Digital Design and System Architecture

Assignment ASSIGNMENT – 2

Subject Code U23ITTC01

Subject Digital Design and System Architecture

Assignment No. 2

Year / Sem / Sec I / II / B

Max Marks 20 Marks (2 × 10)

Questions Chosen Q2 and Q3

Course Outcome CO3 — Illustrate various sequential circuits

Knowledge Level K4 – Analyze | K5 – Evaluate

S. No. Section Page No.

1 Acknowledgement 1

2 Table of Contents 2

3 Introduction to Sequential Circuits 4

4 Vending Machine Controller 5

4.1 Introduction 5

4.2 Problem Definition 5

4.3 State Table 5

4.4 State Assignment 5

4.5 Flip-Flop Design (D Flip-Flop) 6

4.6 Logic Equations 6

4.7 Circuit Description 6

4.8 Working Principle 6

4.9 Advantages and Applications 7

5 Traffic Light Controller 8

5.1 Introduction 8

5.2 System Requirements 8

5.3 Counter Design 8

5.4 State Diagram 8

5.5 State Table 8

5.6 Flip-Flop Design (JK Flip-Flop) 9

5.7 Output Logic 9

5.9 Timing Analysis 9

5.10 Advantages and Applications 10

6 Conclusion 13

7 Bibliography 14
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my course instructor for their valuable
guidance and continuous support throughout the completion of this assignment on Digital
Design and System Architecture. Their clear explanations and structured teaching approach
greatly helped me in understanding the concepts of sequential circuits, flip-flops, and
counters.

I also extend my thanks to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering for
providing the necessary academic environment and resources required for this work. The
knowledge gained from lectures and study materials played a significant role in completing
this assignment effectively.

This assignment, which focuses on the design of a vending machine controller and a traffic
light controller, has enhanced my understanding of real-world applications of sequential
circuits and strengthened my analytical and problem-solving skills.

Finally, I would like to thank my classmates and peers for their support and helpful
discussions, which contributed to a better understanding of the subject.

Submitted By:
Name: _______________________
Register No: ________________
Date: _______________________
Introduction to Sequential Circuits

Sequential circuits are digital circuits whose output depends on both current inputs and
past output states, utilizing memory elements like flip-flops to store information. Unlike
combinational circuits, they possess feedback paths, allowing them to function as counters,
registers, and memory units, categorized into synchronous (clock-driven) and
asynchronous (event-driven) types.

Key characteristics:

 Depend on clock signals

 Memory Elements: Typically flip-flops or latches, which store the "state" of the
circuit.
 Combinational Logic: Interconnected gates that process inputs and current state
data.
 Feedback Path: Transmits data from the output back to the input, enabling the
storage of historical data.
 Store previous state information

 Used in control systems

Examples:

 Counters

 Registers

 Controllers (traffic, vending machines)

Introduction
A vending machine controller is a finite state machine that dispenses a product based on
inserted coins.

Problem Definition
The system accepts ₹5 and ₹10 coins and dispenses a product when ₹10 is reached.

State Table

Present State Input (₹5,₹10) Next State Output

S0 00 S0 0

S0 10 S5 0

S0 01 S10 1

S5 10 S10 1

S5 01 S10 1

2.5 State Assignment

Binary encoding:

 S0 = 00

 S5 = 01

 S10 = 10

2.6 Flip-Flop Design (D Flip-Flop)

Using 2 D flip-flops:

Let:
  Q1 Q0 = present state

 D1 D0 = next state

From state table, derive:

 D0 = function of inputs and Q

 D1 = function of inputs and Q

2.7 Logic Equations

From simplification:

 D0 = Q0'·X5 + Q0·X10

 D1 = X10 + (Q0·X5)

Output:

 Y = 1 when state = S10

2.8 Circuit Description

 Two D flip-flops store state

 Combinational logic generates next state

 Output logic triggers dispensing

 Reset brings system back to S0

2.9 Working Principle

1. Initial state = S0

2. Insert ₹5 → moves to S5

3. Insert another ₹5 → product dispensed

4. Insert ₹10 directly → instant dispense

5. System resets after output

Advantages:

 Simple design

 Fast operation

 Easily extendable

Applications:

 Vending machines

 Ticket systems

 Automated payment kiosks

Introduction
A traffic light controller is a sequential system that cycles through Green, Yellow, and Red
states.

3.2 System Requirements

 Three lights: Red, Yellow, Green

 Fixed timing sequence

 Automatic cyclic operation

3.3 Counter Design

Use MOD-3 counter:

States:

 0 → Green

 1 → Yellow

 2 → Red

3.4 State Diagram

Cycle:
Green → Yellow → Red → Green

3.5 State Table

Present State Next State Output

00 01 Green

01 10 Yellow
10 00 Red

3.6 Flip-Flop Design (JK Flip-Flop)

Using 2 JK flip-flops:

From excitation table:

Q Q+ J K

0 0 0X

0 1 1X

1 0 X1

1 1 X0

Derive:

 J1, K1

 J0, K0

3.7 Output Logic

 Green = Q1' Q0'

 Yellow = Q1' Q0

 Red = Q1 Q0'

3.8 Working Principle

1. Counter starts at Green

2. After clock delay → Yellow

3. Then → Red

4. Cycle repeats indefinitely

3.9 Timing Analysis

 Can use frequency divider

 Real-world signals use seconds delay

3.10 Advantages and Applications

Advantages:

 Fully automatic

 Reliable timing

 Scalable

Applications:

 Road intersections

 Railway crossings

 Industrial signaling
Conclusion
In this assignment, the design and analysis of two important real-world applications of
sequential circuits—namely, the vending machine controller and the traffic light controller
—were studied in detail. These systems demonstrate how digital logic can be effectively
used to model decision-making and time-dependent processes.

The vending machine controller was designed using the concept of a finite state machine
(FSM), where the system transitions between states based on external inputs such as coin
insertion. This design highlighted the importance of state diagrams, state tables, and flip-
flop-based implementation in achieving accurate and reliable control. The use of D flip-flops
and derived logic equations ensured proper state transitions and output generation, making
the system efficient and easy to implement.

On the other hand, the traffic light controller illustrated a time-driven sequential system
implemented using counters and JK flip-flops. The MOD-3 counter design enabled cyclic
transitions between traffic signals, ensuring smooth and systematic traffic flow. This part of
the assignment emphasized timing control, state sequencing, and output decoding, which
are essential in real-time control systems.

A comparative analysis between the two systems clearly showed the difference between
event-driven and time-driven designs, as well as FSM-based and counter-based approaches.
While the vending machine responds to user inputs, the traffic light operates based on
predefined timing intervals, highlighting different design methodologies within sequential
circuits.

Overall, this assignment reinforced the fundamental concepts of sequential logic design,
including state modeling, flip-flop implementation, and logic equation derivation. It also
demonstrated the practical significance of these concepts in designing automated systems
used in everyday life. The knowledge gained through this study will serve as a strong
foundation for further exploration in digital system design and embedded applications.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Digital Design, M. Morris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti, Pearson Education,

2. Digital Fundamentals, Pearson Education, 2015.

3. Digital Design Principles and Practices, Prentice Hall, 2006.

4. Fundamentals of Logic Design, Cengage Learning, 2014.

5. National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning, Digital Circuits and

6. Texas Instruments, SN74LS76 and SN74LS90 Datasheets, available at: