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RV College of
Engineering

Mass Transfer II
Dr. Ujwal Shreenag Meda
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemcial Engineering
RV College of Engineering

ujwalshreenagm@[Link]
8/18/2022
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Extraction
• Removal of solute from a solution using a solvent
• Liquid – liquid operation
• Separation happens when the solubility of solute is different in the two liquids
Reasons for preference over distillation
• Separation of close boiling liquids
• Separation of liquids with poor relative volatility.
• Separation of acetic acid water mixture using ethyl acetate.
• As a substitute for high vacuum or molecular distillation
• mixtures whose boiling points are high
• As a substitute for expensive evaporation
• Separation of mixtures that form azeotropes

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Extraction
• Operation involves three components Definitions:
• A – carrier liquid | B – solvent | C – solute • Feed – A solution containing the component
• A and B should be liquids of interest (solute) to be extracted
• Feed will be a mixture of A and C • Solvent – The liquid which has the ability to
• B is used to extract C from the mixture extract the solute from the feed
• Ideally A and B should be immiscible
• Extract – solvent rich stream obtained after
• Partially miscible system
extraction
• A and B are slightly miscible with each other
• Raffinate – the residual feed from which the
• C is soluble in both A and B
solute is removed (carrier rich stream)
• Immiscible system
• A and B are immiscible
• C is soluble in both A and B
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Partially miscible system

• A and B are slightly miscible
• After separation two layers will be formed
• A + C + little B – A rich layer / raffinate layer
• B + C + little A - B rich layer / extract layer
• Both the layers contain all the three components
Notation
F = feed, A+C in kg or kg/sec M = mixture = F + S = R + E in kg or kg/s of A+B +C
S = solvent, B or B+C in kg or kg/s x = mass fraction of C (solute) in raffinate kg C / kg (A+B+C)
R = raffinate in kg or kg/s of A+C+B y = mass of fraction of C (solute) in extract kg C / kg (A+B+C)
E = extract in kg or kg/s of B+C+A xm= mass of fraction of C (solute) in mixture kg C / kg (A+B+C)

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Selectivity
The ratio of the mass ratios of C and A in extract phase to that of the raffinate phase

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝛽=
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑦∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝛽= ×
𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡

Concentration of C in raffinate is x and the concentration of C in extract is y*

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Phase Diagram
• For a given system the equilibrium concentration
y* and x can be obtained at a given temperature
• The data is good enough to plot an equilibrium
curve
• The system consists of two phase and three
components each
• Equilibrium curve is not enough
• A phase diagram is required
• A triangular diagram is considered as there are
three components
Point M: 20% A, 20% B, 60% C
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Phase Diagram
• Base is 0% and apex is 100%
• A point on the line/side AB represents a mixture of
A and B, and like wise
• A point inside the triangle is a mixture of all 3
components
• % of two components is enough to determine the
composition of the third component
• When solvent B is added to the mixture of A+C, a
mixture of ABC is formed
• The mixture can be homogeneous or
hetirogeneous Point M: 20% A, 20% B, 60% C

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Phase Diagram
• Liquid – liquid equilibrium data
• Curve RPS is the equilibrium curve
• G1 & H1 – two phases in equilibrium
• G1 is rich in carrier
• H1 is rich in solvent
• G1H1 is the tie line
• Point P – Plait Point
• Demarcates the raffinate line and the extract
line
• RPS is a binodal curve (has two arms RP and PS)
P

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Phase Diagram
• When the solvent B is added to A+C, a mixture of
ABC is obtained.
• The mixture can be homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
• When the heterogeneous mixture is settled, two
equilibrium homogenous liquid layers are obtained
R (A rich) and E (B rich).
• The concentration of C in R and E are respectively
x and y*.

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Phase Diagram
Plait point
• Tie lines normally slope in one direction and need
not be parallel
• Innumerable tie lines can be drawn for a bi nodal
curve
• The tie lines merges at a point called plait point

Solutropic system
• A system in which the tie line is horizontal and
parallel to x axis
P

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Right-angle Triangle Diagram

• B and C are on either side of the right angle
• F will be a point on y axis between A and C
• Pure and 100% B is the corner to the right of the
right angle
The diagram is easy to draw and can be drawn on an
ordinary graph
Axis scales need not be the same

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Stagewise operation
Extract
E (B+C+A), kg
Extraction can be a 𝒚, kg C / kg (B+C+A)
• Single Stage Operation
• Multistage Cross-Current
Operation Feed Raffinate
F (A+C), kg R (A+C+B), kg
• Multistage Counter-Current 𝒙𝑭 , kg C / kg (A+C) 𝒙, kg C / kg (A+C+B)
Operation

Solvent
S (B / B+C), kg
𝒚𝒔 , kg C / kg (B+C)

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Multi Stage Cross-Current

Single Stage

Multi Stage Counter-Current

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Single stage operation

Mass balance
𝐹 + 𝑆 = 𝑀 = 𝐸 + 𝑅 … … (1) Extract
E (B+C+A), kg
𝐹𝑥𝐹 + 𝑆𝑦𝑠 = 𝑀𝑥𝑚 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 … … (2) 𝒚, kg C / kg (B+C+A)

𝐹𝑥𝐹 + 𝑆𝑌𝑠
𝑥𝑚 = … … (3)
𝑀 Feed Raffinate
F (A+C), kg R (A+C+B), kg
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 1, 𝒙𝑭 , kg C / kg (A+C) 𝒙, kg C / kg (A+C)

𝑅 = 𝑀 – 𝐸 … … (4)
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 2 & 4, Solvent
S (B / B+C), kg
𝑀 (𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥) = 𝐸 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) 𝒚𝒔 , kg C / kg (B+C)

(𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥)
𝐸 = 𝑀∙ … … (5)
(𝑦 − 𝑥)
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Finding R, E and their conc

• Draw binodal curve (%C vs %B) and the equilibrium curve (y - %C in extract vs x - %C in
raffinate)
• Locate F, S and connect the points
• Calculate 𝑥𝑚 from eq 3 and locate M on FS line.
• By trial and error (with the help of the eq curve), draw the tie line RE to get x and y
• Calculate E from eq 5, and R from eq 4

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Finding R, E and their conc

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Multistage Cross Current Operation

• Solvent is added externally in each stage
• Raffinate from the previous stage acts as Feed for the current stage

𝐸1 , 𝑦1 𝐸2 , 𝑦2 𝐸3 , 𝑦3

𝑅1 , 𝑥1 𝑅2 , 𝑥2
𝐹, 𝑥𝐹 𝑅3 , 𝑥3

𝑆1 , 𝑦𝑠 𝑆2 , 𝑦𝑠 𝑆3 , 𝑦𝑠

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Multistage Cross Current Operation

𝐸1 , 𝑦1 𝐸2 , 𝑦2 𝐸3 , 𝑦3
𝐼 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅1 , 𝑥1 𝑅2 , 𝑥2
𝐹 + 𝑆1 = 𝑀1 = 𝐸1 + 𝑅1 … … 1.1 𝐹, 𝑥𝐹 𝑅3 , 𝑥3

𝐹𝑥𝐹 + 𝑆1 𝑦𝑠 = 𝑀1 𝑥𝑚1 = 𝐸1 𝑦1 + 𝑅1 𝑥1 … … 1.2

𝐹𝑥𝐹 + 𝑆1 𝑦𝑠 𝑆1 , 𝑦𝑠 𝑆2 , 𝑦𝑠 𝑆3 , 𝑦𝑠
𝑥𝑚1 = … … 1.3
𝑀1
Construction: Same as single stage operation
𝑅1 = 𝑀1 − 𝐸1 … … 1.4
• 𝑀1 is located on 𝐹𝑆1 line at 𝑥𝑚1
𝑀1 𝑥𝑚1 = 𝐸1 𝑦1 + 𝑀1 − 𝐸1 𝑥1
• 𝐸1 𝑅1 is drawn through M1 by trial and error to find
𝑀1 𝑥𝑚1 − 𝑀1 𝑥1 = 𝐸1 𝑦1 − 𝐸1 𝑥1 𝑥1 and 𝑦1
𝑥𝑚1 − 𝑥1 • 𝐸1 and 𝑅1 are calculated from eq 5 and 4
𝐸1 = 𝑀1 … … 1.5
𝑦1 − 𝑥1 respectively
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Multistage Cross Current Operation

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Multistage Cross Current Operation

𝐸1 , 𝑦1 𝐸2 , 𝑦2 𝐸3 , 𝑦3
𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅1 , 𝑥1 𝑅2 , 𝑥2
𝑅1 + 𝑆2 = 𝑀2 = 𝐸2 + 𝑅2 … … 2.1 𝐹, 𝑥𝐹 𝑅3 , 𝑥3

𝑅1 𝑥1 + 𝑆2 𝑦𝑠 = 𝑀2 𝑥𝑚 2 = 𝐸2 𝑦2 + 𝑅2 𝑥2 … … 2.2

𝑅1 𝑥1 + 𝑆2 𝑦𝑠 𝑆1 , 𝑦𝑠 𝑆2 , 𝑦𝑠 𝑆3 , 𝑦𝑠
𝑥𝑚2 = … … 2.3
𝑀2
Construction: Same as single stage operation
𝑅2 = 𝑀2 − 𝐸2 … … 2.4
• 𝑀2 is located on 𝑅1 𝑆2 line at 𝑥𝑚2
𝑥𝑚2 − 𝑥2 • 𝐸2 𝑅2 is drawn through 𝑀2 by trial and error to find
𝐸2 = 𝑀2 … … 2.5
𝑦2 − 𝑥2
𝑥2 and 𝑦2
• 𝐸2 and 𝑅2 are calculated from eq 5 and 4
respectively
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Problem 1
200 kg of aqueous acetic acid solution containing 25% acetic acid is to be extracted with 150kg of
isopropyl ether solvent at 20˚C. Two batch extractions are to be done with fresh and pure solvent.
Estimate the quantities and compositions of the extract and raffinate products.

A 98.1 95.5 84.4 71.1 59.8 37.1

Water layer B 1.2 1.6 2.3 3.4 4.4 16.5

C 0.69 2.87 13.3 25.5 36.7 46.4

A 0.5 0.8 1.9 3.9 6.9 15.1

Ether layer B 99.3 98.4 93.3 84.7 71.5 48.7

C 0.18 0.79 4.82 11.4 21.6 36.2

A - water; B - ether; C - acetic Acid

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Multistage Counter Current Operation

• Extract and raffinate streams flow from one stage to other
• Final streams leaving the process, 𝑅𝑛𝑃 & 𝐸1

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Problem 2
Solute A is to be extracted counter currently from a mixture of A and B containing 40% by weight of A
using a solvent C. Raffinate should not contain more than 5% of A. Evaluate minimum solvent rate per
kg of feed and actual number of stages required when the actual solvent rate is twice the minimum
and stage efficiency is 75%. The following is equilibrium data.

C 95 89 75 65 55
Extract Layer (wt%)
B 2.5 2.9 3.5 5 10
C 2.5 3 5.5 8.5 15
Raffinate Layer (wt%)
B 92.5 87 65 50 40

Hint: After finding the number of stages through the graphical method, divide that number by the
efficiency fraction to get the actual number of stages at any efficiency lower than 100%.

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Immiscible System
• Operation involves three components Notations used:
• A – carrier liquid | B – solvent | C – solute A: Kg or kg/s of component A in feed or raffinate
• A and B should be liquids B: Kg or Kg/s of component B in solvent or extract
• Feed will be a mixture of A and C 𝑥 ′ : Kg of C / Kg of A [ mass of C/mass of A]
• B is used to extract C from the mixture 𝑦′: Kg of C/ Kg of B [mass of C/ mass of B]
• A and B should be immiscible 𝐴𝑥′: Amount of C in feed or raffinate
• C is soluble in both A and B 𝐵𝑦′: Amount of C in solvent or extract

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Single Stage Operation Extract

B, kg
Solute present in feed = 𝐴𝑥𝐹′ 𝒚′, kg C / kg B

Total feed = 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑥𝐹′ = 𝐴 1 + 𝑥𝐹′

Solute present in solvent = 𝐵𝑦𝑆′
Feed Raffinate
Total solvent = 𝐵 + 𝐵𝑦𝑆′ = 𝐵 1 + 𝑦𝑆′ A, kg A, kg
Solute present in raffinate = 𝐴𝑥′ 𝒙′𝑭 , kg C / kg A 𝒙′, kg C / kg A

Total raffinate = 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑥 ′ = 𝐴 1 + 𝑥 ′
Solute present in extract = 𝐵𝑦 ′
Solvent
Total extract = 𝐵 + 𝐵𝑦 ′ = 𝐵 1 + 𝑦 ′ B, kg
′
If the stage is ideal, 𝒚𝑺 , kg C / kg B

𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦′ are equilibrium concentrations

Equilibrium data is enough to solve problems in immiscible systems
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Solute Balance

𝐴𝑥𝐹′ + 𝐵𝑦𝑆′ = 𝐴𝑥 ′ + 𝐵𝑦′

′ ′ ′ ′
𝐴 𝑥𝐹 −𝑥 =𝐵 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑆

𝒚′ −𝒚′𝑺 𝑨
= −𝑩
𝒙′ −𝒙′𝑭

′ ′ ′ ′
This is a straight line connecting 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝐹 , 𝑦𝑆 with a slope of −A/𝐵.
For an ideal stage, 𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ are located on the equilibrium curve
In the above representation, 𝑦𝑠′ = 0 where the solvent is pure.
If the solvent is impure, point 𝑦𝑆′ sits slightly above x axis.

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The solute balance:

First Stage: Second Stage: Third Stage:
A(xF’- x1’) = B1(y1’- ys’) A(x1’- x2’) = B2(y2’- ys’) A(x2’- x3’) = B3(y3’- ys’)
′ ′
′
𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑠 ′ 𝐴 𝑦2′ − 𝑦𝑠′ 𝐴 𝑦3 − 𝑦𝑠 𝐴
′ ′ =− ′ ′ =− ′ ′ =−
𝑋1 − 𝑥𝐹 𝐵1 𝑋2 − 𝑥1 𝐵2 𝑋3 − 𝑥2 𝐵3
This is the operating line for This is the operating line for the This is the operating line for
the first stage. second stage. the third stage.
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If B1 = B2= B3 , all the stages are equal and the operating lines
are parallel.

Procedure for finding the number of stages:

1. Draw the equilibrium curve on mass ratio basis 𝑥 ′ 𝑣𝑠 𝑦′
2. Locate 𝑥𝐹′ , 𝑦𝑆′ . From this point on x axis (when the solvent is pure), draw a straight line with slope
− 𝐴/𝐵1 until it intersects equilibrium curve at (𝑥1′ , 𝑦1′ )
3. From 𝑥1′ , 𝑦1′ , draw a vertical line until it touches x axis. This point is 𝑥1′ , 𝑦𝑆′ .
4. From 𝑥1′ , 𝑦𝑆′ , draw a straight line with slope −𝐴/𝐵2 until it intersects equilibrium curve at 𝑥2′ , 𝑦2′ .
′
5. From 𝑥2′ , 𝑦2′ , draw a vertical line until it touches x axis. This point is ′
𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑆 .
6. Repeat the process until the desired concentration 𝑥𝑛′ is obtained. The number of lines with slope
− 𝐴/𝐵 is equal to the number of stages.
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Multistage counter current extraction

Solute balance:
A(xF’-xNp’) = B(y1’-ys’)

(y1’-ys’)/(xF’-xNp’) = (A/B)

This is the equation of a straight line

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Multistage counter current extraction

Solute balance:
A(xF’-xNp’) = B(y1’-ys’) or (y1’-ys’)/(xF’-xNp’) = (A/B)

This is the equation for the operating line connecting (xF’,y1’) and (xNp’,ys’) with
slope A/B. The line along with the equilibrium curve is shown below. The
number of theoretical stages can be obtained by the usual step construction.
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Procedure for finding the number of stages:

1. Draw the equilibrium curve on mass ratio basis 𝑥 ′ 𝑣𝑠 𝑦′
2. Locate 𝑥𝑁′ , 𝑦𝑆′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝐹′ . From 𝑥𝑁′ , 𝑦𝑆′ , draw a tangent to the equilibrium curve to get the slope
𝐴/𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛 . Calculate 𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛 using the straight line equation. Then calculate 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑡 .
3. Recalculate the slope 𝐴/𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑡 and draw the actual operating line. If B is given, the actual operating
line can be written directly.
4. Using the tangent, find out 𝑦1′ corresponding to 𝑥𝐹′ . Now locate the 𝑥𝐹′ , 𝑦1′ on the actual operating
line.
5. Do the stepwise construction from 𝑥𝐹′ , 𝑦1′ until 𝑥𝑁′ is reached, to determine the number of stages
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Minimum Solvent Rate:

This can be found from the slope of the operating line which touches the equilibrium
curve within the operating range.

𝐴
Slope = 𝐵
𝑚𝑖𝑛

From the slope, Bmin can be calculated.

′
𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑦𝑠′ 𝐴
′ ′ =−
𝑋𝐹 − 𝑥𝑁𝑝 𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛
Find Bmin.

Ymin’ is from the graph corresponding to xF

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Problem 3
Nicotine - water solution containing 1% nicotine is to be extracted with kerosene at 20°𝐶. Determine
the percentage extraction of nicotine if 100 kg of feed solution is extracted once with 150 kg solvent.
What will be the percentage of extraction of nicotine if it is carried out in three stages and solvent used
in each stage is 50 kg?

Kg Nicotine / kg
0 0.001011 0.00246 0.00502 0.00998 0.0204
Water
Kg Nicotine / kg
0 0.000807 0.001961 0.00456 0.00913 0.0187
Kerosene

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Problem 4
1000 kg/h of 25% dioxane in water is to be extracted continuously in a counter current fashion using
benzene to remove 95% of dioxane. Water and benzene are insoluble.
i. What is the minimum solvent required?
ii. If 900 kg /h of solvent is used, how many theoretical stages are required?

wt% dioxane in water 0 5.1 18.9 25.2

wt% dioxane in benzene 0 5.2 22.5 32.0

8/18/2022 Department of Chemical Engineering | RV College of Engineering | ujwalshreenagm@[Link] 36