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Module-1 - Part-2 - Math2601 Numerical Methods

The document discusses error estimates for iterative methods in numerical calculations, focusing on the exponential function and its approximation using series. It highlights the significance of roundoff errors in digital computations, which can lead to unstable calculations and erroneous results. Additionally, it addresses truncation errors arising from approximations and introduces the Taylor series as a method for approximating smooth functions.

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6 views6 pages

Module-1 - Part-2 - Math2601 Numerical Methods

The document discusses error estimates for iterative methods in numerical calculations, focusing on the exponential function and its approximation using series. It highlights the significance of roundoff errors in digital computations, which can lead to unstable calculations and erroneous results. Additionally, it addresses truncation errors arising from approximations and introduces the Taylor series as a method for approximating smooth functions.

Uploaded by

petopo3983
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATH2601

NUMERICAL METHODS
by
Dr. R. Rajeswara Reddy
Head of the Department
Department of Mechanical Engineering
EXAMPLE 4.1 Error Estimates for Iterative Methods

Problem Statement. In mathematics, functions can represented by infinite


often be se-

ries. For example, the exponential function can be computed using


23
+.+ (E4.1.1)
2 31 n!

Solutlon. First, Eq. (4.7) employed to determine the


can be error criterion that ensures
a

result that is correct to at least three significant figures:

E, = (0.5 x 102-3)% = 0.05%

Thus, we will add terms to the series until e falls below this level.
The first estimate is simply equal to Eq. (E4.1.1) with a single term. Thus, the first
estimate is equal to 1. The second estimate is then generated by adding the second term as in

e= 1 +x

or for x =0.5

e0.5=
=1+0.5= 1.5

This represents a true percent relative error of [Eq. (4.3)]


=3 1.648721-1.5 X
100% = 9.02%
e,= 1.6487.5 × 100% = 9.02%
1.648721
iti true value app valuе et ea

1 1.648721 1.0000 39.3469


2 1.648721 1.5000 9.0204 33.3333
3 1.648721 1.6250 1.4388 7.6923
4 1.648721 1.6458 0.1752 1.2658
5 1.648721 1.6484 0.0172 0.1580
6 1.648721 1.6487 0.0014 0.0158
ROUNDOFF ERRORS

Roundoff errors arise because digital computers cannot represent some quantities ex-

actly. They are important to engineering and scientific problem solving because they
can lead to erroneous results. In certain cases, they can actually lead to a calculation
going unstable and yielding obviously erroneous results. Such calculations are said to

be ill-conditioned. Worse still, they can lead to subtler discrepancies that are difficult
to detect.
There are two major facets of roundoff errors involved in numerical calculations:

1. Digital computers have magnitude and precision limits on their ability to represent
numbers.
2. Certain numerical manipulations are highly
sensitive to roundoff errors. This can re-
sult from both mathematical considerations as well as from the way in which comput-
ers perform arithmetic operations.

Floating-Point Representatlon. Fractional quantities are typically represented in com-

puters using floating-point format. In this approach, which is very much like scientific
notation, the number is expressed as

±s xb

where s= the significand (or mantissa), b= the base of the number system being used, and
e = the exponent.
Truncation errors are those that result from using an approximation in place of an
exact mathematical procedure.

● In essence, the Taylor theorem states that any smooth function can be
approximated as a polynomial.
● The Taylor series then provides a means to express this idea mathematically in a
form that can be used to generate practical results.

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