Problem 4.41 (Hong Kong 1998).
Let P QRS be a cyclic quadrilateral with ∠P SR =
90◦ and let H and K be the feet of the altitudes from Q to lines P R and P S. Prove that
HK bisects QS.
Proof. Since H and K are the feet of the altitudes from a point Q on the cirlce (P RS)
to lines P R and P S, the line HK is the simpson line for Q. We also have that P is the
orthocenter of the triangle P RS. Therefore by the simpson line bisection lemma we have
that the simpson line HK bisects QS.
Problem 4.42 (USAMO 1988/4). Suppose △ABC is a triangle with incenter I.
Show that the circumcenters of △IAB, △IBC, and △ICA lie on a circle whose center
is the circumcenter of △ABC.
Proof. Let ω be the circumcircle of △ABC. The circumcenter of △IAB is on ω by
the Incenter/Excenter Lemma. Similarly the circumcenters of the triangles △IBC, and
△ICA lie on ω. Thus the circle on which the centers lie on is ω.
Problem 4.43 (USAMO 1995/3). Given a nonisosceles, nonright triangle ABC, let
O denote its circumcenter, and let A1 , B1 , and C1 be the midpoints of sides BC, CA,
and AB, respectively. Point A2 is located on the ray OA1 so that △OAA1 is similar to
△OA2 A. Points B2 and C2 on rays OB1 and OC1 , respectively, are defined similarly.
Prove that lines AA2 , BB2 , and CC2 are concurrent.
Proof.
∠A2 AB = ∠A − ∠OAA2 − ∠CAO
= ∠A − ∠OA1 A − (90◦ − ∠B)
= ∠A − (180◦ − ∠OAA1 − ∠AOA1 ) − (90◦ − ∠B)
= ∠OAA1 + ∠A − (180◦ − 360◦ + 2∠B + ∠A) − (90◦ − ∠B)
= ∠OAA1 + 180◦ − 2∠B − 90◦ + ∠B
= ∠OAA1 + (90◦ − ∠B)
= ∠OAA1 + ∠CAO
= ∠A1 AC.
Therefore AA2 is the symmedian with respect to A. Similarly BB2 and CC2 are
symmedians and they intersect and the symmedian point.
Problem 4.44 (USA TST 2014). Let ABC be an acute triangle and let X be a variable
interior point on the minor arc BC.
˜ Let P and Q be the feet of the perpendiculars from
X to lines CA and CB, respectively. Let R be the intersection of line P Q and the
perpendicular from B to AC. Let ℓ be the line through P parallel to XR. Prove that as
X varies along minor arc BC,
˜ the line ℓ always passes through a fixed point.
Problem 4.45 (USA TST 2011/1). In an acute scalene triangle ABC, points D,
E, F lie on sides BC, CA, AB, respectively, such that ⊥ BC, BE ⊥ CA, CF ⊥ AB.
Altitudes AD, BE, CF meet at orthocenter H. Points P and Q lie on segment EF such
that AP ⊥ EF and HQ ⊥ EF . Lines DP and QH intersect at point R. Compute
HQ/HR.
1
Proof. By similar triangles we have
HR AP AE HE QH
= = = =
HD AD AB HC HD
HR
Therefore QH
= 1.
Problem 4.46 (ELMO Shortlist 2012). Circles Ω and ω are internally tangent at
point C. Chord AB of Ω is tangent to ω at E, where E is the midpoint of AB. Another
circle, ω1 is tangent to Ω, ω, and AB at D, Z, and F respectively. Rays CD and AB
meet at P . If M ̸= C is the midpoint of major arc AB,
˜ show that
PE
tan ∠ZEP = .
CM
Proof. Let G be the intersection of AB and M Z and O1 , O2 and O3 denote the centers
of circles Ω, ω, and ω1 respectively. F D intersects M by the circles inscribed in segments
lemma. Since ∠P EM = 90◦ and ∠P DM = 90◦ , P DEM is cyclic. By the same reason
CDF E is cyclic.
Lemma 1. P , Z, O3 , and O2 are collinear.
We will prove that P is the homothetic center of a homothety mapping ω to ω1 . Let Q be
the intersection of ω and P C other than E. Since EC is the diameter of ω, ∠EQC = 90◦ .
I was also shown that ∠P DF = 90◦ . Therefore EQ ∥ F D and EF and QD intersect at
the center of the homothety P . This homothety also maps the circles so the points P ,
O3 , and O2 are collinear.
Lemma 2. Z is on (P DEM ).
M is the radical center of the circles ω, ω1 , and (CDF E). Therefore M Z is the radical
axis of ω and ω1 and is therefore tangent to both circles. Therefore using lemma 1
∠P ZM = 90◦ and Z is on (P DEM ).
Lemma 3. ∠F ZE = 90◦
∠F O3 Z + ∠ZO2 E = 180◦
Therefore
1 1
∠O3 ZF + ∠O2 ZE = 90◦ − ∠F O3 Z + 90◦ − ∠ZO2 E = 90◦
2 2
This implies the result.
The rest is angle and ratio chasing.
∠ZEP = ∠ZM P
tan ∠ZEP = tan ∠ZM P
PZ
=
MZ
PG
=
M O2
2
FZ
tan ∠ZEP =
EZ
GE
=
EO2
GE
=
O2 C
PE
Therefore tan ∠ZEP = MC
.