MTH 102
CLASS SCHEDULE AND OUTLINE
Weeks Description
Functions of real variables
Types of functions
1
Domain and range of functions
Graphs of functions
Limit of functions
2
Continuity of functions
Differentiation from First principle
3
Application of limits to differentiation
Differentiation of Algebraic functions
4
Differentiation of trigonometric functions
Composite functions
5 Chain rule
Product rule and quotient rule
Derivative of implicit and parametric functions
6
Higher order derivatives
7 Applications of differentiation
Standard integrals
8
Integration as an inverse of differentiation
9 Techniques of integration
10 Applications of integration
11-13 Revision
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FUNCTIONS
WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
A function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a rule for determining y when we’re given a value of x. For example,
the rule 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 is a function. Any line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 is called a linear
function. The graph of a function looks like a curve above (or below) the x-axis, where for
any value of 𝑥 the rule 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) tells us how far to go above (or below) the x-axis to reach
the curve.
Functions can be defined in various ways: by an algebraic formula or several algebraic
formulas, a graph, or an experimentally determined table of values. In the latter case, the
table gives a bunch of points in the plane, which we might then interpolate with a smooth
curve if that makes sense.
Given a value of 𝑥, a function must give at most one value of 𝑦. Thus, vertical lines are not
function. For example, the line 𝑥 = 1 has infinitely many values of y if 𝑥 = 1. It is also true
that if 𝑥 is any number (not 1) there is no y which corresponds to x, but that is not a
problem—only multiple y values are a problem.
A function is a relationship between two variables such that there is exactly one
corresponding value of the dependent variable to each value of the independent variable.
The domain of the function is the set of all values of the independent variable for which the
function is defined. The range of the function is the set of all values taken on by the
dependent variable. OR
A Function is a correspondence from a first set, called the domain, to a second set, called the
range, such that each element in the domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range.
Although functions can be described by various means such as tables, graphs and diagrams,
they are most often specified by formulas or equations.
For instance, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 1 the equation describes 𝑦 as a function of 𝑥. For this function, 𝑥is
the independent variable and 𝑦 is the dependent variable. 2.1: The Vertical Line Test
A curve in the (x, y) coordinate system represents a function if and only if no vertical line
intersects the curve more than once.
In addition to lines, another familiar example of a function is the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 .
We can draw the graph of this function by taking various values of x (say, at regular
intervals) and plotting the points (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) = (𝑥, 𝑥 2 ). Then connect the points with a smooth
curve. (See figure 2.1.)
The two examples 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 are both functions which can be
evaluated at any value of x from negative infinity to positive infinity. For many functions,
however, it only makes sense to take x in some interval or outside of some “forbidden”
region. The interval of x-values at which we’re allowed to evaluate the function is called the
domain of the function.
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Example 2.2: Domain of the Square-Root Function
DOMAIN OF THE SQUARE ROOT-FUNCTION
The square-root function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 is the rule which says, given an x-value, take the
nonnegative number whose square is 𝑥. This rule only makes sense if 𝑥 ≥ 0. We say that the
domain of this function is 𝑥 ≥ 0, or more formally {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅: 𝑥 ≥ 0}. Alternately, we can use
interval notation, and write that the domain is [0, ∞). The fact that the domain of 𝑦 = √𝑥 is
[0, ∞) means that in the graph of this function (see figure 2.1) we have points (𝑥, 𝑦) only
above x-values on the right side of the x-axis.
1
Another example of a function whose domain is not the entire x-axis is: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, the
reciprocal function. We cannot substitute 𝑥 = 0 in this formula. The function makes sense,
however, for any nonzero 𝑥, so we take the domain to be: {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅: 𝑥 ≠ 0}. The graph of this
function does not have any point (𝑥, 𝑦) with 𝑥 = 0. As 𝑥 gets close to 0 from either side, the
graph goes off toward infinity. We call the vertical line 𝑥 = 0 an asymptote.
To summarize, two reasons why certain x-values are excluded from the domain of a function
are the [Link] of a Function
1. We cannot divide by zero, and
2. We cannot take the square root of a negative number.
When the domain of a function is restricted, we say that the function is undefined at that
point. We will encounter some other ways in which functions might be undefined later.
Another reason why the domain of a function might be restricted is that in a given situation
the 𝑥 −values outside of some range might have no practical meaning. For example, if y is
the area of a square of side x, then we can write 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 . In a purely mathematical
context the domain of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is all of ℝ. However, in the story-problem context
of finding areas of squares, we restrict the domain to positive values of 𝑥, because a square
with negative or zero side makes no sense.
Real-valued Functions of a Real Variable
Definition
Let 𝑆 be any nonempty subset of R. A function 𝑓: 𝑆 → 𝑅 is called a real-valued function
defined on a subset 𝑆 of 𝑅 or a real-valued function of a real variable.
Very often our understanding of such a function 𝑓: 𝑆 → 𝑅 is enhanced by drawing a picture
in a cartesian coordinate plane of the set {( 𝑥 , 𝑓( 𝑥 )) ∶ 𝑥 ∈ S} or part of such a set. Such a
picture which is a subset of the plane is called a sketch or a graph of the function. If we
denote 𝑓( 𝑥 ) by 𝒚
then we may alternatively express the set {( 𝑥 , 𝑓( 𝑥 )) ∶ 𝑥 ∈ S} by.
𝑦 = 𝑓( 𝑥 ) 𝑥 ∈S
Function Notation.
When using an equation to define a function, you generally isolate the dependent variable on
the left. For instance, writing the equation as 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 1
1−𝑥
𝑦=
3
indicates that 𝑦 is the dependent variable. In function notation, this equation has the form
1−𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
3
The independent variable (input) is 𝑥 and the name of the function is ‘’𝑓’’. The symbol f(x) is
read as ‘’𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥’’ 𝑜𝑟 ‘’𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑥’’ and it denotes the value of the independent variable (output) or
the value of the function at the number x.
For instance, the value of 𝑓 when 𝑥 = 3 is
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1 − 3 −2
𝑓(3) = =
3 3
The value 𝑓(3) is called a function value and lies in the range of 𝑓. This means that the point
[3, 𝑓(3)] lies on the graph of f. One of the advantages of function notation is that it allows
you to be less wordy. For instance, instead of asking ‘’what is the value of y when 𝑥 = 3?’’
you
Composition of function
Example 1
Examples 2
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DOMAIN AND RANGE OF FUNCTION
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QUESTIONS
1. A rule that assigns to each element in 9. A function is said to be ________ at 𝑥 =
domain x with a unique element in the co– 𝑐 if the following conditions holds.
domain is called. i. 𝑓(𝑥0 )𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
A. Differentiation ii. lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥→𝑐
B. explicit function iii. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓( 𝑥0 )
C. limit 𝑥→0
D. function A. Infinity
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 of −5 ≤ 𝑥 < 4. Find the range B. limit of function
of the domain C. exponentially function
A. 25 < 𝑦 < 16 D. continuous functions
3𝑥 2 −27
B. −125 ≤ 𝑦 < 64 10. Evaluate lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥+35
C. −125 ≥ 𝑦 > 64 A. -18
D. −25 < 𝑦 < 16. B. 9
3. Determine the domain of the functions C. 0
1
𝑥 2 −9 D. 3
A. 𝑥=3 2𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −5
11. Evaluate lim
B. 𝑥 ≠ ±3 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 3 +𝑥+1
A. 5
C. 𝑥 ≤3
B. 0
D. 𝑥 ≥3
C. 2
4. Given a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 +
D. ∞
2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑥 2 −25
A. 3𝑥 + 17 12. Evaluate: lim
𝑥→5 𝑥−5
B. 17𝑥 + 3 A. 5
C. 3𝑥 − 7 B. 15
D. 3𝑥 + 7 C. 10
4−𝑥 2 D. 12
5. lim
𝑥 →2 3−√𝑥 2 +5 𝑥
13. Find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
A. 3
B. 6 𝐴. 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 2𝑥
C. 9 1
𝐵. 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
D. 0 2
1
6. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚, then 𝐶. 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
= 𝑥2
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
A. 𝑙 > 𝑚 𝐷. 0
B. 𝑙 < 𝑚 14. Determine weather 2𝑥 3 +
C. 𝑙 = 𝑚 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
D. 𝑙 ≤ 𝑚 𝐴. 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛
7.
𝑥−4
Compute lim { 𝑥−2} 𝐵. 𝑂𝑑𝑑
𝑥→4 √ 𝐶. 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 & 𝑂𝑑𝑑
A. 2 𝐷. 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
B. – 4 𝑥 2 −9
C. 4 15. lim ( 𝑥+3 )
𝑥→−3
D. 0 A. – 3
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 B. 0
8. Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
C. 3
A. 0
D. −6
B. 1
C. 2 16. If 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1,
D. 4 determine (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(8)
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A. 𝑔(3) 21. Determine whether the given
B. 𝑔(2) function𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 is?
C. 𝑔(−2) A. Odd
D. 𝑔(−3) B. Even
17. Give the domain and range of the C. Neither
relation. {(11, -3), (2, -2), (2, 0), (6, 2), (18, 4)} D. None
A. domain: {-3, -2, 2, 4}; range: {11, 6, 2, 18} 22. Determine whether the given
B. domain: {11, 6, 2, 18}; range: {-3, -2, 2, 4} function𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 is?
C. domain: {-3, -2, 0, 2, 4}; range: {11, 6, 2, 18} A. Odd
D. domain: {11, 6, 2, 18}; range: {-3, -2, 0, 2, 4} B. Neither
18. Evaluate the function at the given value C. Even
𝑥 3 +7 D. Both A and B
of the independent variable 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −2 ;
23. Find the domain and range of the
𝑓(−2) 𝑥 2 −4
A. - 4 function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2
1 (a) domain, all numbers; range, 𝑦 ≤ 1
B. − 2
11 (b) domain, 𝑥 > 0; range, −1 < 𝑦 < 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≥ 2
C. (c) domain, all numbers; range, all integers
2
1
D. − 4 (d) domain, 𝑥 ≠ 2; range, 𝑦 ≠ 4
4
19. Evaluate the function at the given value 24. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, which of this satisfies the
of the independent variable. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1; domain and range of the function
𝑓(𝑥 − 2) A. domain, 𝑥 ≠ 2; range, 𝑦 ≠ 4
A. 𝑥 2 − 3 B. domain, 𝑥 ≠ 1; range, 𝑦 ≠ 2
B. 𝑥 2 + 4 C. domain, 𝑥 ≠ 0; range, 𝑦 ≠ 0
C. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 D. domain, 𝑥 = 0; range, 𝑦 = 0
D. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 25. Find the discontinuities of the function
20. Determine whether the given 𝑥−1
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)
function𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 is?
A. Even A. 𝑥 = 2, −3
B. Neither B. 𝑥 = −2, 3
C. Odd C. 𝑥 = −2, −3
D. All D. 𝑥 = 2, 3
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2
1. What is the integral of ∫(3𝑡 − 1)3 𝑑𝑡? A. 3
1
A. (3𝑡 − 1)4 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 1
B. 3
12
1
B. 12 (3𝑡 − 4)4 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 C. –2
1 D.2
C. 4 (3𝑡 − 1)4 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
1 5. Integrate the function 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
D. 4 (3𝑡 − 1)3 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 A. 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
−10 𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate ∫−6 (𝑥+2). B. 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
C. 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
A. 21/2
D. 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)
B. 1/2
6. The motion of a particle along a straight line is
C. ln 3
specified by the equation 𝑥 = 4𝑡 4 − 3𝑡 3 , evaluate
D. ln 2
the velocity after 3 seconds.
3. Integrate ∫ 𝑥 cos(2 𝑥 2 + 7)𝑑𝑥
1 A. 513𝑚𝑠 −1
A. sin(2𝑥 2 + 7) + 𝐶 B. 378𝑚𝑠 −2
4
1
B. 4 cos(2𝑥 2 + 7) + 𝐶 C. 351𝑚𝑠 −1
sin 𝜃 D. 486𝑚𝑠 −2
C. 4(2𝑥2 +7) + 𝐶 7. The motion of a particle along a straight line is
D. sin(2𝑥 2 + 7) + 𝐶 specified by the equation 𝑥 = 4𝑡 4 − 3𝑡 3 , compute
4. Integrate: (7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 the acceleration after 3 seconds.
7 4
A. 3 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 A. 513𝑚𝑠 −1
7 4 B. 378𝑚𝑠 −2
B. 4 𝑥 4 + 5 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 C. 351𝑚𝑠 −1
7 4
C. 4 𝑥 4 + 3 𝑥 3 + 𝐶 D. 486𝑚𝑠 −2
4 8. Calculate the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 −
D. 7𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 23 at the point (2, 1).
5. The integral of cos x with respect to x is A. 7
A. sin x + C B. 38
B. sec x + C C. 4
C. –sin x + C D. 28
D. csc x + C 9. What is the integral of ∫(3𝑡 − 1)3 𝑑𝑡?
6. Evaluate the integral of ln x dx, the limit are 1 and 1
e. A. 12 (3𝑡 − 1)4 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
1
A. 0 B. 12 (3𝑡 − 4)4 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
B. 1 1
C. 4 (3𝑡 − 1)4 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
C. 2
1
D. 3 D. 4 (3𝑡 − 1)3 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
−10 𝑑𝑥
13. Evaluate ∫−6 .
1. If 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 + 2 find 𝑦 ′ . (𝑥+2)
A. 2𝑡 A. 21/2
B. 3𝑡 B. 1/2
3𝑡 C. ln 3
C. 2
2𝑡
D. ln 2
D.
3 14. Integrate ∫ 𝑥 cos(2 𝑥 2 + 7)𝑑𝑥
1
2. If 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 8)19 , obtain the derivative of 𝑦 with A. 4 sin(2𝑥 2 + 7) + 𝐶
respect to 𝑥 1
B. 4 cos(2𝑥 2 + 7) + 𝐶
A. (3𝑥 + 8)18
sin 𝜃
B. 27(3𝑥 + 8)18 C. 4(2𝑥2 +7) + 𝐶
C. 57(3𝑥 + 8)18 D. sin(2𝑥 2 + 7) + 𝐶
D. 19(3𝑥 + 8)18 15. Integrate: (7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3. If 𝑦 = (1 − 4𝑥)−2 , deduce 𝑑𝑥 . 7 4
A. 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
3 2
A. 8(1 − 4𝑥)−3 7 4 4 2
B. 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
B. 8(1 − 4𝑥)−2 4 5
7 4
C. −8(1 − 4𝑥)−2 C. 4 𝑥 4 + 3 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
D. −8(1 − 4𝑥)−3 4
D. 7𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
1
4. Evaluate ∫−1(𝑥 3 + 1) 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
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16. The integral of cos 𝑥 with respect to 𝑥 is 27. Differentiate (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 5.
A. sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 A. – 4
B. sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 B. – 2
C. − sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. – 1
D. csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. 10
𝑒 𝑑𝑦
17. Evaluate the integral of ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . 28. If 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 −𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑥
A. 0 A. (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 −𝑥
B. 1 B. 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
C. 2 C. −𝑥𝑒 𝑥
D. 3 D. 2𝑥
3𝑥 2 −27
18. Evaluate lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥+35
A. -18
B. 9
C. 0
D. 3
𝑒1
20. Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
A. 0
B. 2
C. 1
D. 2e
𝜋
21. Evaluate ∫02 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
A. 2
B. 7
C. -1
D. 1
2𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −5
22. Evaluate lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 3 +𝑥+1
A. 5
B. 0
C. 2
D. ∞
23. The gradient of a curve at any point (𝑥, 𝑦) is
given by 2𝑥 + 3. If the curve passes through the
origin, find the equation of the curve
A. 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)
B. 𝑥(2𝑥 + 3)
C. 𝑥 2 − 4
D. 2𝑥 + 3
24. The position of an object in motion at any time (t)
is given by𝑠 = 3𝑡 3 − 5𝑡 − 2. Obtain the velocity
of the object after 2 seconds.
A. 31m/s
B. 36m/s
C. 18m/s
D. 20m/s
25. Find the derivative of 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2
A. 𝑥 2 − 10
B. 6𝑥 2 − 10𝑥
C. −10𝑥 − 6𝑥 2
D. 6𝑥 − 10
26. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)(1 − 𝑥)
A. −1 − 4𝑥
B. 4x−1
C.− 4𝑥 + 1
D. −4𝑥
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