WAYS TO ANSWER VARIABLES:
• MANIPULATED VARIABLE – What is different / What can be change before /
during the experiment FACTOR THAT CAN BE CHANGE
• RESPONDING VARIABLE – What happen after the experiment / Result of the
experiment FACTOR THAT CAN BE OBSERVE
• FIX / CONSTANT VARIABLE – What is similar / same / do no change / fix during
the experiment FACTOR THAT IS FIX
➢ Each variable must come with a parameter
PARAMETER
➢ Mass ➢ Thickness
➢ Weight ➢ Volume
➢ Quantity ➢ Amount
➢ Size ➢ Depth
➢ Type ➢ Area
➢ Presence ➢ Growth
➢ Diameter ➢ Deficiency
➢ Concentration ➢ Duration
➢ Variable CANNOT BE USED for APPARATUS
Example: Type of petri dish @ type of boiling tube
WAYS TO ANSWER HOW TO CONTROL VARIABLES:
• MANIPULATED VARIABLE – Use different MV
• RESPONDING VARIABLE – Observe / Measure and record RV in the table /
using apparatus given
• FIX / CONSTANT VARIABLE – Use the same CV
WAYS TO ANSWER HYPOTHESIS:
➢ In hypothesis sentence, MUST HAVE relationship between MANIPULATED
VARIABLE and RESPONDING VARIABLE
➢ CANNOT HAVE this word, “STUDY / INVESTIGATE”
➢ DON’T EVER USED THIS WORD, “affected / give effect”
How to answer hypothesis??
1. If MV, then RV
Example: If the temperature is room temperature, then bacteria can grow
actively
2. In 37OC, the bacteria grow actively
3. When MV increase, RV increase / decrease
Example: When the concentration of hydrochloric acid increase, the time taken
for the gas bubbles to release completely decrease
WAYS TO ANSWER OBSERVATION:
➢ Observe diagram given
➢ Find the result / RV from the diagram
➢ Do comparison if there are 2 diagrams given
➢ If the question asks to give one observation, then give one only. If not, you must write
the observation for BOTH diagrams given
➢ Write down WHAT CAN YOU OBSERVE ONLY
How to answer observation??
1. Diagram 1.1 shows latex coagulates while Diagram 1.2 latex do not change
2. Bronze block produce the smaller dent compare to tin block
WAYS TO ANSWER INFERENCE:
➢ MUST STARTED WITH observation sentence (if the observation didn’t ask in the
question)
➢ Reason for observation (must put the word BECAUSE)
➢ Example:
RV because REASON THAT CAUSE OBSERVATION
How to answer inference??
1. Diagram 1.1 shows latex coagulates while Diagram 1.2 latex do not change because
acid can coagulate latex while alkali cannot coagulate latex
2. Because bronze block is harder compare to tin block
WAYS TO ANSWER GRAPH AND TABLE:
For line graph:
➢ Read the scale at X- axis and Y-axis
➢ Draw a plot on the graph paper (X)
➢ Connect the plot
➢ IF straight line, MUST use a ruler
➢ IF not a straight line, DO NOT use a ruler
➢ Just CONNECT the drawing plot!!
For histogram / bar chart:
➢ Width of bar must SAME
➢ Only for variation question
WAYS TO ANSWER OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:
➢ Answer MUST started with what is asked
➢ MUST based on the observation in the experiment given
➢ MUST have suitable parameter including situation
How to answer operational definition??
……………………………. is substance / liquid / metal / organism / process / principle /
organ /theory / force / suitable parameter that caused experiment RV including situation
1. Microorganism is organism that cause nutrient broth turns cloudy at pH 7 after 3
days in the closet
2. Knop’s solution is substance that caused roots of plant becomes longer after a
week put near the window
3. Alkaline is substance that caused latex do not coagulate after 2 days mixed
together
4. Rusting is process that caused colour of iron nail change into brown after 5 days
immersed in the sodium chloride solution
5. Hollow bone is organ that caused more weight can be placed on the box paper lid
WAYS TO ANSWER PROBLEM STATEMENT:
➢ MUST in question form (WHAT / IS / DOES)
➢ MUST have question mark (?)
➢ Relate MV and RV
How to answer problem statement??
1. What is the effect of temperature on the growth of bacteria?
2. Does temperature influence the growth of bacteria?
3. Is the room temperature affect the growth of bacteria?
WAYS TO ANSWER AIM OF EXPERIMENT:
➢ MUST HAVE to study / to investigate the relationship ……..
➢ RELATE MV and RV
How to answer aim of the experiment??
1. To study the relationship between temperature and the growth of the bacteria
2. To investigate the relationship between temperature and the growth of the bacteria
3. To investigate the relationship between the place to keep the fresh milk with the
condition of the milk
WAYS TO ANSWER PROCEDURE / DRAW A LABELLED
DIAGRAM:
➢ MUST HAVE ways to control MV
➢ MUST HAVE ways to control RV
➢ MUST HAVE ways to control CV
➢ MUST HAVE SAFETY PRECAUTION
WAYS TO ANSWER TABULATION OF DATA:
➢ DRAW a table
➢ TABLE must have 2 columns; for MV and RV
➢ Must write MV and its unit and also RV with its unit (if have)
➢ Must write value for MV but no need to write value for RV
How to answer tabulation of data??
Temperature (OC) Growth of bacteria
37
Leave it empty
5
WAYS TO ANSWER EXPECTED OBSERVATION:
➢ SAME way to answer observation
How to answer expected observation??
1. More bacteria colonies formed at 37OC
2. Root of the seedling is more in the complete Knop solution
WAYS TO ANSWER SAFETY PRECAUTION:
➢ Repeat experiment twice to get the accurate result for the growth of bacteria
➢ Invert the petri dish to make sure the water vapour does not fall down on the
nutrient agar
➢ Wear glove and mask to make sure there is no other microorganism transfer to the
nutrient agar besides than the prepared bacteria culture solution
➢ Use the same type of bacteria // Make sure the day to keep the petri dish in the
closet and refrigerator is same which is 3 days
ENRICHMENT QUESTIONS
1. Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the oxidation the oxidation of apple slices
using different solutions.
Diagram 1
(a) Based on Diagram 1, write your observation.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State one inference from the observation in 1 (a).
……………………………………………………………………………………
(c) What is the factor being fixed in this experiment?
……………………………………………………………………………………
(d) The colour change on apple slices is due to oxidation. State the operational
definition for oxidation.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. Diagram 2 shows an experiment to study the relationship between mass and inertia.
Diagram 2
The results obtained are recorded in Table 1.
Mass of plasticine (g) 30 40 50 60 70
Time for 10 oscillations (s) 4.0 4.8 5.5 6.2 6.6
Table 1
(a) What is the factor being changed in this experiment?
……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Based on the data in Table 1, draw a graph of time for 10 oscillations against
mass.
(c) State the relationship between the time for 10 oscillations and the mass of the
plasticine.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Based on the graph, predict the time for 10 oscillations if the mass of plasticine
increases to 80 g.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(e) State one way how you control responding variable.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Diagram 3(a) and 3(b) shows the results of an experiment after two different types of
nails is immersed in distilled water for a week.
Diagram 3
(a) State the aim of the experiment.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State one way how to control the manipulated variable.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Write an observation for the Diagram 3 (b).
……………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Write an inference based on your observation made for Diagram 3(b).
……………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Write a hypothesis for this experiment.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(f) Steel nail is an alloy. Write an operational definition for alloy.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. A form four student conducted an experiment to study the effect of physical activity
on human pulse rate. Table 2 shows the pulse readings obtained when he finished
doing three different types of physical activities.
Type of activity Rate of pulse (bpm)
Resting 90
Walking 120
Running 180
Table 2
(a) State one hypothesis based on information in Table 2.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State the variables for this experiment:
i) Constant variable: …………………………………………………..
ii) Manipulated variable: ………………………………………………
(c) State one inference for this experiment:
……………………………………………………………………………………
(d) State the aim of the experiment.
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. Study the following information.
Siti and Chong are neighbours in a new housing area. Before moving into their
new homes, they installed gates. To save cost, Siti installed an iron gate. Chong
installed a steel gate so it would be resistant to rust. After several years, Siti’s
gate became rusty while Chong’s gate still looked new.
(a) State one problem statement from the above information.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the above statement.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(c) (i) Factor that need to be changed: ………………………………………………
(ii) Factor that need to be controlled: ……………………………………………
(iii) Factor that can be observed: ………………………………………………..
(d) Procedure of the experiment:
i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
ii) ……………………………………………………………………………….
iii) ………………………………………………………………………………
iv) ………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Sketching of the labelled apparatus arrangement
(f) Expected observation
……………………………………………………………………………………
(g) Two precautionary steps
i) …………………………………………………………………………………
ii) ………………………………………………………………………………...
(h) Tabulation of data:
(i) Aim of the experiment
……………………………………………………………………………………
PREPARED BY:
~TEACHER IRMA~