EFFICACY OF RED-HOT PEPPERS AS PHYTOBIOTICS FOR EGG-LAYING

QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix)

ALLEN JAMES ANTHONY P. TIONG

A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Agriculture and Veterinary

Medicine, President Ramon Magsaysay State University, San Marcelino Campus,
Zambales in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.

JUNE 2023
 Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
San Marcelino Campus
San Marcelino, Zambales

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled EFFICACY OF RED-HOT PEPPERS AS

PHYTOBIOTICS FOR EGG-LAYING QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix) prepared and
submitted by ALLEN JAMES ANTHONY P. TIONG is accepted and approved in
partial fulfilment for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.

SALVADOR S. SOQUILA, DVM, PhD ————————

Adviser Date

CHARLOTTE I. ACAYAN, DVM _______________

Co-Adviser Date

DAVID P. PILIEN, MSc _______________

Program Chairperson, BSA Date

SALVADOR S. SOQUILA, DVM, PhD _______________

Dean, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Date

ii
 Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
San Marcelino Campus
San Marcelino, Zambales

This thesis entitled EFFICACY OF RED-HOT PEPPERS AS

PHYTOBIOTICS FOR EGG-LAYING QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix) prepared and
submitted by ALLEN JAMES ANTHONY P. TIONG has been examined and herby
recommended for Oral Presentation.

SALVADOR S. SOQUILA, DVM, PhD

Adviser

CHARLOTTE I. ACAYAN, DVM

Co-Adviser

Approved by the Committee on oral examination with the grade of __ in June

2023.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

DAVID P. PILIEN, MSc

Chairman

RONEL S. DE GUZMAN, Msc SANNY C. BABERA, PhD

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.

SALVADOR S. SOQUILA, DVM, PhD

Dean, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

iii
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author, Mr. ALLEN JAMES ANTHONY P. TIONG, was born on August 17,

1999, at Castillejos, Zambales. He was the second child of a loving mother Mrs. Marites

P. Tiong and Father Mr. Enrique F. Tiong. He finished his primary education at San

Agustin Elementary School in Castillejos, Zambales, in 2012. He completed his High

School at St. Nicholas Academy of Castillejos Inc., in Castillejos, Zambales in 2018.

He enrolled on a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture at President Ramon

Magsaysay State University-San Marcelino Campus, San Marcelino, Zambales, to

cultivate his passion for agriculture. Passed through delays and hardships in college, his

determination to graduate was greater and continued until this Thesis manuscript was

finished.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First, the author would like to thank the Almighty God for, without His blessings

and graces, this study would not be possible.

The author would like to express his deepest gratitude to the following people

who spent their time and provided support and guidance in all possible ways for the

completion of this study:

To Dr. Salvador S. Soquila, adviser, for his recommendations, encouragement,

and leadership that helped the author succeed in and successfully complete this study; for

sharing all of his knowledge and ideas for the study's improvement.

To Dr. Charlotte I. Acayan, for sharing her idea and knowledge in creating this

study. For supporting the author and his fellow students from the start to the end.

To Mr. Ronel S. De Guzman, panel, and statistician, for his invaluable support,

guidance, pieces of advice, suggestions, and provisions that helped the author much in the

completion and success of this study; for sharing all his knowledge and ideas for the

betterment of the study and for helping the author in analyzing the data and its statistical

computations. Also, for extending unending help as the author finishes his manuscript.

To Mr. El Don Meiji L. Estrella, Mr. Norman D. Padua, and Ms. Mary Grace M.

Ladao, for going out of their ways in helping the researcher complete the study.

To the faculty members of the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

headed by Dr. Salvador S. Soquila for their constant patience and motivation, which led

the author to finish the study.

v
 To the chairman of the panel of examiners, Prof. David P. Pilien, and its

members, Mr. Ronel S. De Guzman and Dr. Sanny Babera, for giving helpful suggestions

for the improvement of the study.

To Mr. and Mrs. Hayden and Norma Spalding, for all the financial and moral

support which greatly help in making the success of the study possible.

Last but not least, his sincerest thanks to his mother, Mrs. Marites P. Tiong, for

their unequivocal support throughout and for giving their bests to make him prouder of

himself.

ALLEN JAMES ANTHONY P. TIONG

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

APPROVAL PAGE iii

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF APPENDICES xii

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES xiii

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES xiv

ABSTRACT xv

INTRODUCTION 1

Rationale 1

Objectives of the Study 4

Scope and Limitation of the Study 4

Significance of the Study 4

Definition of Terms 5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7

Quail Production in the Philippines 7

Characteristics of Capsicum 9

Description of Phytobiotics 12

vii
 Phytobiotic Property of Capsicum

METHODOLOGY 15

Experimental Treatments and Design 15

Experimental Lay-out 15

Research Location 16

Research Procedures 17

Construction of Quail Cages 17

Procurement of Chicks 17

Disinfecting of Cages 17

Brooding of Chicks 17

Quail Cages Management 17

Feeding and Drinking Management 18

Weighing of Birds 18

Production Parameters Assessment 18

Data Gathered 18

Statistical Analysis 20

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21

Efficacy of RHP on the Average Weight per Bird 21

Efficacy of RHP on the Average Daily Gain 22

Efficacy of RHP on the Feed Conversion Ratio 24

Efficacy of RHP on Egg Production 26

Efficacy of RHP on Laying Efficiency 28

Efficacy of RHP on the Average Egg Weight 29

viii
 Cost of Production 32

Return on Investment 33

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 34

LITERATURE CITED 35

APPENDICES 42

CURRICULUM VITAE 58

LIST OF FIGURES

ix
FIGURE PAGE

1 Experimental lay-out 15

2 Research location 16

x
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1 Average Weight per Bird (g) 21

2 Average Daily Gain (g) 23

3 Feed Conversion Ratio 25

4 Number of Eggs Produced 27

5 Laying Efficiency (%) 28

6 Average Egg Weight (g) 30

7 One Year Cost of (Production Projection) 31

8 Sales Projection 32

xi
 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE

A ANOVA Tables 43

B LSD Tables 45

C Materials and Inputs 48

D Measuring Tools 51

E Documentation 53

xii
 LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES

FIGURE

1 Quails and Quail Cage

2 Chili Powder

3 Nutrient Analysis of Commercial Feeds Used

4 Logbook

5 Commercial Feeds

6 Quail Cage

7 Digital Weighing Scale

8 Arrival of chicks

9 Brooding of chicks

10 Weighing of Commercial Feeds

11 Weighing of Chili Powder

12 Mixed Commercial Feeds and Chili Powder

13 Egg Collection

14 Harvested Eggs

15 Weighing of Eggs

xiii
 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLE

TABLE PAGE

1 ANOVA of the Average Weight per Bird (g) 43

2 ANOVA of the Average Daily Gain (g) 43

3 ANOVA of the Feed Conversion Ratio 43

4 ANOVA of the Number of Eggs Produced 44

5 ANOVA of the Laying Efficiency (%) 44

6 ANOVA of the Average Egg Weight (g) 44

7 LSD of the Average Weight per Bird (g) 45

8 LSD of the Average Daily Gain (g) 45

9 LSD of the Feed Conversion Ratio 46

10 LSD of the Number of Eggs Produced 46

11 LSD of the Laying Efficiency (%) 47

12 LSD of the Average Daily Gain (g) 47

xiv
 ABSTRACT

TIONG, ALLEN JAMES ANTHONY P. President Ramon Magsaysay State

University, San Marcelino Campus, San Marcelino, Zambales, June 2023 “EFFICACY
OF RED-HOT PEPPERS AS PHYTOBIOTICS FOR EGG-LAYING QUAIL
(Coturnix coturnix).”

Adviser: SALVADOR SOQUILA, DVM, PhD

Co-Adviser: CHARLOTTE ACAYAN, DVM

The study was performed to determine the effects of the different amount of red-
hot pepper powder supplemented in feed ration to the feed ration of quails. Specifically,
the study aims to determine the effects of supplementing red-hot pepper powder to the
average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, average weight per bird, laying efficiency
average egg produced and egg weight of quail. Completely randomize design with four
treatments and three replications was used. As for experimentation, quails received no
RHP powder in Treatment 1 (control group), Treatment 2 (6% RHP powder) and
Treatment 3 (8% RHP powder) with seventeen samples per replication.

Results showed that Treatment 3 performed a significant difference in terms of

the average weight per bird, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, number of eggs
produced, laying efficiency and average egg weight. The least significant difference
(LSD) analysis showed a significant difference among the control and experimental
groups. Therefore, the application of 8% RHP powder in the feed ration of quails is
recommended.

Keywords: Quails, Red-hot peppers, egg production, growth efficiency

xv
 INTRODUCTION

Farming quails is economically viable and technically feasible because quails are

quite resistant to various diseases, reach sexual maturity at 6 weeks of age and easily

adapt to various rearing conditions. Quail are hardy birds that thrive in small cages and

are inexpensive to keep. They are affected by common poultry diseases but are fairly

disease resistant. Japanese quail mature in about 6 weeks and are usually in full egg

production by 50 days of age. With proper care, hens should lay 200 eggs in their first

year of lay. Life expectancy is only 2 to 2½ years (Randall & Bolla 2008).

Quail eggs are a mottled brown color and are often covered with a light blue,

chalky material. Each hen appears to lay eggs with a characteristic shell pattern or color.

Some strains lay only white eggs. The average egg weighs about 10 g, about 8% of the

bodyweight of the quail hen. Young chicks weigh 6–7 g when hatched and are brownish

with yellow stripes. The shells are very fragile, so handle the eggs with care (Randall &

Bolla 2008). Quail eggs are the good source of nutrients for human health. Many people

especially in Asian countries consume quail eggs. Even though quail eggs are small in

size, their nutritional value is three to four times greater than chicken eggs and is packed

with vitamins and minerals (Thomas et al., 2016).

Throughout the world antibiotics have been used extensively as growth promoters

in animal feeds for a large number of years, especially in the fields of poultry and pig

production. However, objections to the use of growth-promoting antibiotics are

increasing as consumers fear that their use in livestock feeds may lead to the development

of antibiotic resistant bacteria which are harmful to humans. The use of antibiotics as

growth promoters (AGP) in the poultry industry has been under severe criticism. On the
 2

other hand, the removal of antibiotics as growth promoters in the poultry industry might

have negative economic impacts, which raises concern for finding alternatives for

GPA (Windisch et al., 2008). Developments in the production of antibiotics and their

effectiveness on livestock performance have resulted in the intensive use of these

synthetic substances. Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used widely in

livestock production for almost 50 years. However, the use of antibiotics as growth

promoters in poultry and livestock production is facing serious disapproval as a result of

resistance in bacteria and the residues in meat and other products (Olumide et al., 2020).

Previous studies have reported some beneficial effects of using phytogenic feed

additives, such as their influence on lipid metabolism, ability to stimulate digestion,

antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and anti-inflammatory potential (Brenes &

Roura, 2010). Most of the published results demonstrate reduced feed intake with a

largely unchanged body weight gain or final body weight, leading to an improved feed

conversion ratio when using phytogenic feed additives (Jang et al., 2007). Furthermore,

several available alternatives are commonly being used, including probiotics, prebiotics,

phytogenic feed additives, and so forth. Phytogenic feed additives include a wide range

of plants and plant-derived compounds, such as essential oils and oleoresins (Windisch et

al., 2008). These kinds of products have several advantages, one of which is that they are

residue-free; furthermore, they are commonly used compounds in the food industry, and

are generally recognized as safe additives (Varel, 2002).

Apart from an important role of medicinal herbs, aromatic plant, and spices in

daily human nutrition for enhancement of taste, aroma and color of food, these additives

have also been efficiently used in animal nutrition for improvement of animal health and
 3

wellbeing (Puvača et al., 2014). Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) are also known as

herbs or phytobiotics used in traditional treatments. They could be used as alternatives to

antibiotics (Gheisa & Kim 2017), Chili pepper (Capsicum) shows antioxidant activities.

Decreases lipid peroxidation as it is a rich source of carotenoids such as vitamins C and

E, and provitamin A. Capsaicin, found in spicy red pepper, has several biochemical and

pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, and

anticarcinogenic effects, and may reduce the risk of cancer (Munglang & Vidyarthi,

2019).

As the use of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs) are still widely practiced in

the local quail industry, it is important to find natural alternatives in order to eliminate the

risk associated with the use of antibiotics in feed rations, without compromising the

growth and productiveness of common quails. As such phytobiotic compounds such as

those found on chilli peppers offers promising results without those risk.

Objectives of the study

Generally, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing powdered red-
hot peppers (RHP) to the diet of week-old common quail chicks.

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1) Determine the effects of powdered red-hot peppers (RHP) to the Average Daily
Gain (ADG) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of domesticated quail.
2) Determine the effects of powdered red-hot peppers (RHP) to egg production in
terms of quantity, and average egg weight.
3) Evaluate the profitability of using powdered red-hot peppers (RHP) to egg laying
quails
 4

Scope and Limitation

The study focused on the evaluation of the effects of powdered RHP as

phytobiotics to the growth of common quails then later on assess their egg production

from the onset of egg laying until two months later. The study utilized a complete

randomize design. A total of two hundred four quail chicks, will be divided into four

treatments with each treatments replicated thrice.

Significance of the study

The result of the study can provide farmers, consumers, and researchers the

information regarding the effects of applying different amounts of powdered ginger as

feed additive for egg laying quails. The following are the beneficiaries of the study:

Farmers. The result of the study will provide practical and low-cost technology for

farmers in quail production.

Community. The result of the study can provide an avenue for the people in the

community to serve as livelihood and venture into quail production.

Future researchers. This study may guide future researchers conducting similar

research, as their additional literature, for the study’s further development and

improvement.

Researchers. This research will be used to clarify circumstances that disturb the

intellectual curiosity of the researchers. This will also fulfil the research requirement of

the researchers as an educational benefit.

 5

Definition of Terms

The following terms were used in the study:

RHP. Red-hot Pepper, cultivars belonging to Capsicum annum and Capsicum frutascens

Quails. It is a small, short-tailed game birds classified in the families Phasianidae and

Odontophoridae resembling partridges but generally smaller and less robust.

Phytobiotics. These are plant compounds believed to have growth inducing effects on

live stocks.

Phytogenics Feed Additives. Plant derivatives that are added to feed rations.

AGP. Antibiotic growth promoters or AGP is used to describe any medicine that destroys

or inhibits bacteria and is administered at a low, sub therapeutic dose. The use of

antibiotics for growth promotion has arisen with the intensification of livestock farming.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Quail Production in the Philippines

According to the report of Philippines Statistics Authority (2012) quail is the third

most common type of poultry raised in the country, with approximately two million birds

raised way back in 2012.

Around 10% of all table eggs number in the world come from quail and their meat

represents about 0.2% of the global poultry production. The domestic quail population

involved in production of meat and eggs represents around 11.8% of all productive birds,

placing them second after laying hens. China, Spain, France, Italy, Brazil, the USA and

Japan are global leading countries in quail farming. Contemporary domesticated Japanese

quail, widely used in agricultural practice, originate from wild Japanese breeds (C.

japonica). The wild Asian quail is similar to common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and until

recently, was accepted as its subspecies (Coturnix coturnix japonica) (Lucanov, 2019).

Characteristics of Capsicum

In their study about inhibition of growth of some foodborne pathogenic bacteria

by Capsicum annum extract, Dorantes et al. (2000) stated that the pungency of chili

peppers is due to the accumulation of capsaicinoids (also known as capsinoids, a group of

naturally produced compounds that are unique to the Capsicum genus.

Howard et al. (2000) in a study about changes in phytochemical and antioxidant

activity of selected pepper cultivars, they stated that peppers are rich in vitamin C,

vitamin A, vitamin E most B vitamins and in particular vitamin B5.

 7

The Capsicum species are members of the Solanaceae family (tribe Solaneae,

subtribe Capsicinae), which includes tomato, potato, tobacco, and petunia. This genus

contains about 31 species (Moscone et al., 2007).

Pawar et al. (2011) in a study about chilies as food, spice, and medicine they

stated that chili peppers are rich in many minerals, vitamins, and amino acids essential for

human health and growth.

Salam (2015) reported that on biochemical studies on peppers as specific

foodstuffs, he stated that peppers are very high in potassium, magnesium, iron and rich in

calcium and phosphorus.

Srinivasan (2016) state about the biological processes of red peppers,

stated that capsaicinoids are the main source of the spicy flavors of chili

peppers, and capsaicin constitutes approximately 69% of the capsaicinoids,

which is considered as the

main pungent ingredient. The content of capsaicin varies greatly among

different chili peppers, resulting in differences in the pungency of the

pepper fruit.

Capsicum spp. fruits are abundant reservoirs of carotenoids such as lutein, β-

carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, capsanthin and capsorubin.

Carotenoid accumulation profiles change depending on the cultivar, stage of ripening and

fruit color (Baenas et al., 2019).

Chili pepper (Capsicum) shows antioxidant activities. Decreases lipid

peroxidation as it is a rich source of carotenoids such as vitamins C and E, and

 8

provitamin A. Capsaicin, found in spicy red pepper, has several biochemical and

pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, and

anticarcinogenic effects, and may reduce the risk of cancer (Munglang and Vidyarthi,

2019). Additionally, carotenoids are powerful antioxidant agents. They act on a wide

range of oxidizing radicals through the electron transfer process. Their antioxidant

properties are usually associated with the capacity to remove free radicals and single

oxygen. The interaction of carotenoids with reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be carried

out through oxidation, reduction, hydrogen atom abstraction or additional reactions

( Ribeiro et al., 2019).

Description of Phytobiotics

In a study regarding bioflavonoids' effects reach beyond productivity feed mix,

Bote (2004) defined phytobiotics to be classified as herbs from flowering, non-woody

and non-persistent plants, botanicals or spices from non-leaf parts like seeds, fruits, bark

or root, essential oils or extracts and oleoresins.

According to Liu (2004) in his study about the potential synergy of

phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action, phytobiotics, also referred to

as phytochemicals or phytogenics, are a broad subset of plant-derived bioactive

compounds. Thus far, more than 5,000 individuals dietary phytobiotics have been

identified in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, herbs, and essential oils.

Phytobiotics have also been defined as non-nutritive compounds and are therefore

distinguished from the nutrients found in plants, such as vitamins and minerals.

Phytobiotics can be divided into the following six categories, phenolic compounds,

alkaloids, nitrogen-containing compounds, organosulfur.

 9

Phytobiotics are synthesized by plants to offer protection against invasive

pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They also protect DNA and photosynthetic

apparatus from oxidative damage in plants caused by ultraviolet radiation (Tsao & Deng,

2016).

In a review by Gadde et al. (2017) about alternatives to antibiotics for

maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry they stated that

phytochemicals, also referred to as phytobiotics or phytogenics, are natural bioactive

compounds that are derived from plants and incorporated into animal feed to enhance

productivity.

Valenzuela-Grijalva et al. (2017) proposed four principal mechanisms by which

phytobiotics may induce growth promotion: i) an improvement in feed status and feed

consumption based on the flavor and palatability of the supplemented phytobiotics; ii)

modulation of ruminal fermentation due to the antimicrobial effects; iii) an improvement

in nutrient digestion and absorption with the augmentation of intestinal functions; and iv)

direct and indirect anabolic activity on target tissues via the activation of endocrine and

antioxidative defense systems.

Phytobiotic Property of Capsicum

El-Husseiny et al. (2002) on their study about the response of broiler performance

to diets containing hot pepper, and/or fenugreek (an annual plant in the family Fabaceae)

at different metabolizable energy levels they found that broiler chicks fed RHP had

significantly higher Bwt (body weight), dressing percentage, and lower mortality rates

than those fed control or fenugreek diets.

 10

Ozer et al. (2005) in their study about the effects of feeding a diet containing red

hot pepper on the reproductive organs of the chicken reported that, follicular

development in the treated group was faster and laying started 11 days before the control

group, and the epithelial and muscular development of the oviduct was always greater

than that of the control group.

The results indicated that red hot pepper consumed in lower concentrations during

the development period in the chickens caused faster development of the reproductive

system organs. Laying started 11 days earlier in chicks fed with the red-hot pepper added

diet, an important economic aspect for egg producers, but which may have implications

for other animals (Ozer et al., 2005). Additionally, according to Ozer et al. (2006) the use

of chili pepper fruits in broiler and layer diets significantly enhanced FI (feed intake),

darkened the yolk color and improved laying performance.

Active content of hot pepper, capsaicin, has in vitro activity against H. pylori and

may be a useful alternative treatment strategy. This may provide a new and alternative

treatment approach in eradication of metronidazole-resistant strains. The profound effect

of capsaicin on H. pylori suggests that small doses of capsaicin can help in treatment of

gastric and duodenum ulcer (Zeyrek & Ogus, 2005).

Eldeep et al. (2006) reported that the WG of broiler birds was significantly (P <

0.05) higher in chickens fed a diet supplemented with a combination of corn oil and RHP

and a combination of corn oil RHP, and botanical extract compared with those fed a diet

supplemented with a combination of botanical extract and RHP.

 11

The inclusion of hot red pepper at levels of 0.50%, 0.75% and 1% in the diets

improved body weight gain and conversion ratio improved at levels 0.50%, 0.75% and

1%. At the same time the hot red pepper of 0.25%, 0.75% and 1% depressed the

cholesterol, Hb, RBC and H/L ratio concentration. It was concluded that use of hot red

pepper as feed additive at 0.50%, 0.75% and 1% enhanced the overall performance of

broiler chicks (Al-Kassie et al., 2011).

Lokaewmanee et al. (2011) reported that no significant difference in hen-day

production and egg mass among the experimental groups fed 0.5% RHP but

reported that capsanthin improved eggs color and was responsible for the deep red

color of the egg yolk.

Afolabi et al. (2017) found that the performance at the end of seventh week

revealed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher daily WG in birds fed diets with different

concentrations of RHP (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%) than in birds fed the control diet.

Younis and Abdel-Latif (2017) reported that the WG of broiler birds was

significantly (P < 0.05) higher on water supplemented with 1% RHP and a diet

supplemented with 2% RHP than on the control diet.

Dietary RPO (red pepper oil) or BPO (black pepper oil) can affect some growth

traits, improve immunity parameters and the antioxidant activity, and decrease the lipid

profile and lipid peroxidation. The use of 0.5 g RPO/kg diet as a dietary supplement had a

larger effect on growth parameters than the other treatment groups (Abdelnour et al.,

2018).
 12

Significant (P < 0.05) improvements in laying performance (egg production, egg

weight, and egg mass by 10 to 30 g/kg) as well as egg quality traits were observed

through the dietary inclusion of RHP compared with the control group however, there

were no significant effects on the yolk weight percentage (Abou-Elkhair et al., 2018).

Munglang and Vidyarthi (2019) in their review about hot red pepper powder

supplementated diet of broiler chicken, they stated that capsaicin, found in spicy red

pepper, has several biochemical and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant,

anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, and anticarcinogenic effects, and may reduce the risk

of cancer.

RHP can boost pancreatic and intestinal enzyme activity, enhance bile acid

secretion, and increase body weight (Bwt) in broiler chickens, as well as reduce heat

stress and improve feed digestibility, feed intake (FI), feed conversion efficiency,

mortality, carcass features, blood parameters, and production cost (Munglang and

Vidyarthi, 2019).

Several economic benefits (cost-benefit ratio) were reported with the

supplementation of RHP to broiler bird diet, including improved performance, WG,

FI, FCR, and blood parameters, as well as antimicrobial effect and intestinal

histomorphology enhancement, thus resulting in the highest profitability ratio (Abd El-

Hack et al., 2022).

Safavipour et al. (2022) reported that egg production, feed intake, and body

weight changes were independent of increasing PFA levels (0, 125, 250, 500, or

1000 mg/kg) in meat-type Japanese quail breeder diets. However, dietary PFA not only
 13

increased egg weight and feed efficiency, but also reduced the percentage of defective

eggs and increased the percentage of settable eggs.

The HPWP (Hot Pepper Waste Powder) used in this study increased egg yield and

egg weight at 2 g/kg level without affecting the health status of birds, their feed intake

and body weight changes. However, this level tended to increase egg quality for shape

index, albumen weight, albumen pH and color. Above all, HPWP can be obtained easily

and economically from red pepper paste industry waste. Also, this usage in poultry

nutrition can contribute to the prevention of environmental pollution. For this reason,

HPWP can be used for quail layer diets due to its beneficial effects on egg quality and

albumen pH (Filik et al., 2020).

 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The materials used in this study were 153 heads of week-old quails, RHP powder,

commercial feeds, cage, incandescent and led light bulbs, feeding trough, waterers,

crates, disinfectant solution and weighing scale.

Experimental Design and Treatments

The study utilized a Complete randomize design (CRD) with three (3)

different treatments, three (3) replications, and seventeen (17) samples per

replications. One hundred fifty-three (153) heads of week-old domesticated quails

were used in the study.

The treatments are as follows:

Treatment 1 – Control group.

Treatment 2 - 6% or 60g/kg of additional RHP powder plus commercial feeds.

Treatment 3 - 8% or 80g/kg of additional RHP powder plus commercial feeds.

Experimental Layout

The study was conducted at Barangay San Agustin Castillejos, Zambales.

A 10 square meter piece of land was utilized as the site to where the actual cage

was situated. The cage has a dimension of 4 feet in length, 1.5 foot in width and

will have 3 sub-units as divider. It also has an elevation of 1.5 feet.

 15

Figure 1. Experimental Layout

 16

Figure 2. Research Location

Research Procedures

Construction of Quail Cages

The cage housed the samples, it will provide them safety from predators and

comfort from external elements. A vertical cage was constructed from steel bars, it has

three columns, each column were 4 feet long 1.5 feet wide and ¾ foot high, it was

divided into three compartments which represented each treatment. The cage also has 1

foot ground elevation.

Disinfecting the Cages

The cage was disinfected using a disinfecting solution diluted in water, a pressure

pump bottle spray was used to spray the solution over the cages, in order to remove dust

and dirt as well as eliminate disease causing microorganisms. Disinfection was done a

few days before the arrival of the chicks.

Brooding of Chicks

Brooding protected the fragile chicks from abrupt and sudden changes in

temperature. The chicks are first housed in a brooder to provide them with ideal ambient

temperature. To prevent too low temperatures at nighttime, incandescent lights were

used. After 14 days the brooding process was finished.

Quail Cages Management

 17

The cage was divided into three, each partition represented a particular treatment.

Regular cleaning was done, in order to prevent the occurrence of disease and in the

process maintain the health of the sample groups. Incandescent light bulbs were installed

in each compartment, also individual drinkers and feeding through were provided for

each sample group.

Feeding and Drinking Management

The chicks were fed a diet corresponding to the treatments they were assigned.

Starter feed was used for the first 5 weeks, there after a developer feed was gradually

introduce. The addition of powdered RHP was done daily, corresponding with the

amount of feed in the feeding guide and assigned treatment group.

Waste Management and Disposal

Each column had a plywood above, which acted as a catch for manure falling

from cages above. On a daily basis the manure that was collect on that plywood was

scraped, collected then disposed of properly.

Data To Be Gathered

Average Daily Gain

The average daily gain is the amount of weight that an animal gain from the start

of the feeding period towards the end. In can be computed by subtracting the initial

weight to the final weight then divide the difference to the duration of feeding. Below is

the formula used in computing for the average daily gain.

 18

final weight−initial weight

ADG=
no . days of feeding

Feed Conversion Ratio

FCR is the measure of how efficient an animal convert food intake into body

weight gain. It can also be the proportion of body weight gain to feed intake. Below is the

formula used in computing for the feed conversion ratio.

total feed intake

FCR=
final weight−initial weight

Daily Feed Intake

The amount of feed an individual bird consumed in a day. Below is the formula

used in computing for the daily feed intake.

amount of feed eaten

Daily Feed Intake=
number of birds

Average Weight per Bird

The average weight per bird is computed by adding the individual weight of birds

per replicate divided by the number of heads. Below is the formula used in computing for

the average weight per bird.

total combined weight

average weight per bird =
number of heads
 19

Egg Laying Efficiency

The egg laying efficiency is obtained by dividing the total number of eggs

produced during a given period by the number of birds in the flock at the beginning of the

period. Below is the formula used in computing for the egg laying efficiency.

total number of eggs produced ∈a week

Laying Efficiency= x 100
total number of hen days

Average Egg Weight

The average egg weight will be computed by means of dividing the total weight

of eggs collected for each replicate by the number of eggs produced for that particular

replicate. Below is the formula used in computing for the average egg weight.

total egg weight

Average Egg Weight=
egg produced

Statistical Analysis

The data was analyzed using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research

(STAR) Version 2.0.1. The significant differences were evaluated using Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) using Complete Randomize Design (CRD). Differences among

treatment means were determined using Least Significant Differences (LSD) at 5%

(Ft =5%) level of significance.

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Efficacy of RHP as Feed Additive on the Average Weight per Bird of Coturnix
Quails

As shown in Table 1, the quails applied with Treatment 3 recorded the heaviest

average weight per bird with an average of 109.78 grams, followed by quails applied with

Treatment 2 and Treatment 1 with averages of 100.73 grams, and 90.33 grams

respectively.

Table 1. Average Weight per Bird (grams)

Treatments Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 3 Total Mean

T1(No Treatment + 90.71 89.47 90.82 90.33c

270.98
Commercial Feeds)

T2(6%RHP Powder 100.12 102.18 99.88 100.73b

+ Commercial 302.18
Feeds)

T3(8%RHP Powder 110.82 112.65 105.88 109.78a

+ Commercial 329.35
Feeds)

The ANOVA revealed a highly significant difference in using RHP powder as

feed additive in different quantities in terms of the average weight per bird. The

computed F value 59.10 was higher than 5% and 1% level of significance. Additionally,

the LSD or least significant differences showed that there are significant differences

between the treatments. Treatment 3, Treatment 2, and Treatment 1 are all significant

from each other.

 21

The results agreed with the findings of Munglang and Vidyarthi (2019) in which

they reported that RHP can boost pancreatic and intestinal enzyme activity, enhance bile

acid secretion, and increase body weight in broiler chickens, as well as reduce heat stress

and improve feed digestibility, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, mortality, carcass

features, blood parameters, and production cost. While in a similar study Abidin (2013)

reported that Vitamin C found in RHP ameliorates heat stress induced problems such as

poor immunity, feed intake, weight gain, oxidative stress, rectal and body temperature,

fertility and semen quality, carcass weight and mortality in birds. Additionally, Eldeeb et

al. (2006) observed that the body weight gain of broiler birds was significantly (P<0.05)

higher on diet supplemented with combination (5 percent + 150 ppm) of corn oil and hot

red pepper and combination (5 percent + 150 ppm + 150 ppm) of corn oil, hot red pepper

and botanical extract as compared to the diet supplied with combination (150 ppm + 150

ppm) of botanical extract and hot red pepper. Such beneficial effect of RHP can be

attributed due to the presence of capsaicin, which according to Iwai et al. (2003),

capsaicin protects the gastric mucosa through the afferent stimulation of nerve endings.

Approximately 85% of capsaicin is absorbed by passive diffusion, mainly in the jejunum,

which improves the digestibility of feeds in broilers, thus improving weight gain and feed

utilization.

Efficacy of RHP as Feed Additive on the Average Daily Gain of Coturnix Quails

As shown in Table 2, the quails applied with Treatment 3 recorded the heaviest

average daily gain, with an average of 2.69 grams, followed by quails applied with

Treatment 2, and Treatment 1, with averages of 2.40 grams and 2.33 grams respectively.
 22

Table 2. Average Daily Gain of Coturnix Quails (grams)

Treatments Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 3 Total Mean

T1(No Treatment +
2.42 2.3 2.27 6.99 2.33b
Commercial Feeds)

T2(6%RHP Powder
+ Commercial 2.37 2.51 2.33 7.21 2.40b
Feeds)

T3(8%RHP Powder
+ Commercial 2.72 2.77 2.59 8.08 2.69a
Feeds)

The ANOVA revealed a highly significant difference in using RHP powder as

feed additive in different quantities in terms of the average daily gain. The computed F

value 13.92 was higher than 5% and 1% level of significance. Furthermore, LSD showed

that there are significant differences between the treatments. Treatment 3 is significant to

Treatment 2 and Treatment 1 on the other hand Treatment 2 and Treatment 1 are not

significant to each other,

The result of this study is supported by the findings of Thiamhirunsopit et al.

(2014) in which they observed that the growth performance and average daily weight

gain of broiler chicken was significantly (P<0.05) better on diet supplemented with hot

red pepper at the level of 20 mg/kg of feed as compared to control group , additionally,

Thiamhirunsopit et al. (2014) also reported that among the chili-fed groups, chili meal

group significantly showed higher average daily gain (ADG) and lower feed conversion

ratio (FCR) than the chili granule group (P = 0.014) but they were not significantly

different from those of chili powder group. The beneficial effects on both average weight
 23

of birds and ADG can be summed up by the findings of (Platel & Srinivasan, 2004) to

where they reported that, RHP improved nutrient digestibility in the whole tract by

potentiating the activities of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes thereby increasing bile

acid secretion, the beneficial impact of these phytogenic additives on improved body

weight gain of laying hens could be clarified due to the bio-active ingredients in hot red

pepper, black cumin seeds and fennel seeds. Capsaicin, the active component of hot red

pepper, is efficient in augmenting nutrients and energy metabolism through enhancing the

activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue, and

pancreatic and intestinal enzymes. Furthermore, the improvement may be partly related

to a reduction in heat stress resulting from a high concentration of vitamin C.

Efficacy of RHP as Feed Additive on the Feed Conversion Ratio of Coturnix Quails

As shown in Table 3, the quails applied with Treatment 3 recorded the most

efficient feed conversion ratio with an average of 3.04 followed by Treatment 2 and

Treatment 1 with averages of 3.42 and 3.61 respectively.

Table 3. Feed Conversion Ratio

Treatments Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 3 Total Mean

T1(No Treatment +
3.66 3.57 3.61 10.84 3.61b
Commercial Feeds)

T2(6%RHP Powder
+ Commercial 3.46 3.27 3.52 10.25 3.42b
Feeds)

T3(8%RHP Powder
+ Commercial 3.01 2.96 3.16 9.13 3.04a
Feeds)
 24

The ANOVA revealed significant difference in using RHP powder as feed

additive in different quantities in terms of the feed conversion ratio. The computed F

value 25.23 was higher than 5% and 1% level of significance. Furthermore, LSD showed

that there are significant differences between the treatments. Treatment 3 is significant

with all the other treatment. Treatment 2 showed significant difference with Treatment 1.

The result of the study contradicts the findings of Dougnon et al. (2014) in which

they reported that supplementation of the food with Capsicum frutescens powder had no

noticeable effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio in Hubbard broilers.

Additionally, the result of the study is supported by the findings of Al-Kassie et al.

(2011) that the inclusion of hot red pepper at levels of 0.50%, 0.75% and 1% in the diets

improved body weight gain and conversion ratio improved at levels 0.50%, 0.75% and

1%. At the same time the hot red pepper of 0.25%, 0.75% and 1% depressed the

cholesterol, Hb, RBC and H/L ratio concentration. It was concluded that use of hot red

pepper as feed additive at 0.50%, 0.75% and 1% enhanced the overall performance of

broiler chicks.

Furthermore, the improved FCR may be explained by the findings of Al-Kassie et

al. (2012), that among treatments with regards to (T1) Control. (T5, T4) showed a highly

significant (P≤0.05) increase in body weight and feed conversion traits in comparison

with (T2, T3). (T1) control were as appeared lowest value with regards to feed

conversion ratio trait, these may be due to digestibility characteristics of pepper included

in the diet, or it might be to the active compound (capsaicin) rich in Vitamin C that

improves feed consumption which is reflected on body weight improvement.

 25

Efficacy of RHP as Feed Additive on the Average Number of Eggs Produced of

Coturnix Quails

As shown in Table 4, the quails applied with Treatment 3 recorded the most

average number of eggs produced, with an average of 96.6 eggs, followed by quails

applied with Treatment 3, and Treatment 1, with averages of 84.73 eggs, and 74.73 eggs

respectively.

Table 4. Number of Eggs Produced (pieces)

Treatments Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 3 Total Mean

T1(No Treatment + 72.8 75.2 76.2 224.2 74.73c

Commercial Feeds)

T2(6%RHP Powder 86.2 83 85 254.2 84.73b

+ Commercial
Feeds)

T3(8%RHP Powder 98 93.8 98 289.8 96.6a

+ Commercial
Feeds)

The ANOVA revealed a highly significant difference in using RHP powder as

feed additive in different quantities in terms of the average number of eggs produced. The

computed F value 93.40 was higher than 5% and 1% level of significance. Furthermore,

LSD showed that there are significant differences between the treatments. Treatment 4 is

significant to Treatment 3, Treatment 2, and Treatment 1 however Treatment 2 and

Treatment 3 are not significant to each other but are significant to Treatment 1.

The result of this study agreed with the report of Abou-Elkhair et al. (2018) that

dietary inclusion of phytogenic feed additives (fennel, black cumin or hot red pepper) led
 26

to significant (P < 0.05) differences in egg number per hen, egg production, egg weight,

egg mass and feed conversion ratio compared with the non-supplemented control group

during the whole experimental period (32 to 40 weeks of age). During 32 to 40 weeks of

age, addition of fennel, followed by hot red pepper and black cumin seeds to the layer

diet had the highest egg number per hen, egg production, egg mass and better feed

conversion ratio compared with control non-supplemented group. Egg weight was

heavier (P < 0.05) in the fennel and hot red pepper supplemented groups than that in the

control and black cumin groups. Additionally, Chili pepper (Capsicum) shows

antioxidant activities. Decreases lipid peroxidation as it is a rich source of carotenoids

such as vitamins C and E, and provitamin A

Capsaicin, found in spicy red pepper, has several biochemical and

pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, and

anticarcinogenic effects, and may reduce the risk of cancer (Munglang and Vidyarthi,

2019). Moreover, carotenoids are powerful antioxidant agents. They act on a wide range

of oxidizing radicals through the electron transfer process. Their antioxidant properties

are usually associated with the capacity to remove free radicals and single oxygen. The

interaction of carotenoids with reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be carried out through

oxidation, reduction, hydrogen atom abstraction or additional reactions (Ribeiro et al.,

2019). Such result can be attributed to the presence of antioxidants present in RHP which

has positive effects in combating the negative effects of free radicals in egg production,

this is evident in the study of Ciftci et al. (2005) final body weight, feed efficiency and

hen-day egg production were significantly greater in Vit E + Vit C group compared to

control group moreover, egg weight was significantly increased in all treated groups.
 27

Efficacy of RHP as Feed Additive on the Laying Efficiency of Coturnix Quails

As shown in Table 5, the quails applied with Treatment 3 recorded the highest

average laying efficiency, with an average of 80.67 percent, followed by quails applied

with Treatment 2, and Treatment 1, with averages of 71 percent, and 62.67 percent

respectively.

Table 5. Laying Efficiency (%)

Treatments Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 3 Total Mean

T1(No Treatment + 61 63 64 62.67c

188
Commercial Feeds)

T2(6%RHP Powder + 72 70 71 71b

Commercial Feeds) 213

T3(8%RHP Powder + 82 78 82 80.67a

242
Commercial Feeds)

The ANOVA revealed a highly significant difference in using RHP powder as

feed additive in different quantities in terms of the average laying efficiency. The

computed F value 82.27 was higher than 5% and 1% level of significance. Furthermore,

LSD showed that there are significant differences between the treatments. Treatment 3 is

significant to Treatment 2 and Treatment 1. Moreover Treatment 2 is also significant to

Treatment 1

The result of this study is in agreement with the findings of Liu et al. (2004) in

which they stated that dietary supplementation with CAP (capsaicin) increased egg

production due to enhanced follicular growth and maturation, the process of which is
 28

related to activation of TRPV4 and Ca signaling pathway in ovary, as well as

improvement in antioxidant capacity. To further support those statements Oboh et al.

(2007) states that Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) shows antioxidant activities.

Decreases lipid peroxidation as it is a rich source of carotenoids such as vitamins C and

E, and provitamin A.

The results obtained regarding the laying efficiency could be summed up by the

reports Çiftci et al. (2005) which states that vitamin E supplementation significantly

increased egg production and egg quality in laying hens by facilitating the release of yolk

precursor (vitellogenin) from the liver, and by acting as an anti-stressor.

Efficacy of RHP as Feed Additive on the Average Egg Weight of Coturnix Quails

As shown in Table 6, the quails applied with Treatment 3 recorded the heaviest

average egg weight, with an average of 9.28 grams, followed by quails applied with

Treatment 2, and Treatment 1, with averages of 9.05 grams, and 8.51 grams respectively.

Table 6. Average Egg Weight (grams)

Treatments Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 3 Total Mean

T1(No Treatment +
8.51 8.5 8.52 25.53 8.51b
Commercial Feeds)

T2(6%RHP Powder +
9.05 8.91 9.18 27.14 9.05a
Commercial Feeds)

T3(8%RHP Powder +
9.37 9.18 9.29 27.84 9.28a
Commercial Feeds)
 29

The ANOVA revealed a highly significant difference in using RHP powder as

feed additive in different quantities in terms of the average laying efficiency. The

computed F value 51.14 was higher than 5% and 1% level of significance. Furthermore,

LSD showed that there are significant differences between the treatments. Treatment 3 is

significant to Treatment 2 and Treatment 1, moreover Treatment 2 is also significant to

Treatment 1.

The result of the study agreed with the reports of Li et al. (2012) that average egg

weight was significantly higher for birds fed the diets containing 1.2, 2.4 or 9.6 ppm red

pepper pigment compared with birds fed the diet containing 0.3 ppm red pepper pigment.

A beneficial effect of red pepper pigment on egg weight has not been previously reported

and an explanation for this increase is not readily available.

 30

Profitability of using RHP Powder on Egg-Laying Quails

Table 7. One Year Cost of Production Projection

Particulars Quantity Unit T1 T2 T3

Cost

HRP Powder 115kg 0 8.89kg 11.86 kg

1,022.35 1,363.9

Incandescent Bulb 4pcs 60 60 60 60

LED Light ( 4pcs 116 116 116 116

Wire Extension 1pc 210 52.5 52.5 52.5

Week Old Quails 153 heads 17 867 867 867

Chick Booster 4.88 kg 38 185.44 185.44 185.44

Layer Feeds 143.41 kg 35 5,019.35 5,019.35 5,019.35

Cage 1 4,500 1,500 1,500 1,500

Labor Cost 600 600 600

Electric Bill 720 720 720

Transportation 10L 65 650 650 650

Total cost 9,770.29 10,792.64 11,134.19

Table 8. Sales Projection

Average Average Gross Projected Net Income
Average Laying Weekly Monthly Monthly Sales in 1
Efficiency Egg Egg Sale 2 Year
Production Production pesos per
egg retail
T1 62.67% 223.73 894.92 1,789.84 21,478.08 11,707.79
T2 71% 253.47 1,013.88 2,027.76 24,333.12 13,540.48
T3 80.67% 287.99 1,151.96 2,303.92 27,647.04 16,512.85
Return on Investment
 31

Treatment 1

Net Sale
ROI= × 100
cost of production

11,707.79
ROI= ×100
9,770.29

ROI=1.2 ×100

ROI=120 %

Treatment 2

Net Sale
ROI= × 100
cost of production

13,540.48
ROI= ×100
10,792.64

ROI=1.25 ×100

ROI=125 %

Treatment 3

Net Sale
ROI= × 100
cost of production

16,512.85
ROI= × 100
11,134.19

ROI=1.48 ×100

ROI=148 %
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This study evaluated the effects of the different concentrations of Red-hot pepper

powder on the growth and egg production of quails. Given the results it was concluded

Treatment 3 (additional 8% RHP powder) performed highly significant difference

compared to other treatment.

The result of the study showed that Treatment 3 (additional 8% RHP powder)

showed a significant difference compared to other treatments in terms of the average

daily gain, average weight per bird and feed conversion ratio. Additionally, Treatment 3

(additional 8% RHP powder) also showed significant difference to all the other

treatments with regards to the number of eggs produce, laying efficiency and average egg

weight of coturnix quails.

Meanwhile, there are researchable areas to be addressed, like evaluation of the

effects of RHP when use in combination with other phytobiotic spices, or the study about

the description of the mode of action of those phytobiotic compounds. Using RHP in

higher volumes as well as application to other species of layer poultries are also

suggested.
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APPENDICES
 38

Appendix A

ANOVA Tables

Table 1.2 ANOVA of the Average Weight per Bird

Source of Df Sum of Mean Computed Tabular F
Variation Squares Square F 5% 1%
Treatment 2 568.3471 284.1735 59.10** 5.14 10.92
Error 6 28.8496 4.8083
Total 8 597.1967
** Highly Significant
CV= 2.19%
Test Statistics= 4.38%

Table 2.2 ANOVA of the Average Daily Gain

Source of Df Sum of Mean Computed Tabular F
Variation Squares Square F 5% 1%
Treatment 2 0.2215 0.1107 13.92** 5.14 10.92
Error 6 0.0477 0.0080
Total 8 0.2692
**Highly Significant
CV= 3.60%
Test Statistics= 0.1782%

Table3.2 ANOVA of the Feed Conversion Ratio

Source of Df Sum of Mean Computed Tabular F
Variation Squares Square F 5% 1%
Treatment 2 0.5030 0.2515 25.23** 5.14 10.92
Error 6 0.0598 0.0100
Total 8 0.5628
** Highly Significant
CV= 2.97%
Test Statistics= 0.1995%

Table 4.2 ANOVA of the Number of Eggs Produced

 39

Source of Df Sum of Mean Computed Tabular F

Variation Squares Square F 5% 1%
Treatment 2 718.9689 359.48.44 93.40** 5.14 10.92
Error 6 23.0933 3.8489
Total 8 742.0622
* Highly Significant
CV= 2.30%
Test Statistics= 3.9196%

Table 5.2 ANOVA of the Number of Laying Efficiency

Source of Df Sum of Mean Computed Tabular F
Variation Squares Square F 5% 1%
Treatment 2 486.8889 243.4444 84.27** 5.14 10.92
Error 6 17.3333 2.8889
Total 8 504.2222
* Highly Significant
CV= 2.38%
Test Statistics= 3.3958%

Table 6.2 ANOVA of the Average Egg Weight

Source of Df Sum of Mean Computed Tabular F
Variation Squares Square F 5% 1%
Treatment 2 0.9354 0.4677 51.14** 5.14 10.92
Error 6 0.0549 0.0091
Total 8 0.9902
** Highly Significant
CV= 1.07%
Test Statistics= 0.1911%

Appendix B
 40

LSD Tables

Appendix Table 1. LSD of the Average Weight per Bird

Treatments Mean N Group
T1(No Treatment + 90.33 3 c
Commercial Feeds)
T2(6%RHP Powder + 100.73 3 b
Commercial Feeds)
T3(8%RHP Powder + 109.78 3 a
Commercial Feeds)
Note: Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Appendix Table 2. LSD of the Average Daily Gain

Treatments Mean N Group

T1(No Treatment + 2.33 3 b

Commercial Feeds)
T2(6%RHP Powder + 2.40 3 b
Commercial Feeds)
T3(8%RHP Powder + 2.69 3 a
Commercial Feeds)
Note: Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Appendix Table 3. LSD of the Feed Conversion Ratio

Treatments Mean N Group

T1(No Treatment + 3.61b 3 b

Commercial Feeds)
T2(6%RHP Powder + 3.42b 3 b
Commercial Feeds)
T3(8%RHP Powder + 3.04a 3 a
Commercial Feeds)
Note: Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Appendix Table 4. LSD of the Number of Eggs Produced

 41

Treatments Mean N Group

T1(No Treatment + 74.73 3 c

Commercial Feeds)
T2(6%RHP Powder + 84.73 3 b
Commercial Feeds)
T3(8%RHP Powder + 96.6 3 a
Commercial Feeds)
Note: Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Appendix Table 5. LSD of the Laying Efficiency

Treatments Mean N Group

T1(No Treatment + 62.67c 3 c

Commercial Feeds)
T2(6%RHP Powder + 71b 3 b
Commercial Feeds)
T3(8%RHP Powder + 80.67a 3 a
Commercial Feeds)
Note: Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Appendix Table 6. LSD of the Average Egg Weight

Treatments Mean N Group

T1(No Treatment + 8.51 3 c

Commercial Feeds)
T2(6%RHP Powder + 9.05 3 b
Commercial Feeds)
T3(8%RHP Powder + 9.28 3 a
Commercial Feeds)
Note: Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
 42

Appendix C

Materials and Inputs

Appendix Figure 1. Quails and Quail Cage

Appendix Figure 2. Chili Powder

 43

Appendix Figure 3. Nutrient Analysis of Commercial Feeds Used

Appendix Figure 4. Laptop Used in Record Keeping

 44

Appendix Figure 5. Commercial Feeds

Appendix Figure 6. Quail Cage

 45

Appendix D

Measuring tools

Appendix Figure 7. Digital Weighing Scale

 46

Appendix E

Documentation

Appendix Figure 8. Arrival of Chicks

Appendix Figure 9. Brooding of Chicks

 47

Appendix Figure 10. Weighing of Commercial Feeds

 48

Appendix Figure 11. Weighing of Chili Powder

 49

Appendix Figure 12. Mixed Commercial Feeds and Chili Powder

Appendix Figure 13. Egg Collection

 50

Appendix Figure 14. Harvested Eggs

Appendix Figure 15. Weighing of Eggs

 51

ALLEN JAMES ANTHONY P. TIONG

Puro 7 Barangay San Agustin, Castillejos, Zambales, 2208
E-mail address: allenlefty1799@[Link]
Mobile Number: 0906-319-1475

PERSONAL DATA

Age : 23 years old

Birth date : August 17, 1999
Birthplace : Castillejos, Zambales
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Height : 5’7
Weight : 65 kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: : Enrique F. Tiong
Mother’s Name : Marites P. Tiong
No. of Siblings : 5

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PERSONAL DATA
ELEMENTARY : San Agustin Elementary School
Castillejos, Zambales
2006-2012

SECONDARY : St. Nicholas de Tolentino Academy Inc.

Castillejos, Zambales
2012-2018

COLLEGE : President Ramon Magsaysay State University

San Marcelino Campus
Nagbunga, San Marcelino, Zambales
2019 – Present

CHARACTER REFERENCES
 52

MR. JOEY ALVIOR

Agriculturist
Provincial Agriculture Office
0920-846-8477
IBA, Zambales

I hereby certify that the aforementioned information is true and correct to

the best of my knowledge and belief.

ALLEN JAMES ANTHONY P. TIONG

Applicant