Plot
the frequency, rotor vs. time in sec.
P
Critical clearing angle, cos c  P
m
max 0  cos max
max

2Hc 0 
Critical clearing time, t c 
f0Pm

where, max  1800 0

0 is calculated from P max sin 0=0.6

36
The transfer reactance between the generated voltage and the infinite bus is,
X=0.3+0.2+(0.3/2)=0.65
0 .6 1 0
The per unit apparent power isS  0 . 8 cos 0.8  0.7536.87
* 0
The current is I  S  0.7536.87  0.7536.870
* 0
V 1.00
0
The excitation voltage is E’=V+jI=1.35 16.79
0
The initial operating power angle is 16.79 =0.2931 rad.

1. 351 0
The synchronizing power coefficient is given by, P s  Pmax cos0  0.65 cos16.79  1.9884

The un-damped angular frequency of oscillation and damping ratio are,

w  f0 P   60 1.9884  6.1405 rad / sec
n H s 9.94
 f0 0.138  60
   0.2131
2 HP 2 9.94 1.9884
s

The initialized force free equation which determine the mode of oscillation given by in rad.
d2 d
 2.62 
2
37.7 0 dt dt

The damped angular frequency of oscillation is,

wd  wn 1 2  0.1405 1  0.21312  6.0 rad / sec

6 . 0
Corresponding to damped oscillation frequency, fd  2   0.9549 Hz
Let
sin6.0t  7.6966 
0 1.3t 0
 16.79  10.234e
1.3t
f  60  0.1746e sin 6.0t

37
 PROGRAM: STABILITY ANALYSIS SINGLE MACHINE CONNECTED TO AN INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
%transient small signal stability%
clc
clear all
E=1.35;
V=1.0;
H=9.94;
X=0.65;
Pm=0.6;
D=0.138;
fo=60;
Pmax=E*V/X;
do=(asin(Pm/Pmax));
Ps=Pmax*cos(do);
Wn=sqrt(3.14*60/(H*Ps));
Z=D/2*sqrt(3.14*60/(H*Ps));
Wd=Wn*sqrt(1-Z^2);
fd=Wd/(2*3.14);
tan=1/(Z*Wn);
th=acos(Z);
Ddo=10*3.14/180;
t=0:0.01:3; Dd=Ddo/sqrt(1-Z^2)*exp(-
Z*Wn*t).*sin(Wd*t+th); d=(do+Dd)*(180/3.14);
Dw=Wn*Ddo/sqrt(1-Z^2)*exp(-
Z*Wn*t).*sin(Wd*t); f=fo+Dw/(2*3.14);

subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,d);
grid
title('variation of rotor
angle') xlabel('tsec')
ylabel('delta degree')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,f)
grid
xlabel('tsec')
ylabel('frequency as hertz')
title('variation of generator frequency')

OUTPUT :

Ps =
1.9884

Wn =
3.0874

Z=
0.2130

Wd =
3.0166

fd =
0.4803 tan =
1.5204

38
th =
1.3561

Ddo =

0.1744

OUTPUT SCREEN:

RESULT:

Thus the transient and small signal stability analysis on a given machine connected to an
infinite bus was experimented using MATLAB and output was verified.

39
[Link] :8
DATE:

ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS

AIM:
To plot the electro magnetic transients in the power system using MATLAB
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB 6.1
FORMULA USED:
Case(i):
REACTIVE TERMINATION:LINE TERMINATED BY INDICATOR:
it(s ) = 2E f /L
s(s+Zc/L)
et(s) = 2Ef
(s+Zc/L)
it(s) = 2E (1-e –Zct/L)
Zc
ir = E (1-2e-Zct/L)
Zc
Case (ii):LINE TERMINATED BY CAPACITANCE:
it(s) = 2E (1/S+I/ZcC )
EE76 Power System Simulation Lab
Page 30 of 57
©Einstein College of Engineering
Zc
Case (iii):LINE TERMINATED BY A RESISTANCE EQUAL TO SURGE IMPEDANCE:
it(s) = 2E
ZcS
ef(s) = E
Case (iv):OPEN CIRCUITED LINE:
et = 2ef
er = ef
ir = - if
Case (v):SHORT CIRCUITED LINE:
it = 2if
er = -ef
ir = if
Where,
ef , if - forward voltage and current
et , it - transmitted voltage and current
er , ir - reflected voltage and current

PROCEDURE :
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

40
 3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run
5. View the results.

PROGRAM:
%line terminated by inductor for voltage
Ef=10000;
L=0.004;
Zc=400;
n1=[2*Ef 0];
d1=[1 Zc/L];
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
Et=step(n1,d1,t);
plot(t,Et,'r');
Er=Et-Ef;
hold on;
plot(t,Er,'b');
OUTPUT RESPONSE:

%line terminated by capacitor for voltage

Ef=10000;
C=0.000000009;
Zc=400;
n1=[2*Ef/(Zc*C)];
d1=[1 1/(Zc*C)];
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
Et=step(n1,d1,t);
plot(t,Et,'r');
41
Er=Et-Ef;
hold on;
plot(t,Er,'b');

OUTPUT RESPONSE:

%line terminated by capacitor for current

Ef=10000;
C=0.000000009;
Zc=400;
n1=[2*Ef/Zc 0];
d1=[1 1/(Zc*C)];
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
It=step(n1,d1,t);
plot(t,It,'r');
hold on;
If=Ef/Zc;
Ir=It-If;
plot(t,Ir,'b');

42
OUTPUT RESPONSE:

%line terminated by inductor for current

Ef=10000;
L=0.004;
Zc=400;
n1=[2*Ef 0];
d1=[1 Zc/L];
tf(n1,d1)
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
n2=[2*Ef/L];
d2=[1 Zc/L];
It=step(n2,d2,t);
plot(t,It,'r');
If=Ef/Zc;
Ir=It-If;
hold on;
plot(t,Ir,'b');

OUTPUT RESPONSE:

43
RESULT:
Thus the electro magnetic transients in the power system was studied and simulated using
MATLAB software.

44
[Link] :9
DATE :

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS – MULTI MACHINE

INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

AIM :
To become familiar with various aspects of the transient and small signal stability
analysis of Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system

PROGRAM REQUIRED : MATLAB 7.6

THEORY :

Stability : Stability problem is concerned with the behaviour of power system when it is
subjected to disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the disturbances
are small and transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.

Transient stability: When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission loss
equals to the generation in the system. The generating units run a synchronous speed and system
frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large disturbance such as three
phase fault, loss of load, loss of generation etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the
generating units rotors experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back
to a steady state condition maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or
more machines may pull out of synchronism. In the former case the system is said to be stable
and in the later case it is said to be unstable.

Small signal stability: When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition,
the system may be subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation,
change in field voltage, change in mechanical toque etc., The nature of system response to small
disturbance depends on the operating conditions, the transmission system strength, types of
controllers etc. Instability that may result from small disturbance may be of two forms,
(i) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronising torque.
(ii) Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque.
FORMULA :
-1
Reactive power Qe = sin(cos (p.f))

S*
Stator Current It =
*
Et
Pe - jQ e

=
*
Et

Voltage behind transient condition

45
 1 1
E = Et + j Xd It
Voltage of infinite bus
EB = Et - j( X3 + Xtr )It

X1 X2

where, X3 =
X1 + X2
1
Angular separation between E and EB
1
δo = ∠ E - ∠ EB

Prefault Operation:
X1 X2
1
X = j Xd + jXtr +
X1 + X2
1
E x EB

Power Pe = sinδo
X

e * X
-1
δo = sin
1
E * EB
During Fault
Condition:

Pe = PEii = 0

Find out X from the equivalent circuit during fault condition

Post fault Condition:

Find out X from the equivalent circuit during post fault condition

1
E x EB
Power Pe = sinδo
X
δmax = π - δo
Pm

Pe =
sinδmax

46
 Critical Clearing Angle:
Pm(δδmax - δo ) + P3maxcosδδmax - P2maxcosδδo

Cosδcr =
P3max - P2max
Critical Clearing Time:

2H (δcr - δo)

tcr =
√ πfo Pm Sec

PROCEDURE :
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
1. Type and save the program.
2. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run
3. View the results.

EXERCISE :
1).Given the system of figure below where a 3phase fault is applied at point ‘p’ as shown.

Fault Occurs At The Point ‘P’

DATAS:
Generated Voltage │E│=1.2 p.u.
Voltage of infinite bus │V│=1p.u.
Power delivered by generator p1=1p.u.
47
The impedance between the generator 1 and feeder 1 x1= 0.25j
The impedance between the feeder 1 and 2 x2=.5j
The impedance between the feeder 1 and 2 x3=0.4j
The impedence between the feeder 2 and generator2 x4=0.05j

PROGRAM :
% TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS –MULTI MACHINE INFINITE BUS
SYSTEM
clc;
el=input('Enter the generator voltage in p.u:');
v=input('Enter the volt of infinite bus:');
p=input('Enter the delivered by generator1:');
x1=input('Enter the impedance between gen& feeder1:');
x2=input('Enter the parllel line1 impedance between feeder1&feeder2:');
x3=input('Enter the parllel line2 impedance between feeder1&feeder2:');
x4=input('Enter the impedance between feeder2&generator2:');
disp('[Link] operation (pre fault):')
xn=(x1+((x2*x3)/(x2+x3))+x4);
del=(xn*p)/(el*v);
cn=asin(del);
disp('prefault operation angle is:');
cn
disp('[Link] fault:');
fed=input('Enter the feeder where fault occurs:');
disp('No power is transfered during fault because of breaking of specified
feeder');
disp('p2=0');
disp('[Link] fault operation:');
disp('Fault occurs at parallel line x3');
xp=x1+x2+x4;
delp=(xp*p)/(v*el);
cp=asin(delp);
cpmax=(3.14-cp);
disp('the post clearing angle is:');
cpmax
pmax2=0;
pmax3=(v*el)/xp;
crit=((p*(cpmax-cn))-(pmax2*cos(cn))+(pmax3*cos(cpmax)))/(pmax3-pmax2);
crc=acos(crit);
disp('The clearing angle (radians):');
crc
crc=(180/3.14)*crc;
disp('The critical clearing angle is:');
crc

OUTPUT:
Enter the generator voltage in p.u:1.2
Enter the volt of infinite bus:1
Enter the delivered by generator1:1
Enter the impedance between gen& feeder1:.25
Enter the parllel line1 impedance between feeder1&feeder2:.5
Enter the parllel line2 impedance between feeder1&feeder2:.4
Enter the impedance between feeder2&generator2:.05
[Link] operation (pre fault):
prefault operation angle is:
cn =
0.4502
[Link] fault:
Enter the feeder where fault occurs:2
48
No power is transfered during fault because of breaking of specified feeder
p2=0
[Link] fault operation:
Fault occurs at parallel line x3
the post clearing angle is:
cpmax =
2.4103
The clearing angle (radians):
crc =
0.9735
The critical clearing angle is:
crc =
55.8069

MANUAL CALCULATION

RESULT

Thus the Transient and small signal stability analysis of Single-Machine-Infinite Bus
(SMIB) system was studied and simulated using MATLAB software.

49
EXPT. NO : 10
DATE :

ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEM

AIM:
To understand the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem using classical
method without line losses.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7 & above

THEORY:
Power is allowed to vary within certain limits so as to meet a particular load demand with
minimum fuel cost. This is called the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The OPF is used to
optimize the power flow solution of large scale power system. This is done by minimizing
selected the same distance from the centre of loads and their fuel costs are different. Also under
normal operating conditions, the generation capacity is more than the total load demand and
losses. Thus, there objective functions while maintaining an acceptable system performance in
terms of generator capability limits and the output of the compensating devices.
The simplest economic dispatch problem is the case when transmission line losses are
neglected. This is the problem model does not consider system configuration and line
impedances. In essence, the model assumes that the system is only one bus with all generation
and loads connected to it as shown in figure below.

C1 C2 Cn

P1 P2 Png

PD (Plants connected to a common bus)

Since transmission losses are neglected, the total demand P D is the sum of all generation.
A cost function Ci is assumed to be known for each plant. The problem is to find the real power
generation for each plant such that the objective function as defined by the equation,
ng n

Ct  Ci  i  i Pi  vi Pi 2
i1 i1
is minimum, subject to the constraint,

50
 ng
P P
i D
i1
th
where, Ct is the total production cost, Ci is the production cost of i plant, Pi is generation of the
th
i plant, PD is the total demand and ng is the total number of despicable generating plants.
A rapid solution is obtained by the use of the gradient method (Lambda iteration).
Let f(2)= PD
k
Expanding the left hand side of the above equation in Taylor’s series about an operating point 2
and neglecting the higher-order terms result in,
k k k
f ()  df ()   P
D
d
k k k
k P P k P
k k
 df ()  dP (or)   1
i
d d 2vi
k 1 k k
and therefore,    
ng
k k
where, P  PD  Pi
i1

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Read the input data values
3. Start the iteration counter.
4. Check the test for convergence.
5. iter=iter+1
6. Calculate P,delp, J, dellambda and lambda.
7. Display the above values.
2
8. To find the total cost=sum(alpha+beta.*P+gamma.*P. )
9. Print the value of total cost.
10. Stop the program.
PROBLEM:
The fuel cost fuctions for three thermal plants is $/h are given
2
by, C1=500+5.3P1+0.004P1
2
C2=400+5.5P2+0.006P2
2
C3=200+5.8P3+0.009P3

where P1,P2 and P3 are in MW. The total load PD is 800MW. Neglecting line losses and
generator limits, find the optimal dispatch and the total cost in $/h.

51
Solution:
5.3 5.5 5.8
  800  0.008  0.012  0.018
1 1 1
0.008 0.012 0.018

  800  1443.0555  8.5$/MW.h

263.8889

Substitute for  in the coordination equation given by optimal dispatch is,

8.5  5.3
P1  
400 2(0.004)
8.5  5.5
P2  
250 2(0.006)
8.5  5.8
P3  
150 2(0.009)
The necessary conditions for optimal dispatch,
dc1/dp1=5.3+0.008P1=

dc2/dp2=5.5+0.012P2=

dc3/dp3=5.8+0.018P3=

P1+P2+P3=PP

P (1)  6  5.3  87.5

1
2(0.004)
P (1)  6  5.5  41.6667
2
2(0.006)
P (1)  6  5.3  11.111
3
2(0.009)
Since PD=800MW, the error P from

P(1)=800-(87.5+41.6667+11.111)

=657.722

52
PROGRAM:

Clc
Clear all
disp=(©input data©)
alpha=input(©enter the alpha value in cost function: ©)
beta=input(©enter the beta value in cost function:©)
Pd=input(©enter the total load in mw:©)
gamma=input(©enter the gamma value in cost
function:©) delp=10;
lamda=input(©enter the setimated value of
lamda:©) disp=(©output©)
disp=([©lamda p1 p2 p3 grad del
lamda©]) iter=0;
while abs(delp)>=0.001
iter=iter+1;
p=((lamda-beta)./(2*gamma)); delp=Pd-
sum(p);
j=sum(ones(length(gamma),1)./(2*gamma));
dellamda=delp/j;
disp=([lamda,p(1),p(2),p(3),delp,j,dellamda])
lamda=lamda+dellamda;
end
totalcost=sum(alpha+beta.*p+gamma.*p.^2)

INPUT DATA:

enter the alpha value in cost function :[600;400;300]

alpha =

600

400

300

53
enter the beta value in cost function:[5.3;5.5;5.8]

beta=

5.3000

5.5000

5.8000

enter the total load in mw:80

Pd =

80

enter the gamma value in cost

function:[0.004;0.006;0.0009] gamma =

0.0040

0.0060

0.0009

Enter the estimated value of

lamda:5 lamda =
5
disp =

OUTPUT

disp =
lamda p1 p2 p3 grad del lamda
disp =
5.0000 -37.5000 -41.6667 -444.4444 603.6111 763.8889 0.7902
disp =
5.7902 61.2727 24.1818 -5.4545 0.0000 763.8889 0.0000
totalcost =

1.7447e+003

RESULT:
Thus the analysis of economic dispatch for the problem using classical
method without line losses was experimented theoretically and verified using MATLAB.

54
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the components of power system?

2. Define per unit value.
3. What is the need for base values?
4. What are the advantages of per unit computations?
5. What is impedance & reactance?
6. What is a bus?
7. Name the diagonal & off diagonal elements of bus admittance matrix?
8. What is bus admittance matrix?
9. What is bus impedance matrix?
10. What are the methods available for forming bus admittance matrix?
11. Write the symmetrical components of 3 phase system?
12. What is meant by positive negative & zero sequence impedance?
13. What is power flow study or load flow study?
14. What is the need for load flow study?
15. What are the different types of buses in a power system?
16. What are the information that are obtained from a load flow study?
17. What is swing bus?
18. What is the need for slag bus?
19. What do you mean by a flat voltage start?
20. When the generator buses treated as load bus?
21. What is jacobian matrix?
22. What is infinite bus?
23. How the reactive power of generator is controlled?
24. How the faults are classified?
25. List the symmetrical & unsymmetrical faults?
26. What is the need for short circuit studies?
27. Define transient & sub transient reactance.
28. Name the various unsymmetrical faults in a power system.
29. Define stability.
30. Define steady state & transient stability.
31. Explain steady state stability limit
32. Explain transient stability limit.
33. How stability studies are classified. What are they?
34. Define swing curve.
35. Define power angle.
36. Define equal area criterion.
37. What is AGC?
38. Explain unit commitment.
39. What is economic dispatch?
40. Explain participation factor.

55