2MARKS QUESTION

1. Define constructor with its syntax and enlist its types.

2. List and explain different access specifier.
3. Write short note on type casting.
4. Explain Conditional operator in java with example.
5. Explain any four features of Java.
6. What is the difference between String and String Buffer classes
in Java?
7. What are wrapper classes in Java? Explain with examples.

4MARKS QUESTION

1. Explain the concept of garbage collection in Java.

2. Explain shift operator in java with example
3. Write a program to accept 2 numbers from user and perform
arithmetic operations
4. Define a class Rectangle with length and breadth. Create a
default constructor and parameterized constructor to calculate
area of rectangle.
5. Explain any 4 String functions and 4 StringBuffer functions with
its syntax.
6. Write a program to insert 4 elements in vector of Integer type
and 4 elements of String type. Remove element at 6th index and
display vector.
7. Explain while loop and do while loop with example.
8. Explain logical and assignment operator with example
9. Explain bitwise operator in java with example

give answer of this according their marks [2,4]

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Define constructor with its syntax and enlist its types.

Constructor: A special member method used to initialize objects of a class. It has

the same name as the class and no return type.
Syntax:

java
 class ClassName {
ClassName() { // constructor
// initialization code
}
}

Types:

1. Default constructor (no parameters)

2. Parameterized constructor (with parameters)

3. Copy constructor (copies another object's values)

2. List and explain different access specifiers.

Access specifiers control visibility of class members:

1. private - Accessible only within the class

2. default (no specifier) - Accessible within same package

3. protected - Accessible within same package and subclasses

4. public - Accessible from anywhere

3. Write short note on type casting.

Type casting is converting one data type to another.

Two types:

1. Implicit (Widening) - Automatically by compiler (smaller to larger type)

int x = 10; double y = x;

2. Explicit (Narrowing) - Manual casting (larger to smaller type)

double x = 10.5; int y = (int)x;

4. Explain Conditional operator in java with example.

Conditional (Ternary) operator: ? :

Syntax: condition ? expression1 : expression2
Example:

java
 int a = 10, b = 20;
int max = (a > b) ? a : b; // max = 20

5. Explain any four features of Java.

1. Platform Independent - Write once, run anywhere (WORA) using bytecode

2. Object-Oriented - Supports OOP concepts (inheritance, polymorphism, etc.)

3. Secure - No explicit pointers, bytecode verification, sandbox environment

4. Multithreading - Built-in support for concurrent programming

6. What is the difference between String and String Buffer

classes?

String StringBuffer

Immutable (cannot change) Mutable (can change)

Stored in constant pool Stored in heap memory

Slower for concatenation Faster for modifications

StringBuffer sb = new
String s = "Hello";
StringBuffer("Hello");

7. What are wrapper classes in Java? Explain with examples.

Wrapper classes convert primitive data types into objects.

Examples:

int → Integer

char → Character

double → Double

boolean → Boolean

Example:

java
 int num = 10;
Integer obj = [Link](num); // boxing
int n = [Link](); // unboxing

4 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain the concept of garbage collection in Java.

Garbage Collection: Automatic memory management process that removes unused

objects to free memory.

How it works: JVM's garbage collector identifies objects no longer referenced

Advantages: Prevents memory leaks, no manual memory management needed

Methods: [Link]() suggests garbage collection (not guaranteed)

Example:

java

Object obj = new Object();

obj = null; // Object becomes eligible for GC

2. Explain shift operator in java with example

Shift operators move bits left/right:

1. Left Shift ( << ) - Shifts bits left, fills 0 at right

int x = 8; // 1000

x << 2; // 100000 = 32

2. Right Shift ( >> ) - Shifts bits right, preserves sign

int y = -8; // 111...1000

y >> 2; // 111...1110 = -2

3. Unsigned Right Shift ( >>> ) - Shifts bits right, fills 0 at left

int z = -8;

z >>> 2; // 001...1110 = large positive

3. Write a program to accept 2 numbers and perform arithmetic
operations

java

import [Link];
public class Arithmetic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter first number: ");
int a = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter second number: ");
int b = [Link]();

[Link]("Addition: " + (a + b));

[Link]("Subtraction: " + (a - b));
[Link]("Multiplication: " + (a * b));
[Link]("Division: " + (a / b));
[Link]("Modulus: " + (a % b));
[Link]();
}
}

4. Define a class Rectangle with constructors to calculate area

java

class Rectangle {
double length, breadth;

// Default constructor
Rectangle() {
length = 1.0;
breadth = 1.0;
}

// Parameterized constructor
Rectangle(double l, double b) {
length = l;
breadth = b;
}

double calculateArea() {
return length * breadth;
}
 public static void main(String[] args) {
Rectangle r1 = new Rectangle(); // uses default
[Link]("Default area: " + [Link]());

Rectangle r2 = new Rectangle(5.0, 3.0);

[Link]("Parameterized area: " + [Link]());
}
}

5. Explain any 4 String functions and 4 StringBuffer functions

String functions:

1. length() - Returns string length

2. charAt(int index) - Returns character at index

3. substring(int begin) - Returns substring from begin index

4. equals(String str) - Compares strings content

StringBuffer functions:

1. append(String str) - Appends string

2. insert(int offset, String str) - Inserts at position

3. delete(int start, int end) - Deletes subsequence

4. reverse() - Reverses the sequence

6. Program with Vector to insert elements and remove at index

java

import [Link];
public class VectorDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Vector v = new Vector();

// Add Integer elements

for(int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
[Link](i * 10); // Integer
}

// Add String elements

[Link]("Apple");
 [Link]("Banana");
[Link]("Cherry");
[Link]("Date");

[Link]("Original Vector: " + v);

// Remove element at 6th index (0-based)

[Link](6);

[Link]("After removing 6th index: " + v);

}
}

7. Explain while loop and do while loop with example

while loop: Entry-controlled, checks condition first

java

int i = 1;
while(i <= 5) {
[Link](i + " ");
i++;
} // Output: 1 2 3 4 5

do-while loop: Exit-controlled, executes at least once

java

int j = 1;
do {
[Link](j + " ");
j++;
} while(j <= 5); // Output: 1 2 3 4 5

Difference: do-while executes body before checking condition.

8. Explain logical and assignment operator with example

Logical operators: Combine boolean expressions

&& (AND): true && true = true

|| (OR): false || true = true

 ! (NOT): !true = false

Assignment operators: Assign values with operation

= : Simple assignment

+= : a += 5 (a = a + 5)

-= : a -= 3 (a = a - 3)

*= : a *= 2 (a = a * 2)

Example:

java

int a = 10;
a += 5; // a = 15
boolean x = true, y = false;
boolean z = x && y; // z = false

9. Explain bitwise operator in java with example

Bitwise operators work on bits:

1. & (AND) - 5 & 3 = 1 (0101 & 0011 = 0001)

2. | (OR) - 5 | 3 = 7 (0101 | 0011 = 0111)

3. ^ (XOR) - 5 ^ 3 = 6 (0101 ^ 0011 = 0110)

4. ~ (Complement) - ~5 = -6 (~0101 = 1010)

Example:

java

int a = 5, b = 3;
[Link]("AND: " + (a & b)); // 1
[Link]("OR: " + (a | b)); // 7
[Link]("XOR: " + (a ^ b)); // 6
[Link]("Complement of a: " + (~a)); // -6

Screenshot 2026-01-22… Screenshot 2026-01-22…

PNG 25.21KB PNG 59.99KB

Screenshot 2026-01-22…
 PNG 26.15KB

2MARKS QUESTION
1. Define inheritance and enlist the types of inheritance, which is
supported by java.
2. Define the interface with its syntax in java.
3. Explain method overriding with example.
4. Explain super keyword with example and uses.
5. Define static import with example in java.
6. Explain abstract class with methods.
4 MARKS QUESTION
1. Explain hierarchical inheritance with the diagram and example.
2. Explain Multilevel inheritance with the diagram and example.
3. Write short note on final keyword with example
4. Develop a program to create a class “Book” having data
members “author”, “title” and “price”. Derive a class “BookInfo”
having data member “stockposition” and “method to initialize and
display the information for three objects.
5. Explain concept of package with example.
6. Explain user defined packages with example.
7. Write java code for following fig(and give code name)

give answer of this according their marks [2,4]

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Define inheritance and enlist the types of inheritance

supported by Java.

Inheritance: A mechanism where a child class acquires properties and behaviors of

a parent class. It promotes code reusability and establishes IS-A relationship.

Types of inheritance supported by Java:

1. Single inheritance

2. Multilevel inheritance

3. Hierarchical inheritance

Note: Java does NOT support:

Multiple inheritance (through classes)

Hybrid inheritance
2. Define interface with its syntax in Java.

Interface: A blueprint of a class that contains only abstract methods (until Java 7)
and constants. From Java 8 onwards, it can have default and static methods too.

Syntax:

java

interface InterfaceName {
// constant fields (implicitly public static final)
int CONSTANT = 10;

// abstract methods (implicitly public abstract)

void methodName();

// default method (Java 8+)

default void defaultMethod() {
// implementation
}

// static method (Java 8+)

static void staticMethod() {
// implementation
}
}

3. Explain method overriding with example.

Method overriding: When a subclass provides a specific implementation of a

method already defined in its parent class.

Rules:

Method name and parameters must be same

Return type should be same or covariant

Cannot reduce visibility (private < default < protected < public)

Example:

java

class Animal {
void sound() {
 [Link]("Animal makes sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override
void sound() {
[Link]("Dog barks");
}
}

4. Explain super keyword with example and uses.

super keyword: Refers to immediate parent class object.

Uses:

1. To call parent class constructor

2. To call parent class methods

3. To access parent class variables

Example:

java

class Parent {
int x = 10;
}

class Child extends Parent {

int x = 20;

void display() {
[Link](x); // 20 (child's x)
[Link](super.x); // 10 (parent's x)
}
}

5. Define static import with example in Java.

Static import: Allows accessing static members of a class without class name
qualification.
Example:

java

// Without static import

import [Link];
double result = [Link](25);

// With static import

import static [Link].*;
double result = sqrt(25); // No need for [Link]()

6. Explain abstract class with methods.

Abstract class: A class declared with abstract keyword that cannot be instantiated.
It may contain abstract methods (without body) and concrete methods (with body).

Example:

java

abstract class Shape {

// Abstract method (no implementation)
abstract void draw();

// Concrete method (with implementation)

void display() {
[Link]("Displaying shape");
}
}

class Circle extends Shape {

@Override
void draw() {
[Link]("Drawing circle");
}
}

4 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain hierarchical inheritance with diagram and example.

Hierarchical inheritance: Multiple child classes inherit from a single parent class.

Diagram:

text

Class A (Parent)
/ | \
/ | \
Class B Class C Class D (Children)

Example:

java

class Animal {
void eat() {
[Link]("Eating...");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {
[Link]("Barking...");
}
}

class Cat extends Animal {

void meow() {
[Link]("Meowing...");
}
}

class Lion extends Animal {

void roar() {
[Link]("Roaring...");
}
}

2. Explain multilevel inheritance with diagram and example.

Multilevel inheritance: A class inherits from another class which itself inherits from
another class.

Diagram:
 text

Class A (Grandparent)
↓
Class B (Parent)
↓
Class C (Child)

Example:

java

class Grandfather {
void property() {
[Link]("Land property");
}
}

class Father extends Grandfather {

void car() {
[Link]("Car");
}
}

class Son extends Father {

void bike() {
[Link]("Bike");
}
}

// Son has access to property(), car(), and bike()

3. Write short note on final keyword with example.

final keyword: Used to restrict the user.

Three uses:

1. final variable - Cannot be changed (constant)

java

final int MAX_VALUE = 100;

// MAX_VALUE = 200; // Error: cannot assign new value
2. final method - Cannot be overridden

java

class Parent {
final void display() {
[Link]("Cannot override");
}
}

3. final class - Cannot be inherited

java

final class FinalClass {

// This class cannot be extended
}
// class Child extends FinalClass {} // Error

4. Program for Book and BookInfo classes

java

class Book {
String author, title;
double price;

// Constructor
Book(String author, String title, double price) {
[Link] = author;
[Link] = title;
[Link] = price;
}

void display() {
[Link]("Author: " + author);
[Link]("Title: " + title);
[Link]("Price: " + price);
}
}

class BookInfo extends Book {

int stockPosition;

// Constructor
 BookInfo(String author, String title, double price, int stockPosition) {
super(author, title, price);
[Link] = stockPosition;
}

@Override
void display() {
[Link]();
[Link]("Stock Position: " + stockPosition);
[Link]("------------------------");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create three BookInfo objects
BookInfo[] books = new BookInfo[3];

books[0] = new BookInfo("J.K. Rowling", "Harry Potter", 599.99, 50);

books[1] = new BookInfo("George Orwell", "1984", 399.99, 30);
books[2] = new BookInfo("Paulo Coelho", "The Alchemist", 299.99, 75);

// Display all books

for(BookInfo book : books) {
[Link]();
}
}
}

5. Explain concept of package with example.

Package: A grouping of related classes/interfaces. It helps in:

Organizing code

Preventing naming conflicts

Controlling access

Types:

1. Built-in packages ([Link], [Link], etc.)

2. User-defined packages

Example:
 java

// Save as [Link]
package mypackage; // Package declaration

public class Test {

public void display() {
[Link]("Hello from mypackage");
}
}

// Using the package

import [Link];

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Test obj = new Test();
[Link]();
}
}

6. Explain user-defined packages with example.

User-defined package: Created by programmers to organize their own classes.

Steps to create:

1. Declare package at top of file

2. Create directory structure matching package name

3. Compile with -d option

4. Import and use

Example:

text

Step 1: Create file [Link]

package [Link];

public class Calculator {

public int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
}
 Step 2: Create directory structure
math/operations/

Step 3: Compile
javac -d . [Link]

Step 4: Use in another class

import [Link];

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Calculator calc = new Calculator();
[Link]([Link](10, 20));
}
}

7. Write Java code for the given figures

For Screenshot 1 (Gross Interface):

java

// Gross Interface
interface Gross {
double TA = 5000; // Travel Allowance
double DA = 8000; // Dearness Allowance

double gross_sal(); // Abstract method

}

// Employee Class
class Employee {
String name;
double basic_sal;

Employee(String name, double basic_sal) {

[Link] = name;
this.basic_sal = basic_sal;
}
}

// Salary Class extending Employee and implementing Gross

class Salary extends Employee implements Gross {
double HRA; // House Rent Allowance
 Salary(String name, double basic_sal, double HRA) {
super(name, basic_sal);
[Link] = HRA;
}

@Override
public double gross_sal() {
return basic_sal + HRA + TA + DA;
}

void disp_sal() {
[Link]("Employee Name: " + name);
[Link]("Basic Salary: " + basic_sal);
[Link]("HRA: " + HRA);
[Link]("TA: " + TA);
[Link]("DA: " + DA);
[Link]("Gross Salary: " + gross_sal());
}
}

For Screenshot 2 (Exam Interface):

java

// Exam Interface
interface Exam {
int SportsMark = 20; // Constant
}

// Student Class
class Student {
int rollNo;
String sName;
int m1, m2, m3;

Student(int rollNo, String sName, int m1, int m2, int m3) {
[Link] = rollNo;
[Link] = sName;
this.m1 = m1;
this.m2 = m2;
this.m3 = m3;
}
}

// Result Class extending Student and implementing Exam

class Result extends Student implements Exam {
Result(int rollNo, String sName, int m1, int m2, int m3) {
 super(rollNo, sName, m1, m2, m3);
}

void display() {
int total = m1 + m2 + m3 + SportsMark;
[Link]("Roll No: " + rollNo);
[Link]("Student Name: " + sName);
[Link]("Marks - Subject1: " + m1);
[Link]("Marks - Subject2: " + m2);
[Link]("Marks - Subject3: " + m3);
[Link]("Sports Marks: " + SportsMark);
[Link]("Total Marks: " + total);
}
}

For Screenshot 3 (Multilevel Inheritance):

java

// Square Class
class Square {
double length;

Square(double length) {
[Link] = length;
}

double area() {
return length * length;
}
}

// Rectangle Class extending Square

class Rectangle extends Square {
double breadth;

Rectangle(double length, double breadth) {

super(length);
[Link] = breadth;
}

double rectarea() {
return length * breadth;
}
}

// Box Class extending Rectangle

 class Box extends Rectangle {
double height;

Box(double length, double breadth, double height) {

super(length, breadth);
[Link] = height;
}

double volume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}

void displayAll() {
[Link]("Square Area: " + area());
[Link]("Rectangle Area: " + rectarea());
[Link]("Box Volume: " + volume());
}
}

1. Explain Error and Exceptions. Explain Types of error.

2. Explain try catch finally Block With Synatx And Example.
3. Write a Program to accept password from user and throw
‘Authentication failure’ exception if password is incorrect.

give answer of this according their marks [4]

4 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain Error and Exceptions. Explain Types of error.

Error vs Exception:

Error Exception

Represents serious problems that Represents conditions that applications

applications should not try to catch might want to catch

Occurs due to lack of system resources Occurs due to program logic issues

Generally cannot be recovered from Can be recovered from using try-catch

Examples: OutOfMemoryError , Examples: IOException , SQLException ,

StackOverflowError NullPointerException
Error Exception

Belongs to [Link] class Belongs to [Link] class

Types of Errors:

1. Compile-time Errors (Syntax Errors)

Occur during compilation

Due to syntax violations

Example: Missing semicolon, wrong spelling

java

int x = 10 // Error: missing semicolon

[Link](x)

2. Runtime Errors (Exceptions)

Occur during program execution

Program compiles successfully

Example: Division by zero, array index out of bounds

java

int x = 10/0; // ArithmeticException

int[] arr = new int[5];
arr[10] = 50; // ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

3. Logical Errors

Program runs without crashing but produces wrong output

Due to incorrect algorithm/logic

Most difficult to detect

java

// Logical error: wrong formula for area of circle

double area = 2 * 3.14 * radius; // Should be 3.14 * radius * radius

2. Explain try-catch-finally Block with Syntax and Example.

Exception Handling Mechanism: Used to handle runtime errors gracefully.

Syntax:

java

try {
// Code that may throw exception
// Risky code
}
catch(ExceptionType1 e1) {
// Handle ExceptionType1
// Recovery code
}
catch(ExceptionType2 e2) {
// Handle ExceptionType2
// Recovery code
}
finally {
// Cleanup code
// Always executes (except [Link]())
}

Explanation:

1. try block: Contains code that might throw an exception

2. catch block: Catches and handles specific exceptions

3. finally block: Always executes (for cleanup operations)

Example:

java

public class ExceptionDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3};
int result = 0;

try {
[Link]("Try block started");
result = numbers[5] / 0; // This will throw ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExcepti
on
[Link]("This line won't execute");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
 [Link]("Caught ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: " + [Link]
ge());
result = numbers[0]; // Recovery: use first element
}
catch(ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Caught ArithmeticException: " + [Link]());
}
catch(Exception e) {
[Link]("Caught general Exception: " + [Link]());
}
finally {
[Link]("Finally block always executes");
[Link]("Cleaning up resources...");
}

[Link]("Result: " + result);

[Link]("Program continues normally...");
}
}

Output:

text

Try block started

Caught ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 5 out of bounds for length 3
Finally block always executes
Cleaning up resources...
Result: 1
Program continues normally...

Key Points:

Multiple catch blocks can handle different exceptions

Order of catch blocks matters (specific to general)

finally block executes even if exception occurs or not

finally doesn't execute if [Link](0) is called

3. Write a Program to accept password from user and throw

'Authentication failure' exception if password is incorrect.

java
import [Link];

// Custom Exception class

class AuthenticationFailureException extends Exception {
public AuthenticationFailureException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

public class PasswordAuthentication {

// Method to validate password

public static void validatePassword(String inputPassword)
throws AuthenticationFailureException {

// Correct password (in real scenario, this would be hashed and stored in DB)
String correctPassword = "Secure@123";

if () {
throw new AuthenticationFailureException(
"Incorrect password! Authentication failed.");
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("=== PASSWORD AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM ===");

[Link]("Enter your password: ");
String userPassword = [Link]();

try {
// Validate the password
validatePassword(userPassword);
[Link]("Authentication successful! Welcome.");

} catch (AuthenticationFailureException e) {
// Handle authentication failure
[Link]("ERROR: " + [Link]());
[Link]("Please try again with correct credentials.");

} finally {
// Cleanup
[Link]();
[Link]("Session terminated.");
}
 }
}

Alternative version with multiple attempts:

java

import [Link];

class AuthenticationFailureException extends Exception {

public AuthenticationFailureException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

public class EnhancedPasswordAuth {

private static final String CORRECT_PASSWORD = "Java@2024";
private static final int MAX_ATTEMPTS = 3;

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);
int attempts = 0;
boolean authenticated = false;

[Link]("=== ENHANCED AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM ===");

while (attempts < MAX_ATTEMPTS && !authenticated) {

attempts++;
[Link]("\nAttempt %d of %d\n", attempts, MAX_ATTEMPTS);
[Link]("Enter password: ");
String password = [Link]();

try {
authenticate(password);
authenticated = true;
[Link]("\n✅ Authentication successful!");
[Link]("Access granted to the system.");

} catch (AuthenticationFailureException e) {
[Link]("❌ " + [Link]());

if (attempts < MAX_ATTEMPTS) {

[Link]("Please try again.");
} else {
[Link]("\n🚨 Maximum attempts reached!");
[Link]("Account locked. Contact administrator.");
}
 }
}

[Link]();

if (authenticated) {
[Link]("\nWelcome to the system!");
}
}

public static void authenticate(String password)

throws AuthenticationFailureException {

// Check if password is empty

if (password == null || [Link]().isEmpty()) {
throw new AuthenticationFailureException("Password cannot be empty!");
}

// Check if password matches

if () {
throw new AuthenticationFailureException("Incorrect password!");
}
}
}

Sample Output 1 (Successful authentication):

text

=== PASSWORD AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM ===

Enter your password: Secure@123
Authentication successful! Welcome.
Session terminated.

Sample Output 2 (Failed authentication):

text

=== PASSWORD AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM ===

Enter your password: wrongpass
ERROR: Incorrect password! Authentication failed.
Please try again with correct credentials.
Session terminated.

Sample Output 3 (Enhanced version - multiple attempts):

text

=== ENHANCED AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM ===

Attempt 1 of 3
Enter password: test123
❌ Incorrect password!
Please try again.

Attempt 2 of 3
Enter password:
❌ Password cannot be empty!
Please try again.

Attempt 3 of 3
Enter password: Java@2024

✅ Authentication successful!
Access granted to the system.

W l t th t !