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Chapter 4 Notes

The document discusses the roles of root hair cells and xylem vessels in water absorption and transport in plants, highlighting the process of transpiration. It also covers human excretion, particularly the removal of urea by the kidneys, and the importance of maternal nutrition for fetal health during pregnancy. Additionally, it addresses the impact of smoking and drug use on fetal development.

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christopher.gyimah
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3 views5 pages

Chapter 4 Notes

The document discusses the roles of root hair cells and xylem vessels in water absorption and transport in plants, highlighting the process of transpiration. It also covers human excretion, particularly the removal of urea by the kidneys, and the importance of maternal nutrition for fetal health during pregnancy. Additionally, it addresses the impact of smoking and drug use on fetal development.

Uploaded by

christopher.gyimah
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

4.1 Plants and water and 4.

2 Transpiration

Root hair cells


-​ Grow out of the roots
-​ a specialized cell: large surface area to increase
absorption of water and mineral ions
-​ Water moves into the root hair cell from the soil, passing
through the cell wall and the cell membrane into the
cytoplasm

Xylem vessels: transport water and mineral ions from the


roots to the rest of the plant
-​ One-way flow! Can only go up
-​ Xylem vessels are dead cells, only have cell walls
Xylem in roots and stems:

4.2 Transpiration

How water moves through leaves:

Water moves from the xylem vessels into the leaf


cells.
Some of the water is used for photosynthesis
But most of it evaporates, diffuses into the air spaces
between the cells, and is eventually lost from the
leaves via the stomata
Transpiration: loss of water vapor from leaves

Why do plants need water?


1.​Support: vacuoles contain lots of water which
helps keep the cell in shape
2.​Transport: water carries dissolved mineral ions
from the roots to all other parts of the plant
3.​Cooling: evaporation takes away heat
4.​Photosynthesis: water + carbon dioxide ->
glucose + oxygen

4.3 Excretion in humans

Excretion: getting rid of waste materials (only those that have


been inside cells!! Aka not poop)

Excreting urea:
-​ Too much protein: liver changes it into urea
-​ Too much urea = poisonous
-​ Kidneys in the excretory system remove urea from the
blood
-​ Kidneys: filter blood and remove excess water from the
blood
-​ urine: solution of urea dissolved in water
4.4. Keeping a fetus healthy

Fetus: baby before it's born


Fetus relies on its mother to supply it with everything it needs
to survive

The substances that the fetus needs are brought to it in the


mother’s blood - the two blood systems do not mix!!

Substances fetus needs diffuse from the mother’s blood to


the fetus’ blood
Substances fetus needs to excrete diffuse from fetus’ blood to
the mother’s blood

Pregnancy and diet:


-​ Protein: needed to help the fetus to produce new cells
and grow
-​ Mother also needs it to make extra hemoglobin to
transport enough oxygen for herself and the fetus
-​ Carbohydrate: supplies energy via respiration
-​ Vitamins and minerals:
-​ Iron: needed for hemoglobin
-​ Calcium: needed for strong bones of fetus

Smoking cigarettes: carbon monoxide and nicotine diffuse


from the mother’s blood into the fetus’ blood
-​ Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen that
hemoglobin can transport = less energy
-​ Nicotine: addictive; damages blood vessels

Drugs: most drugs that a pregnant woman takes will go into


her fetus’ blood too

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