DATA 1013

Engineering Data Analysis

Week 5
Normal Distribution
Area Under the Normal Curve
LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Describe the properties of a normal distribution and its

graph;
2. Convert empirical scores to Z scores and use Z scores and
the normal curve table to find areas above, below, and
between points on the curve;
3. Express areas under the curve in terms of probabilities; and
4. Illustrate correctly the curve.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Defined as a continuous frequency distribution of

infinite range.

It is a descriptive model that describes real world

situations.
USES OF THE THE NORMAL CURVE
The normal curve can be used for describing distribution of scores.

The normal curve can be used in interpreting the standard

deviation.

The normal curve can be used in making statements of probability.

The normal curve is an essential ingredient of statistical decision

making, whereby the researcher generalizes her or his results from
sample to population.
The Normal Distribution and Its Properties

The NORMAL CURVE as the graph of the normal

distribution is often described as a “bell – shaped curve”.

The normal cuve is determined by two parameters:

1. Population mean
2. Standard Deviation
The Normal Distribution and Its Properties

Center GRAPH
The center of the distribution
occurs at the highest point of the
distribution where the mean,
median and mode conincide.

Shape
It is a symmetric bell – shaped
distribution about a vertical axis
through the mean.
The Normal Distribution and Its Properties

Spread GRAPH
The spread of the normal
distribution is measured by its
standard deviation.
The normal curve is
ASYMPTOTIC, that is, it
approaches but does not
intersect the horizontal axis in
either direction away from
the mean.
The Normal Distribution and Its Properties
GRAPH

0.5000 0.5000

Area
The area under the normal curve and above the horizontal axis is
is equal to one.
 The Normal Distribution and Its Properties
Empirical Rule GRAPH
Roughly 68.26% of the data in the
normal distribution is within one
standard deviation from the mean.
68.26%
Approximately 95.44% of the
distribution is within 2 standard
deviations on either side of the mean.
95.44%
Approximately 99.73% of the
distribution is within 3 standard
99.73%
deviations on either side of the mean.
Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve

The Table of Areas under the Normal Curve is also known

as the z-Table.
The z- score is a measure of relative standing. It is calculated
by subtracting X ഥ (or μ) from the measurement X and then
dividing the result by s (or σ).
The final result, the z – score, represents the distance between
a given measurement X and the mean, expressed in standard
deviations.
Areas Under the Normal Curve

Steps to follow in Finding Areas under the Standard Normal

Distribution Curve:

1. Draw the curve.

2. Shade the desired area.
3. Find the correct figure in the Z – table.
4. Follow the directions given in the appropriate block of the
procedure table to get the desired area.
 Areas Under the Normal Curve
CASE 1 : Area Between z = 0 and z = any number
a. z is any negative number and z = 0
b. z = 0 and z is any positive number
Case 1a Case 1b

z = positive
z=0
z = negative z=0

Rule : Consider the z – value in the table.

EXAMPLE 1
Find the area that corresponds to z = 2.58.
1. Find the Row z = 2.5.
2. Find the Column with the heading 0.08.
3. Read the area at the intersection of Row 2.5 and Column 0.08.
4. The area is equal to 0.4951
EXAMPLE 1
Area between z = 0 and z = 2.58

z = 2.58
z=0

P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.58 = 0.4951
EXAMPLE 2
Find the area that corresponds to z = 2.63.
1. Find the Row z = 2.6.
2. Find the Column with the heading 0.03.
3. Read the area at the intersection of Row 2.6 and Column 0.03.
4. The area is equal to 0.4957
EXAMPLE 2
Area between z = 0 and z = 2.63

z = 2.63
z=0

P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.58 = 0.4957
EXAMPLE 3
Find the area that corresponds to z = – 2.50.
1. Find the Row z = 2.5 (Consider the absolute value of – 2.50).
2. Find the Column with the heading 0.00.
3. Read the area at the intersection of Row 2.5 and Column 0.00.
4. The area is equal to 0.4938
EXAMPLE 3
Area between z = – 2.50 and z = 0

z=0
z = – 2.50

P – 2.50 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0 = 0.4938
EXAMPLE 4
Find the area that corresponds to z = – 1.09.
1. Find the Row z = 1.0 (Consider the absolute value of – 1.09).
2. Find the Column with the heading 0.09.
3. Read the area at the intersection of Row 1.0 and Column 0.09.
4. The area is equal to 0.3621.
EXAMPLE 4
Area between z = – 1.09 and z = 0

z=0
z = – 1.09

P – 1.09 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0 = 0.3621
EXAMPLE 5
Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.34.
1. Find the Row z = 1.3
2. Find the Column with the heading 0.04.
3. Read the area at the intersection of Row 1.3 and Column 0.04.
4. The area is equal to 0.4099.
EXAMPLE 5
Area between z = 0 and z = 1.34

z = 1.34
z=0

P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.34 = 0.4099
Areas Under the Normal Curve
CASE 2 : Area Between negative z and positive z
RULE
Add area of region 1 and
area of region 2
A = A1 + A2
A1 A2
where
z = positive
A1 = Area between negative
z = negative
z and z = 0
A2 = Area between z = 0
z=0 and positive z
EXAMPLE 1
Find the area between z = – 1.48 and z = 1.25

A1
z = 1.25
z = – 1.48

z=0

STEP 1: Find the area between z = – 1.48 and z = 0 applying CASE 1

A1 = P −1.48 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0
A1 = 0.4306 (See normal curve table)
EXAMPLE 1
Find the area between z = – 1.48 and z = 1.25

A1 A2
z = 1.25
z = – 1.48

z=0

STEP 2: Find the area between z = 0 and z = 1.25 applying CASE 1

A2 = P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.25
A2 = 0.3944 (see normal curve table)
EXAMPLE 1
Find the area between z = – 1.48 and z = 1.25

A1 A2
z = 1.25
z = – 1.48

z=0

STEP 3: Add A1 and A2

A = A1 + A2
A = 0.4306 + 0.3944 = 0.8250
EXAMPLE 2
Find the area between z = – 0.70 and z = 1.70

A1
z = 1.70
z = – 0.70
z = – 1.48

z=0

STEP 1: Find the area between z = – 0.70 and z = 0 applying CASE 1

A1 = P −0.70 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0
A1 = 0.2580 (See normal curve table)
EXAMPLE 2
Find the area between z = – 0.70 and z = 1.70

A1 A2
z = 1.70
z = – 0.70
z = – 1.48

z=0

STEP 2: Find the area between z = 0 and z = 1.70 applying CASE 1

A2 = P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.70
A2 = 0.4554 (see normal curve table)
EXAMPLE 2
Find the area between z = – 0.70 and z = 1.70

A1 A2
z = 1.70
z = – 0.70
z = – 1.48

z=0

STEP 3: Add A1 and A2

A = A1 + A2
A = 0.2580 + 0.4554 = 0.7134
Areas Under the Normal Curve
CASE 3 : Area to the LEFT of negative z
v
RULE
Subtract area between
v
negative z and z = 0 from
A1 0.5000
A = 0.5000 – A1
z = negative
where
A A1 = Area between
z z==0 0
negative z and z = 0
EXAMPLE 1
Find the area to the LEFT of z = – 1
STEP 1
v
Find the area between z = –1
and z = 0
v
A1 = P −1 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0
A1 A1 = 0.3413

z=–1
STEP 2
Subtract A1 from 0.5000
A A = 0.5000 − A1
z z==0 0 A = 0.5000 − 0.3413
A = 0.1587
EXAMPLE 2
Find the area to the LEFT of z = – 1.08
STEP 1
v
Find the area between
z = –1.08 and z = 0
v
A1 = P −1.08 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0
A1 A1 = 0.3599

z = – 1.08
STEP 2
Subtract A1 from 0.5000
A A = 0.5000 − A1
z z==0 0 A = 0.5000 − 0.3599
A = 0.1401
Areas Under the Normal Curve
CASE 4 : Area to the RIGHT of negative z
v

RULE
Add the area between
negative z and z = 0 and
A1 0.5000
A = A1 + 0.5000
A v

z = negative 0.5000 where

A1 = Area between negative z
z = 0z = 0
and z = 0
 EXAMPLE 1

Find the area to the RIGHT of z = – 1.52

v
STEP 1
Find the area between
z = – 1.52 and z = 0
A1 = P −1.52 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0
A1 A1 = 0.4357

A v
STEP 2
Add A1 and 0.5000
z = – 1.52 0.5000 A = A1 + 0.5000
z = 0z = 0
A = 0.4357 + 0.5000
A = 0.9357
 EXAMPLE 2

Find the area to the RIGHT of z = – 1.65

v
STEP 1
Find the area between
z = – 1.65 and z = 0
A1 = P −1.65 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0
A1 A1 = 0.4505

A v
STEP 2
Add A1 and 0.5000
z = – 1.65 0.5000 A = A1 + 0.5000
z = 0z = 0
A = 0.4505 + 0.5000
A = 0.9505
Areas Under the Normal Curve
CASE 5 : Area to the RIGHT of positive z

RULE
v
Subtract area between z = 0
and positive z from 0.5000
v A = 0.5000 – A1
A1
where
v
A1 = Area between z = 0
A and positive z
z=0 z = positive
EXAMPLE 1
Find the area to the RIGHT of z = 0.85
STEP 1
Find the area between z = 0
v and z = 0.85
A1 = P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0.85
v
A1 = 0.3023
A1
STEP 2
v
Subtract A1 from 0.5000
A A = 0.5000 − A1
z=0 z = 0.85
A = 0.5000 − 0.3023
A = 0.1977
EXAMPLE 2
Find the area to the RIGHT of z = 0.59
STEP 1
Find the area between z = 0
v and z = 0.59
A1 = P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0.59
v
A1 = 0.3224
A1
STEP 2
v
Subtract A1 from 0.5000
A A = 0.5000 − A1
z=0 z = 0.85
A = 0.5000 − 0.3224
A = 0.1776
Areas Under the Normal Curve
CASE 6 : Area to the LEFT of positive z
v
RULE
Add the area between z = 0
and positive z and 0.5000
A = A1 + 0.5000
0.5000 A1 z = positive
where
v

A v
A1 = Area between z = 0 and
positive z
z=0
EXAMPLE 1
Find the area to the LEFT of z = 1.84
STEP 1
v
Find the area between
z = 0 and z = 1.84
A1 = P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.84
A1 = 0.4671

0.5000 A1 STEP 2
z = 1.84 Add A1 and 0.5000
A
v

v A = A1 + 0.5000
z=0 A = 0.4671 + 0.5000
A = 0.9671
EXAMPLE 2
Find the area to the LEFT of z = 1.61
v
STEP 1
Find the area between
z = 0 and z = 1.61
A1 = P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.61
A1 = 0.4463

0.5000 A1 z = 1.61
STEP 2
Add A1 and 0.5000
A
v

v
A = A1 + 0.5000
z=0 A = 0.4463 + 0.5000
A = 0.9463
Areas Under the Normal Curve
CASE 7 : Area between two z scores on one side of the mean
RULE
Subtract the area of the
smaller z – value from the
area of the larger z – value.
A = AL – AS

where
AL = Area with the larger
A z – value
z=0 larger z
AL = Area with the smaller
smaller z
z – value
EXAMPLE 1
Find the area between z = 1.50 and z = 2.10

STEP 1
Find the area between
z = 0 and z = 2.10
AL = P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.10
AL = 0.4821
0.4821
EXAMPLE 1
Find the area between z = 1.50 and z = 2.10

STEP 2
Find the area between
z = 0 and z = 1.50
AL = P 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.50
AL = 0.4332
0.4332
EXAMPLE 1
Find the area between z = 1.50 and z = 2.10

STEP 3
A = AL – AS
A = 0.4821 – 0.4332
A = 0.0489
0.0489

z=0 z = 1.50 z = 2.10

Z - Table
Z - Table
 REFERENCES
PRINTED RESOURCES:
Books:
Allan G. Bluman. (2018). Elementary statistics: a step-by-step approach. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Education.
Altares, Priscilla S. et al. (2012). Elementary statistics: with computer application.
Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store.
Altares, Priscilla S. et al. (2003). Elementary Statistics: A Modern Approach. Manila: Rex
Book Store.
Mario F. Triola. (2001). Elementary statistics. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
John E. Freund, Gary A. Simon. (1997). Modern elementary statistics. Upper Saddle
River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Reston, Enriqueta D. et. al. (2017). Seeing the World Through Statistics and Probability.
University of San Carlos, Manila: Rex Book Store.
 ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
Internet Sites
Introductory Statistics. Retrieved from
[Link] Retrieved January 6,
2020

Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics. Retrieved from

[Link] Retrieved January 6, 2020

Statistics. Retrieved from [Link]

January 6, 2020

Probabilty: Events and its types, videos, concepts with Solved Examples.
Retrieved from [Link] Retrieved
January 6, 2020