1 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

Unit 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS
TOPICS EXERCISE # 1.1

Imaginary Number
A number, whose square is negative, is known as imaginary number. i.e. −1, −2 etc.
Complex Numbers
The numbers of the form z = a + ib , where a, b  R and i = −1, are called
5
complex numbers. For example, 3 + 4i, 2 − i, − 7 − 2i etc. are complex numbers.
7
Where,
➢ a is called Re(z) or real part of complex number z.
➢ b is called Im(z) or imaginary part of complex number z.

A complex number may also be defined as the ordered pair z = ( a, b ) of real numbers.
If C is a set of complex numbers, then
(i) ( 0, 0 ) is called additive identity in C.
(ii) (1, 0 ) is called multiplicative identity in C.
Note:
(i) Every real number is a complex number with zero as its imaginary part.
(ii) Set of real numbers is a special subset of complex numbers. i.e. R  C
(iii) The calculation of
−a  −b = (−a)(−b) = ab is wrong.
The correct calculation is given as:
( ) ( )
−a  −b = i a  i b = i 2 ab = − ab

Powers of i (iota)
(i) i 2 = −1
(ii) i 3 = i 2 . i = −1. i = −i

(iii) i 4 = ( i 2 ) = ( −1) = 1
2 2
 2 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

Note:
(i) If power of i is an even number then it must be equal to 1 or −1
 −1 , when n is odd
i.e. i 2n =  for n  N
 1 , when n is even
(ii) If power of i is an odd number then it must be equal to i or −i
 −i , when n is odd
i.e. i 2 n+1 =  for n  N
 i , when n is even
(iii) If power of i is multiple of 4 then it must be equal to 1 .
i.e. i 4n = 1 for n  Z
(iv) The sum of four consecutive powers of i is zero.
i.e. i n + i n +1+ i n + 2 + i n +3= 0 for n  N
Operations on Complex Numbers
(i) Addition of Complex Numbers
( a, b ) + ( c, d ) = ( a + c, b + d )
(ii) Multiplication of Complex Numbers
( a, b )  ( c, d ) = ( ac − bd , ad + bc )
(iii) Division of Complex Numbers
ac + bd bc − ad 
( a, b )  ( c, d ) =  , 2 2 
 c +d c +d 
2 2

Inverse of a Complex Number

Multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex number z = ( a, b ) is defined as

 a −b 
z −1 =  2 2 , 2 2 
 a +b a +b 
Additive inverse of a complex number z = ( a, b ) is defined as − z = ( −a, −b )
Conjugate Complex Numbers
Conjugate of complex number z = a + ib is defined as z = a − ib . e.g.
If z = 5 + 4i , then z = 5 − 4i
Note: A real number is self conjugate.
 3 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

Properties of Conjugate
If z1 and z2 be any two complex numbers, then
(i) z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 (ii) z1 − z2 = z1 − z2

 z1  z1
(iii) z1 z2 = z1. z2 (iv)  = , z2  0
 z2  z2

( z) = z (z ) = (z)
n
n
(v) (vi)

Modulus of a Complex Number

The modulus of a complex number z = x + iy is
defined as the non-negative real number
x 2 + y 2 . It is denoted by z .

e.g. If z = 3 + 4i , then z = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5
Note:
The modulus of a complex number is the
distance from the origin of the point representing
the number.

Properties of Modulus
−z = z = z = −z z.z = z
2
(i) (ii)

z1 z
(iii) z1 z2 = z1 . z2 (iv) = 1
z2 z2
zn = z
n
(v)
(vi) z1 + z2  z1 + z2  max . z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
(vii) z1 − z2  z1 + z2  min . z1 + z2 = z1 − z2
Note: z1 + z2  z1 + z2 is called triangular inequality of complex numbers.
 4 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

Representation of a Complex Number on Argand Plane

Every complex number z = x + iy can be
represented by a point ( x, y ) referred to
OX and OY are called real and
imaginary axis. The plane of OX and
OY is called Argand plane or complex
plane or z- plane or Gaussian plane.
The representation of complex number as
point in a plane is called Argand
Diagram.
In figure (i) the complex numbers 3 + 2i ,
−2 + 2i, − 3 − 2i and 2 − 2i has been
represented by the points A, B, C and D.

MCQs EXERCISE # 1.1

1. −1 belongs to set of:

(A) Real numbers (B) Complex numbers
(C) Prime numbers (D) Even numbers
2. −2 −3 = _______.
(A) 6 (B) − 6 (C) i 6 (D) −5
3. i 101 is equal to:
(A) i (B) − i (C) 1 (D) −1
−10
4. (i) is equal to:
(A) i (B) −i (C) −1 (D) None of these
5. i  i  i  i is equal to:
2 4 6 8

(A) i (B) − i (C) 1 (D) −1

6. i101
+i 102
+i 103
+i 104
is equal to:
(A) i (B) −i (C) 0 (D) −1
7. i can be written as:
(A) (1,0) (B) (0,1) (C) (−1,0) (D) (0,0)
 5 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

8. (0, 1)2 =
(A) (1,0) (B) (0,1) (C) (−1,0) (D) (0, −1)
9. The real part of (a + bi)2 is:
(A) a2 + b2 (B) a2 − b2 (C) b2 − a2 (D) 2ab
10. (7, 9) + (3, −5) =
(A) (7, 9) (B) (3, −5) (C) (10, 4) (D) (4, 10)
11. If z = ( x, y ) , then z =
(A) ( x, y ) (B) ( −x, y ) (C) ( − x, − y ) (D) ( x, − y )
12. −a − ib is equal to:
(A) a + ib (B) a − ib (C) −a + ib (D) −a − ib
13. Conjugate of −2 + 3i is:
(A) −2 + 3i (B) 2 − 3i (C) 2 + 3i (D) −2 − 3i
14. Sum of two conjugate complex numbers is always:
(A) Real (B) Imaginary (C) Odd (D) Even
15. Geometrically, the modulus of a complex number represents its distance from the
point:
(A) (1,0) (B) (0,1) (C) (−1,0) (D) (0,0)
16. If z = x + i y where x, y  R then  z  equals:
(A) x2 + y2 (B) x2 + y2 (C) x2 − y2 (D) x + y
17. |a + i b| is equal to:
(A) a2 + b2 (B) a2 − b2 (C) −a2 − b2 (D) None of these
18. Modulus of complex number a + b is:
(A) a 2 + b 2 (B) a + b (C) a 2 − b2 (D) a 2 + b2
19. |2 − 3i| = ⎯⎯⎯
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 13 (D) 17
20. If z = 3 – 4i, then z is:
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) –5 (D) 1
21. Modulus of a complex number −5i is:
(A)  5 (B) −5 (C) 5 (D) 5
 1 3 
22. − + 
 2 2 i =
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
 6 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

2+i
23. If z = , then z =
3+i
5 4 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 2 2
24. If z1 = 1 + i and z2 = 3 + 4i , then z1 z2 is equal to

(A) 2 (B) 5 2 (C) 5 (D) 10

If z is a complex number then z =
2
25.

(B) ( z )
2
(A) z 2 (C) z . z (D) None of these

26. If z1 = 3, z2 = 7 then the greatest possible value of z1 + z2 is:

(A) 3 (B) 7 (C) 10 (D) 4
27. If z1 = 4, z2 = 10 then the minimum value of z1 + z2 is:
(A) −6 (B) 6 (C) 14 (D) −14
28. Multiplicative identity in the set C of complex numbers is:
(A) (1,0) (B) (0,1) (C) (1,1) (D) (0,0)
29. If z = ( a,b ) , then its multiplicative inverse is:
 a −b   a −b   a b 
(A) (−a, −b) (B)  , 2 2 
(C)  2 2 , 2 2  (D)  2 2 , 2 2 
 a −b a −b   a +b a +b   a +b a +b 
2 2

30. Multiplicative inverse of −i is:

(A) i (B) −i (C) 1 (D) −1
31. Multiplicative inverse of complex number ( 0, −1) is:
(A) (1,0) (B) (0,1) (C) (−1,0) (D) (0,0)
32. Multiplicative inverse of complex number (1,0) is:
(A) (−1,0) (B) (0, −1) (C) (1,0) (D) (0,1)
33. The multiplicative inverse of ( 2, − 5) is:
 2 5  2 − 5  2 5 − 2 − 5
(A)    (B)  7  7  (C)  7  7  (D)  7  7 
 7 7      
 7 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

34. Additive inverse of complex number ( a,b ) is:

(A) ( a,b ) (B) ( −a,b ) (C) ( a,−b ) (D) ( −a,−b )
35. Additive inverse of complex number ( 5,−3) is
(A) ( 5,3) (B) ( 5,−3) (C) ( −5,3) (D) ( −5,−3)
36. If z1 = (a, b) , z2 = (c, d ) , then z1 . z2 =
(A) (ac, bd ) (B) (ac + bd , ad − bc) (C) (ac − bd , ad + bc) (D) (ac − bd , ad − bc)

37.  z1 , z2 C , z1 + z2 =
(A) z1 + z2 (B) z1 + z 2 (C) z1 − z 2 (D) z1 − z2
z+z
38.  z C , =
2
(A) Re(z) (B) 2Re(z) (C) Im(z) (D) 2Im(z)
z−z
39.  z  C, =
2i
(A) Re(z) (B) 2Re(z) (C) Im(z) (D) 2Im(z)
40. If z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 2 − 3i then which one is true?
(A) z1  z2 (B) z1  z2 (C) z1 = z2 (D) None of these

TOPICS EXERCISE # 1.2

Equality of Complex Numbers
If z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id , then a + ib = c + id  a = c  b = d
Note: Order properties are not hold good in set of complex numbers.
i.e. 3 + 4i  5 + i and 3 + 4i  5 + i are not defined.

Square Root of the Complex Number

 z + x iy z −x
Square root of a complex number z = x + iy is given by z =  + 
 2 y 2 


Where z = x2 + y2
 8 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

Note: For any complex number z = a + ib or z = a − ib

 z +a z −a 
(i) a + ib =   +i 
 2 2 


 z +a z −a 
(ii) a − ib =   −i 
 2 2 


MCQs EXERCISE # 1.2

41. Two complex numbers z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are equal if:

(A) a = c (B) b = d (C) a = c and b = d (D) a = b and c = d
42. If a + ib = a − ib then b must be:
(A) 1 (B) −1 (C) 0 (D) −2
43. If 3 + 5i = x + iy then value of x is:
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 8 (D) – 3
44. If 7 + ai = 7 − ib then which one is true?
(A) a = 7 (B) b = −7 (C) a = b (D) a = −b
45. If a − 3i = −5 − bi then values of a and b:
(A) a = 5, b = 3 (B) a = −5, b = 3 (C) a = 5, b = −3 (D) a = −5, b = −3
46. If x + iy = 1 − i then value of x − y is:
(A) 0 (B) −2 (C) 2 (D) 2
( a + ib ) = 2 − 3i then value of a 2 − b 2 is:
2
47. If
(A) 2 (B) −2 (C) 3 (D) −3
( x + iy )
2
48. If = 5 − 4i then value of xy is:
(A) 2 (B) −2 (C) 4 (D) −4
49. If ( x + 2 ) + ( y − 3) i = −17 + 19i then:
(A) x = 22, y = −19 (B) x = −19, y = 22
(C) x = −22, y = 19 (D) x = 19, y = −22
 9 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

50. Two complex numbers z1 = ( x − 3) + iy and z2 = 5 − 2i are equal then:

(A) x = −2 (B) x = 3 (C) x = 8 (D) y = 5
51. If x + iy = 3 − 4i then value of x 2 + y 2 is:
(A) −7 (B) −1 (C) 25 (D) 16
52. If a + ib = 4 + 9i then ab = :
(A) 13 (B) 36 (C) 6 (D) 13
53. Square root of complex number z = x + iy is:
 z −x iy z +x  z +x iy z −x 
(A)   +  (B)   + 
 2 y 2   2 y 2 
   
 z −y ix z +y  z +y ix z −y
(C)   +  (D)   + 
 2 x 2   2 x 2 
   
54. Square root of the complex number − i is:
1− i 1+ i i −i
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
55. Square root of the complex number 2 i is:
(A)  (1 − i ) (B)  (1 + i ) (C)  i (D) None of these

TOPICS EXERCISE # 1.3

Complex Polynomials
A polynomial of the form P ( z ) = an z n + an−1 z n−1 + − − − − + a1 z + a0 ; an  0
Where an , an −1 , an −2 , − − −−, a1 , a0  C and n  0 is an integer, is called a complex
polynomial of degree n .
For example:
P1 ( z ) = (1 − i ) z + 3i (Linear Complex Polynomial)

P2 ( z ) = ( 5 − 4i ) z 2 + ( 2 + i ) z + ( 3 − 4i ) (Quadratic Complex Polynomial)

P3 ( z ) = ( 2 − i ) z 3 + ( 5 + 3i ) (Cubic Complex Polynomial)

 10 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

A fundamental property of complex polynomial is that they can always be factored into a
product of linear factors.
According to the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, a complex polynomial of degree
n  1 has exactly n roots in complex number system C .
A corollary to this theorem states that any complex polynomial P ( z ) of degree n can be
factored completely into a constant an and n linear factors over C in the form:
P ( z ) = a ( z − z1 )( z − z2 ) − − − − ( z − zn )

Where z1 , z2 , − − −−, zn are complex roots of the complex polynomial equation P ( z ) = 0 .

For example: P ( z ) = z 2 + 4 can easily be factored into two linear factors as:
P ( z ) = z 2 + 4 = z 2 − ( −4 ) = z 2 − 4i 2 = ( z ) − ( 2i )
2 2

 z 2 + 4 = ( z + 2i )( z − 2i )
Where 2i and −2i are the zeros of the complex polynomial P ( z ) = z 2 + 4 and roots of
the complex polynomial equation z 2 + 4 = 0
MCQs EXERCISE # 1.3
56. a 2 + 4b 2 is equal to:
(A) ( a + 2b )( a − 2b ) (B) ( a + 2bi )( a − 2bi )

(C) ( a + ib )( a − ib ) (D) ( a + 4bi )( a − 4bi )

57. 9a 2 + 16b 2 =
(A) ( 3a + 4b )( 3a − 4b ) (B) ( 9a + 16bi )( 9a − 16bi )

(C) ( 3a + 4bi )( 3a − 4bi ) (D) ( 3a + bi )( a − 4bi )

58. Factors of 144 x 2 + 225 y 2 are:

(A) (12 x + 15 y )(12 x − 15 y ) (B) (15 x + 12 y )(15 x − 12 y )

(C) 9 ( 4 x + 5 yi )( 4 x − 5 yi ) (D) 3 ( 4 x + 5 yi )( 4 x − 5 yi )

59. z 2 − 2iz − 1 =
(A) ( z + i )( z − i ) (B) ( z − i )( z − i )

(C) ( z + i )( z + i ) (D) ( z + 2i )( z + i )
 11 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

60. P ( z ) = (1 − i ) z + 3i is the ________ complex polynomial.

(A) Linear (B) Cubic (C) Quadratic (D) None of these
61. P ( z ) = ( 2 − i ) z 3 + ( 5 + 3i ) is the ________ complex polynomial.
(A) Linear (B) Quadratic (C) Cubic (D) None of these
62. P ( z ) = ( 2 + 3i ) z − 5z + i is the complex polynomial of degree?
3

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

63. If P ( z ) = z 3 + ( 2 + i ) z 2 − i z + 5 , then P ( −1) =
(A) 5 − 2i (B) 6 + 2i (C) 3−i (D) 5 + i
64. Complex roots of the z + 4 = 0 are:
2

(A) 2i,3i (B) −2i,3i (C) −2i, 2i (D) 4i, −4i

65. Which of the following is a root of P ( z ) = z 2 + 1 ?
(A) 1 (B) i (C) 0 (D) −1
66. According to fundamental theorem of algebra, how many linear factors does
P ( z ) = z 4 − 16 have?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
67. If 1−i is a root of P ( z ) = z 2 − 2 z + 2 , then what is the other root?
(A) 1+ i (B) −1 + i (C) −1 − i (D) −i
68. Which polynomial has roots z = 0 and z = 1 + i ?
(A) z ( z − (1 − i ) ) (B) z ( z − 1 − i )

(C) z 2 − (1 + i ) z (D) z 2 + (1 + i ) z

69. Which of the following is a factor of the polynomial f ( z ) = z 4 − 1 :

(A) z − 1 (B) z + i (C) z − i (D) All of these
70. If P ( z ) is a monic polynomial of degree 3 with roots 1, 2, and 3, what is P ( z ) ?
(A) z 3 − 6 z 2 + 11z − 6 (B) z 3 + 6 z 2 − 11z + 6
(C) z 3 − 6 z 2 − 11z + 6 (D) z 3 + 6 z 2 + 11z + 6
 12 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

TOPICS EXERCISE # 1.4

Cube Roots of Unity

A number x is called cube root of unity if x 3 = 1
−1 + −3 −1 − −3
1, and are three cube roots of unity.
2 2
−1 + −3 −1 − −3
= and 2 = are called complex cube roots of unity.
2 2
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity
(i) Complex cube roots of unity are square, reciprocal and conjugate of each other.
(ii) The sum of all three cube roots of unity is zero. i.e. 1 +  + 2 = 0
(iii) n + n +1 + n + 2 = 0 , n  Z
(iv) The product of all three cube roots of unity is 1. i.e. 3 = 1
(v) n  n +1  n + 2 = 1 , n  Z
Properties of Cube Roots of any Number
(i) The sum of cube roots of any number is zero.
(ii) The product of cube roots of any number is equal to that number.
Fourth Roots of Unity
A number x is called fourth root of unity if x 4 = 1
1, − 1, i and −i are four fourth roots of unity.
Properties of Fourth Roots of Unity
(i) Sum of all fourth roots of unity is zero. i.e. 1 + ( −1) + i + ( −i ) = 0
(ii) The product of all fourth roots of unity is –1. i.e. 1 ( −1)  i  ( −i ) = −1
(iii) The real fourth roots of unity are additive inverse of each other.
(iv) The complex fourth roots of unity are conjugate, additive inverse and multiplicative
inverse of each other.
Properties of Fourth Roots of any Number
(i) The sum of fourth roots of any number is zero.
The product of fourth roots of any number is equal to additive inverse of that number.
 13 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

MCQs EXERCISE # 1.4

71. The sum of all three cube roots of unity is:

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
72. The sum of all three cube roots of 27 is:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 27 (D) −27
73. Product of three cube roots of unity is:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
74. Product of three cube roots of −8 is:
(A) 1 (B) 8 (C) −8 (D) None of these
−1 + 3i −1 − 3i
75. and are called ______ roots of unity.
2 2
(A) Complex cube (B) Real cube (C) Complex fourth (D) Real fourth
76. Complex cube roots of unity are:
(A) Square of each other (B) Reciprocal of each other
(C) Conjugate of each other (D) All of these
77. Cube roots of −1 are:
(A) 1,,2 (B) −1, −, −2 (C) −1,1 (D) None of these
78. Complex cube roots of −1 are:
(A) ,2 (B) −1, −, −2 (C) −, −2 (D) 1,,2
79. If  is cube root of unity then, 3 is equal to:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)  (D) 2
80. If  is cube root of unity then, 2 is equal to:
(A) −1 (B) 1 (C)  (D)  −2
81. If  is cube root of unity then,  is equal to:
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C)  −2 (D) 1+ 
82. If  is cube root of unity then,  −2 is equal to:
(A) −1 (B) 1 (C)  (D) 2
 14 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

83. 1 + 4 =
(A)  (B) −  (C)  2 (D) −  2

84. 1−  + 2 =
(A) −1 (B) 0 (C) − (D) −2
85. The four fourth roots of unity are:
(A) 1,i (B) 2,2i (C) 3,3i (D) None of these
86. The sum of four fourth roots of unity is:
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) i (D) −i
87. The real fourth roots of unity are:
(A) Multiplicative inverse of each other (B) Additive inverse of each other
(C) Square of each other (D) Reciprocal of each other
88. The complex fourth roots of unity are:
(A) Equal to each other (B) Conjugate to each other
(C) Square of each other (D) None of these
89. Product of four fourth roots of unity is:
(A) 1 (B) −1 (C) 0 (D) None of these
90. Product of four fourth roots of 16 is:
(A) 1 (B) −1 (C) 16 (D) −16

TOPICS EXERCISE # 1.5

Polar Coordinates of Point

Let OP be the directed line segment of length r represents a non-zero complex
number z = x + iy and  be the angle which OP makes with the positive x-axis. Then
ordered pair of real numbers ( r ,  ) is called the polar coordinates of the point P .
Polar Form of the Complex Number
The polar or trigonometric form of a complex number z = x + iy is given as
 y
x + iy = r ( cos  + i sin  ) where and  = tan −1  
r = z = x2 + y 2
x
y x y
Note: If z = x + iy is a complex number then sin  = , cos  = , tan  =
z z x
 15 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

Argument or Amplitude of a Complex Number

The angle  made by the ray OP with positive x-axis in the positive direction is
called argument or amplitude of z = x + iy .The argument of a complex number is
written as: arg ( z ) = 2k +  , k  Z
The Principal Value of the Argument
The unique value of  such that −     satisfying x = r cos and y = r sin  is
called the principal value of the argument.
Note:
(i) 2k +  , k  Z is called the general value of the argument.
(ii) When we reduce a complex number to polar form, we always take the principal
value of the argument.
(iii) Argument of the complex number 0 (zero) is not defined.
Argument of z in Different Quadrants
(i) when z is in first quadrant (ii) when z is in second quadrant
 y  y
Arg ( z ) =  = tan−1   A rg ( z ) =  =  − tan −1  
x  x
 
(iii) when z is in third quadrant (iv) when z is in fourth quadrant
 y  y
Arg ( z ) =  = − + tan −1   A rg ( z ) =  = − tan −1  
 x
   x
Properties of Argument
z 
(i) arg ( z1 z2 ) = arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z2 ) (ii) arg  1  = arg ( z1 ) − arg ( z2 )
 z2 

()
(iii) arg z = − arg ( z ) (iv)
z
arg   = 2 arg ( z )
z
(v) ( )
arg z n = n arg ( z )
Some Particular Cases of Polar Form
(i) 1 = 1 + 0i = cos0 + i sin 0 (ii) −1 = −1 + 0i = cos  + i sin 
   
(iii) i = 0 + i = cos + i sin (iv) −i = 0 − i = cos − i sin
2 2 2 2
     
(v) 1 + i 3 = 2  cos + i sin  (vi) 3 + i = 2  cos + i sin 
 3 3  6 6
 16 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

De Moivre’s Theorem
( cos + i sin  ) = cos n + i sin n
n
If n is any positive integer, then
Note: This result can be shown to be true for which “n” is a negative integer and even
when “n” is a rational number.
Euler’s Formula
ei = cos  + i sin  where  is any real number.
Note: cos + i sin  can also be written as cis 
Eulerian Representation of a Complex Number
Any non-zero complex number z = x + iy = r ( cos  + i sin  ) can be

represented in Eulerian form as z = rei = r ( cos  + i sin  )

Complex Numbers in the Real Word
(Voltage, Current and Resistance)
Ohm’s Law is a fundamental principle in Physics that describe the relationship
between voltage V, current I and resistance R in an electric circuit.
Mathematically Ohm’s Law can be expressed by the formula V= I R
When dealing with alternating current (AC) circuits, resistance (R) generalizes to
impedance (Z).
Impedance is the total opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of alternating current
(AC). It extends the idea of resistance to AC circuits and includes both resistance (R)
and reactance (X).
Resistance (R) in a circuit is due to inductor ( X L )
and capacitor ( X C ) .
Reactance (X) is the difference of inductor ( X L )
and capacitor ( X C ) . X = X L − XC
Geometrically it is shown in the adjacent figure.
Here Z = R+i X
For AC circuit, Ohm’s Law in terms of impedance is expressed by: V= I Z
 17 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

Cryptography
Cryptography is the science of securing information by transforming readable
message into secret codes using mathematically algorithms and encryption keys.
Plaintext
Plaintext is the original, readable message that needs to be protected.
Ciphertext
Ciphertext is the scrambled, unreadable version of the plaintext.
Encryption
Encryption is the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext.
Decryption
Decryption is the process of converting ciphertext back into readable plaintext.
Encryption Key
An encryption key is a secret piece of information (password or code) used to
perform encryption and decryption.
Step-by-Step Encryption Process

Step Operation
Convert each letter of the plaintext into a numeric value.
1
For Example: (A=1, B=2, C=3, …, Z=26)
Convert each number into a complex number.
2 Let each number be the real part and assign a fixed value as the imaginary part.
For Example: M=13+0i A=1+0i T=20+0i H=8+0i
Apply Encryption Transformation
3 Multiply each plaintext complex number by a complex key
(or apply another operation like addition)
Store Ciphertext
4
The result of the transformation is your ciphertext in complex number form.
Decryption (Reverse Process)
• The receiver uses the inverse of the encryption transformation to recover the
original complex numbers.
• Extract the real part to get back the original numbers.
• Convert numbers back to letters to get the plaintext.
 18 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

MCQs EXERCISE # 1.5

91. If z = a + ib , what is the value of sin  is:
a b a b
(A) (B) (C) (D)
z z b a
92. If z = a + ib , what is the value of cos is:
a b a b
(A) (B) (C) (D)
z z b a
93. If z = a + ib , what is the value of tan  is:
a b a b
(A) (B) (C) (D)
z z b a
94. In polar form, a complex number is expressed as:
(A) x + iy (B) r + i (C) r  (D) r ( cos  + i sin  )
95. Polar form of the complex number z = 1 + i is:
(A) 2 ( cos 450 + i sin 450 ) (B) (
2 cos 450 + i sin 450 )
(C) ( cos 450 + i sin 450 ) (D) (
2 cos 450 − i sin 45 )0

96. If z = 3 + i , then its polar form is:

(A) cos300 + i sin 300 (B) 2 ( cos300 + i sin 300 )
(C) 2 ( cos 600 + i sin 600 ) (D) 2 ( cos 450 + i sin 450 )
 
97. Rectangular form of the complex number  2 ,  is:
 6
(A) 1 + 3i (B) 3 + i (C) 1+ i (D) 3 − i
98. The complex number ( 2,60 0
) in the form of x + iy is:
(A) 1 + 3i (B) 1 − 3i (C) 3 +i (D) 3 − i
99. Argument of 1 + 3 i is:
(A) 300 (B) 600 (C) 450 (D) 900
100. The principal argument of −1 − 3 i is:
(A) 300 (B) 600 (C) 2400 (D) −1200
101. Argument of −i is:
(A) 300 (B) 600 (C) 900 (D) −900
 19 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

102. If arg( z1 ) = 1 and arg( z2 ) =  2 , then arg ( z1 z2 ) = :

1 2
(A) (B) (C) 1 −  2 (D) 1 +  2
2 1

z 
103. If arg( z1 ) = 1 and arg( z2 ) =  2 , then arg  1  = :
 z2 
1
(A) (B) 2 − 1 (C) 1 −  2 (D) 1 +  2
2

104. The argument of

(1 + i 3 ) ( 2 + 2i ) is:
3 −i
(A) 450 (B) 600 (C) 1350 (D) 900
cis90
105. =
cis 60
1 + 3i 3 +i 1+ i 3 −i
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
106. Which of the following is the correct expression for Euler’s formula?
(A) ei = sin  + i cos (B) ei = cos + i sin 
(C) ei = sin  − i cos (D) ei = cos − i sin 
( cos + i sin  ) =
n
107.
(A) cos n + i sin n (B) n ( cos + i sin  )
(C) sin n + i cos n (D) cos n − i sin n
( cos15 + i sin150 ) =
0 4
108.

1 3i 3 1 1 i 3 1
(A) + (B) + i (C) + (D) − i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
109. By Ohm’s Law the relationship between voltage V, current I and resistance R is:
(A) V = I R (B) R = V I (C) I = R V (D) R = V + I
110. In AC circuits, impedance (Z) is represented as:
(A) Z = R + i X (B) Z = V I (C) Z = I R (D) Z = V − I
 20 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

111. An AC source supplies voltage V and current I, then impedance Z is equal to:
V I
(A) V I (B) (C) (D) V + I
I V
112. If voltage V = (100 ,300 ) and current I = ( 5,100 ) then impedance is:

(A) ( 20 ,300 ) (B) ( 20 , 200 ) (C) (105,400 ) (D) ( 20 ,−200 )

113. If the letter 'M' is represented by 13, and the key is 1+2i, what is the encrypted
value using addition?
(A) 14 + 2i (B) 12 − 2i (C) 13 + 26i (D) −12 + 2i
114. If the plain text letter 'C' is represented by the number 3, and the key is the complex
number k = 2 + 3i , what is the encrypted form using multiplication?
(A) 2 − 3i (B) 5 + 6i (C) 6 + 9i (D) 6 − 9i
115. A plaintext z = 3 − i is encrypted by the key k = 2 + 2i . What is the ciphertext using
multiplication?
(A) 4 − 4i (B) 4 + 4i (C) 8 + 4i (D) 8 + 2i
116. A plaintext z = 2 + 3i is encrypted by the key k = 2 − 3i by multiplication. The
modulus of ciphertext is:
(A) 13 (B) 13 (C) 4 (D) 9
117. What is the conjugate of a complex cipher key 4 + 5i ?
1
(A) 5 − 4i (B) 5 + 4i (C) 4 − 5i (D)
4 + 5i
118. In complex number-based encryption, how is the original message retrieved?
(A) Add the key again (B) Multiply with the same key again
(C) Use the inverse operation (D) None of these
119. If cipher text is 26+39i and the encryption key was 2+3i using multiplication, what
operation will retrieve the original plain number?
(A) add 2 + 3i (B) subtract 2 + 3i (C) multiply by 2 + 3i (D) divide by 2 + 3i
120. If the ciphertext is 15+4i and the encryption was done by adding 2+3i, what will be
the plain text value?
(A) 17 + 7i (B) 13 + i (C) 15 + 4i (D) 2 + 3i
 21 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

ANSWERS
(1) B (2) B (3) A (4) C (5) C
(6) C (7) B (8) C (9) B (10) C
(11) D (12) C (13) D (14) A (15) D
(16) B (17) A (18) B (19) C (20) B
(21) D (22) C (23) D (24) B (25) C
(26) C (27) B (28) A (29) C (30) A
(31) B (32) C (33) C (34) D (35) C
(36) C (37) B (38) A (39) C (40) A
(41) C (42) B (43) B (44) D (45) B
(46) C (47) A (48) B (49) B (50) C
(51) C (52) C (53) B (54) A (55) B
(56) B (57) C (58) C (59) B (60) A
(61) C (62) C (63) B (64) C (65) B
(66) D (67) A (68) B (69) D (70) A
(71) A (72) B (73) C (74) A (75) D
(76) B (77) C (78) B (79) A (80) C
(81) C (82) D (83) D (84) A (85) B
(86) B (87) B (88) B (89) D (90) D
(91) B (92) A (93) D (94) D (95) B
(96) B (97) B (98) A (99) B (100) D
(101) D (102) D (103) C (104) C (105) B
(106) B (107) D (108) A (109) A (110) A
(111) B (112) B (113) A (114) C (115) C
(116) A (117) C (118) C (119) D (120) B
 22 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

SOLUTIONS
1. (B) −1 = i , which belongs to set of Complex numbers.
2. (B) −2 −3 = 2i 3i = 2  3 i 2 = 6 ( −1) = − 6

i101 = i100 . i = ( i 2 ) . i = ( −1) . i = i

50 50
3. (A)

i −10 = ( i 2 ) = ( −1) =
−5 −5 1 1
4. (C) = = −1
( −1) −1
5

i 2  i 4  i 6  i8 = i 20 = ( i 4 ) = (1) = 1
5 5
5. (C)

6. (C) i101 + i102 + i103 + i104 = i100 ( i + i 2 + i3 + i 4 ) = i100 ( 0 ) = 0

7. (B) i = 0 + i = ( 0,1)

( 0,1) = ( 0 + i ) = i 2 = −1 = −1 + 0i = ( −1,0 )
2 2
8. (C)
As ( a + bi ) = a 2 + b2i 2 + 2abi = a 2 − b2 + 2abi , So real part is a 2 − b 2 .
2
9. (B)
10. (C) ( 7,9 ) + ( 3, −5) = ( 7 + 3,9 − 5) = (10, 4 )
11. (D) If z = ( x, y ) = x + iy , then z = x − iy = ( x, − y )
12. (C) −a − ib = −a + ib
13. (D) −2 + 3i = −2 − 3i
14. (A) Sum of two conjugate complex numbers is always a real number.
15. (D) Geometrically, the modulus of a complex number represents its
distance from the origin (0,0) .
16. (B) x + iy = x 2 + y 2

17. (A) a + ib = a 2 + b 2

18. (B) a + b = a + b + 0i = ( a + b )2 + ( 0 )2 = a + b
19. (C) 2 − 3i = ( 2)2 + ( −3)2 = 4 + 9 = 13

z = 3 + 4i  z = ( 3) + ( 4 ) = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
2 2
20. (B)

z = −5i = 0 − 5i  z = (0) + ( −5 ) = 0 + 25 = 25 = 5
2 2
21. (D)
2
 1  3
2
1 3 1 3
22. (C) − + i =  −  +   = + = 1 =1
2 2  2  2  4 4

2+i 2+i 4 +1 5 5 1
23. (D) z = = = = = =
3+i 3+i 9 +1 10 5 2 2
(B) z1 z2 = z1 . z2  z1 z2 = 1 + 1 9 + 16  z1 z2 = 2 25 = 5 2
24.
 23 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

z = z . z (property)
2
25. (C)
26. (C) As z1 + z2  z1 + z2 , so Max. z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 = 3 + 7 = 10
27. (B) As z1 − z2  z1 + z2 , so Min. z1 + z2 = z1 − z2 = 4 − 10 = −6 = 6
28. (A) Multiplicative identity in set of complex numbers is (1,0 ) .
 a −b 
29. (C) If z = ( a,b ) , then z −1 =  , 2 2 
 a +b a +b 
2 2

1 1 i i i
30. (A) Let z = −i , then z −1 = =  = 2 = = i
z −i i −i 1
1 1 i i i
31. (B) Let z = ( 0, −1) = −i , then z −1 = =  = 2 = = i = ( 0,1)
z −i i −i 1
1 1
32. (C) Let z = (1,0 ) = 1 , then z −1 = = = 1 = (1,0 )
z 1
33. (C) If z = ( 2 ,− 5 , then)
−1


=
2 (
− − 5 ) 
  2 5   2 5
z ,  =  2 + 5 , 2 + 5  =  7 , 7 
( ) ( ) ( 2 ) + (− 5 )
2 2 2 2
 2 + − 5     
 
34. (D) Additive inverse of ( a,b ) is ( −a,−b )
35. (C) Additive inverse of ( 5,−3) is ( −5,3)
36. (C) z1 . z2 = (ac − bd , ad + bc)
37. (B) z1 + z2 = z1 + z 2
z + z a + ib + a − ib 2a
38. (A) = = = a = Re(z)
2 2 2
z − z a + ib − a + ib 2ib
39. (C) = = = b = Im ( z )
2i 2i 2i
40. (A) The sum of all three cube roots of unity, is 0.
41. (C) a = c and b = d
42. (B) a + ib = a − ib then b = −1
43. (B) 3 + 5i = x + iy  x = 3
44. (D) 7 + ai = 7 − ib  a = −b
45. (B) a − 3i = −5 − bi  a = −5 and b = 3
46. (C) x + iy = 1 − i  x = 1 and y = −1, x − y = 1 − ( −1) = 1 + 1 = 2

( a + ib )
2
47. (A) = 2 − 3i  a 2 − b2 + 2abi = 2 − 3i  a 2 − b2 = 2

( x + iy )
2
48. (B) = 5 − 4i  x 2 − y 2 + 2 xyi = 5 − 4i  2 xy = −4  xy = −2
 24 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

49. (B) ( x + 2) + ( y − 3) i = −17 + 19i  x + 2 = −17 and y − 3 = 19

 x = −19, y = 22
50. (C) z1 = z2  ( x − 3) + iy = 5 − 2i  x −3 = 5  x = 8

x + iy = 3 − 4i  x + iy = 3 − 4i  x 2 + y 2 = ( 3) + ( −4 ) = 25
2 2 2 2
51. (C)

52. (C) a + ib = 4 + 9i  ab = 4 ( 9 ) = 36 = 6
 z +x iy z −x 
53. (B) x + iy =   + 
 2 y 2 
 

 1 − i  (1 − i )
2 2
−2i 1− i
54. (A) As   = 2 = 2 = −i , so −i =
 2 2

(  (1 + i )) = (1 + i ) 2i =  (1 + i )
2 2
55. (B) As = 2i so

a 2 + 4b2 = a 2 − 4b2i 2 = ( a ) − ( 2bi ) = ( a + 2bi )( a − 2bi )

2 2
56. (B)

9a 2 + 16b2 = 9a 2 − 16b2i 2 = ( 3a ) − ( 4bi ) = ( 3a + 4bi )( 3a − 4bi )

2 2
57. (C)

58. (C) (
144 x 2 + 225 y 2 = 9 16 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 9 16 x 2 − 25i 2 y 2 ) ( )
= 9 ( 4 x + 5 yi )( 4 x − 5 yi )

z 2 − 2iz − 1 = z 2 − 2iz + i 2 = ( z − i ) = ( z − i )( z − i )
2
59. (B)
60. (A) Linear (As degree is 1)
61. (C) Cubic (As degree is 3)
62. (C) As highest power of z is 3, so degree is 3
63. (B) P ( z ) = z3 + ( 2 + i ) z 2 − i z + 5

P ( −1) = ( −1) + ( 2 + i )( −1) − i ( −1) + 5 = −1 + 2 + i + i + 5 = 6 + 2i

3 2

64. (C) z 2 + 4 = 0  z 2 = −4  z = 2i

P ( i ) = ( i ) + 1 = −1 + 1 = 0  i is root of P ( z ) .
2
65. (B)
66. (D) As degree of P ( z ) = z 4 − 16 is 4, so linear factors of P ( z ) are 4.
67. (A) If 1−i is one root then 1+ i is the other root.
(Since coefficients are real so complex roots comes in conjugate pairs)
68. (B) z ( z −1 − i ) = 0  z = 0 , z −1 − i = 0  z = 1 + i

69. (D) ( )( )
f ( z ) = z 4 − 1 = z 2 − 1 z 2 + 1 = ( z + 1)( z − 1)( z + i )( z − i )

70. (A) P ( z ) = ( z − 1)( z − 2 )( z − 3) = z 3 − 6 z 2 + 11z − 6

 25 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

71. (A) The sum of all three cube roots of 27 , is 0.

72. (B) Product of three cube roots of unity, is 1.
73. (C) Product of three cube roots of −8 , is −8 .
74. (A) Complex cube
75. (D) Complex cube roots of unity are square of each other,
reciprocal of each other and conjugate of each other.
76. (B) −1,−,−2
77. (C) −, −2
78. (B) 3 = 1
1
79. (A) 3 = 1  .2 = 1  2 =  2 = −1

2 3 1
80. (C)  =  = 2 = 2 = −2
2
 
1   
81. (C) −2 =  = = =
2  3 1
82. (D) 1 + 4 = 1 + 3 . = 1 +  = −2
83. (D) 1 −  + 2 = 1 + 2 −  = − −  = −2
84. (A) 1,i
85. (B) The sum of four fourth roots of unity, is 0.
86. (B) The real fourth roots of unity (1 and –1) are additive
inverse of each other.
87. (B) The complex fourth roots of unity ( i and −i ) are conjugate
to each other.
88. (B) As (1)( −1)( i )( −i ) = i 2 = −1 , So product of four fourth roots
of unity is −1 .
89. (D) Product of four fourth roots of 16, is −16 .
90. (D) As set of complex numbers does not hold order properties, so we can
not say about z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 2 − 3i that which one is greater or
which one is smaller.
91. (B) If z = a + ib , then polar form is a + ib = r cos  + i r sin 
b b
 a = r cos  , b = r sin   sin  = =
r z
92. (A) If z = a + ib , then polar form is a + ib = r cos  + i r sin 
a a
 a = r cos  , b = r sin   cos  = =
r z
 26 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

93. (D) If z = a + ib , then polar form is a + ib = r cos  + i r sin 

r sin  b b
 a = r cos  , b = r sin   =  tan  =
r cos  a a
94. (D) In polar form x + iy = r ( cos  + i sin  )
 1 1 
95. (B) ( )
2 cos 450 + i sin 450 = 2 
 2
+i  =1+ i
2
1
96. (B) z = 3 + i  r = z = 3 +1 = 4 = 2 ,  = tan −1 = 300
3
So 3 + i = 2 ( cos300 + i sin 300 )
    3 1
97. (B) ( r, ) =  2, = 2

 cos + i sin  = 2 + i  = 3 + i
 6  6 6   2 2
1 3
98. (A) ( r,) = ( 2,600 ) = 2 ( cos 600 + i sin 600 ) = 2  + i  = 1 + 3i
2 2 
y 3
99. (B)  = tan −1 = tan −1 = 600
x 1
y
100. (D) As −1 − 3 i lies in III quadrant so ,  = −1800 + tan −1
x

− 3 3
 = −1800 + tan −1 = −1800 + tan −1 = −1800 + 600 = −1200
−1 1
y
101. (D) As − i lies in IV quadrant so ,  = − tan −1
x
−1 1
 = − tan −1 = − tan −1 = − tan −1  = −900
0 0
102. (D) arg ( z1 z2 ) = arg z1 + arg z2 = 1 + 2
z 
103. (C) arg  1  = arg z1 − arg z2 = 1 −  2
 z2 

( )
 1 + i 3 ( 2 + 2i ) 
104. (C) arg 
 3 −i 
( )
 = arg 1 + i 3 + arg ( 2 + 2i ) − arg 3 − i ( )
 
  1 
( )
= tan−1 3 + tan−1 (1) − − tan−1 

  = 60 + 45 + 30 = 135
 3 
0 0 0 0

3 +i
= cis ( 90 − 60 ) = cis30 = cos 30 + i sin 30 =
cis90 3 1
105. (B) + i=
cis 60 2 2 2
i
106. (B) e = cos + i sin 
 27 [UNIT − 1] Complex Numbers

( cos + i sin  ) = cos n + i sin n

n
107. (D)

( cos15 + i sin150 ) = cos 4 (150 ) + i sin 4 (150 ) = cos 600 + i sin 600 =
1 3
4
108. (A) 0
+i
2 2
109. (A) Voltage = (Current)(Resistance) V=IR
110. (A) Z = R+i X
V
111. (B) V =IZ  Z=
I
112. (B) V = (100,300 ) = 100 ( cos 300 + i sin 300 ) and I = ( 5,100 ) = 5 ( cos100 + i sin100 )

V 100 ( cos 30 + i sin 30 )

0 0

Z= = = 20 ( cos 200 + i sin 200 ) = ( 20 ,200 )

I 5 ( cos100 + i sin100 )
113. (A) 13 + (1 + 2i ) = 14 + 2i k = 2 + 3i
114. (C) 3 ( 2 + 3i ) = 6 + 9i
115. (C) k z = ( 2 + 2i )( 3 − i ) = 6 − 2i + 6i − 2i 2 = 8 + 4i
116. (A) k z = ( 2 + 3i )( 2 − 3i ) = 4 − 9i 2 = 4 + 9 = 13  kz = 13 = 13
117. (C) 4 + 5i = 4 − 5i
118. (C) use the inverse operation
119. (D) divide by 2 + 3i
120. (B) (15 + 4i ) − ( 2 + 3i ) = 13 + i