FLUID MECHANICS
PRESSURE
● When a uniform pressure acts on a flat plate of area A and a force F pushes the plate
then the pressure is:
● Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over
which that force is distributed
PRESSURE
● The pressure exerted by a static fluid depends only upon the depth of the fluid, the
density of the fluid and the gravitational acceleration.
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
1 atm is standard 1 atmospheric pressure in meteorology and
is called the standard atmospheric pressure
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE AND GAUGE
PRESSURE
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE
The pressure has the following three characteristics.
1. The pressure of a fluid always acts perpendicular to the
wall in contact with the fluid.
2. The values of the pressure acting at any point in a fluid at
rest are equal regardless of its direction
3. The fluid pressure applied to a fluid in a closed vessel is
transmitted to all parts at the same pressure value as that
applied (Pascal’s law).
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE
MANOMETER
● A device which measures the fluid pressure by the
height of a liquid column.
● Manometers can be employed to measure
pressures in the range of 0.4 Pa
to 200 kPa.
Example
1. A weather person states that the barometric
pressure is 29 in of mercury. Convert this
pressure to
(a) kPa,
(b) psi,
(c) ft of water, and
(d) bars
Example
Example
2. A manometer connects an oil pipeline and a
water pipeline as shown. Determine the
difference in pressure between the two
pipelines using the readings on the manometer.
Use SG oil = 0.86 and SG Hg = 13.6
Example
3. A force of 460 N is exerted on lever AB, as
shown in the figure, End B is connected to a
piston which fits into a cylinder having a
diameter of 60mm. What force Fd acts on the larger piston;
if the volume between C and D is filled with water?
Seatwork
● What is the water pressure on the sea bottom at a depth of
6500m? The specific gravity of sea water is assumed to be
1.03.
Seatwork
● What is the water pressure on the sea bottom at a depth of
6500m? The specific gravity of sea water is assumed to be
1.03.
● In figure 1, the pressure at A is 560 psf and the liquid flowing
inside the pipe is water, determine the pressure at B.
BOYLE’S LAW
BOYLE’S LAW
Example
1. The height of the headwater of a dam
is 26m. An air bubble is then
observed from the bottom up to the
liquid surface. Determine the ratio of
the volume of the air bubble at the
surface from its volume at the bottom.
Example
2. The height of the fluid inside the tube after
immersion is 1/5 the height of the cylinder glass
tubing. It was immersed into a tank of a cleaning
solvent with specific gravity of 0.73. The
remaining length of the tube above the surface is
3cm.
a. Determine the length of the tubing with an
inside diameter of 2cm.
b. Determine the volume of the liquid inside the
tube in cubic centimeter.
c. Determine the pressure after immersion
Seatwork
● A cylinder glass tubing is 2.2ft. long with one end closed and
is immersed vertically with the open end down into a tank of
cleaning solvent (SG=0.73) until only 2.4 inches of it remains
above the liquid surface. Determine the fluid rise inside the
tube
Example
A cylindrical tank having a diameter of 1.0m and a height of
5m is open at one end and closed at the other end. It is placed
below the water surface with its open end down. How deep
below the water surface should the tank be placed if the depth
of water inside is 1.8m.
Example
The diving bell has a shape of a frustum of a cone with a
closed top and open bottom. It is lowered from the air into salt
water (Unit weight = 10.2 kN/cu.m.) in an upright position.
When the water level has risen 1.20 m inside, how deep is the
bottom of the bell from the surface? The height of the bell is
2.5m. Top diameter = 3m, Bottom diameter = 4m
Example
A bottle consisting of a cylinder 30 cm in diameter and 30 cm
high has a neck 5 cm in diameter and 30 cm long. Find the
depth to which the open end is submerged if the depth of
water in the bottle is 30 cm. Assume atmospheric pressure is
1030 g/cm^2