Unit 4:

Curve Sketching

Max
Name ________________________________________ Block _______________
 Table of Contents

Section Topic Page

The Extreme Value Theorem and
4.1 3–6
Absolute Extrema

4.2 Mean Value Theorem 7 – 10

4.3 The First Derivative Test 11 – 13

4.4 Concavity 14 – 16

4.5 Linearization 17 – 20

4.6 The Second Derivative Test 21 – 24

2
4.1 The Extreme Value Theorem and Absolute Extrema
Date ____________________
Key Ideas Notes

What are extrema?

Absolute vs. Relative Extrema

3
 A critical number is

If a function f has a relative maximum or minimum at x = c, then c is a critical number

of f.

Example:

Find the extrema of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 on the interval [-1, 2].

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Practice: Find all absolute extrema for each function on the given interval.

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 7) AP Practice The number of gallons of olive oil in a tank at time t is modeled
3
2
by the function G defined by 𝐺(𝑡) = 5𝑡 − 3 (𝑡 + 9)2 + 28 , where t is measured in
hours and 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 35. Based on the model, at what time t, in the given interval,
is the number of gallons of olive oil an absolute maximum? Justify your answer.

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8) AP Practice The rate at which gasoline flows out of a storage tank into trucks
100𝑡
at time t can be modeled by the function R defined by 𝑅(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 +4 , where t is
measured in hours. Based on the model, at what time t, for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10, is the
rate at which gasoline flows out of the storage tank an absolute maximum?
Justify your answer.
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6
4.2 The Mean Value Theorem Date __________________________

Key Ideas Notes

Continouse asb

differientble a b

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Example: For each question, determine whether or not the Mean Value Theorem
applies. If it does, find the value of c. If not, explain why not.

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7) AP Practice: Which of the following functions satisfy the hypothesis of the

Mean Value Theorem? (May be more than one.)

0
1
I. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 on [0, 2]

0 II.

III.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥1/3 on [0, 1]

𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| on [-1, 1] not differentiable

8
8) A continuous function f is defined
on the closed interval [-4, 6]. The
graph of f consists of a line
segment and a curve that is
tangent to the x-axis at 𝑥 = 3, as or
shown in the figure at right. On the 3,0
interval (0, 6), f is differentiable.

Is there a value a in the interval [-4, 6), for which the Mean Value Theorem,
applied to the interval [a, 6], guarantees a value c, 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 6, at which
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 3 ? Justify your answer.
when a 3
theslopebetween
3,0 and b

9) (Multiple Choice) The table below gives selected values for the
differentiable function f. In which of the following intervals must there be a
number c such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 2 ?
x 0 4 8 12 16
𝑓(𝑥) 8 0 2 10 1

(A) (0, 4)
(B) (4, 8)

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(C) (8, 12)
(D) (12, 16)

10) The function f shown in the figure at right

is continuous on the closed interval [0, 12]
and differentiable on the open interval
(0, 12). Based on the graph, what are all
values of x that satisfy the conclusion of the
Mean Value Theorem applied to f on the
closed interval [0, 12] ?

2
n 9

9
 11) The function f is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4 cos(2𝑥 + 1), and its derivative
is 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 + 8 sin(2𝑥 + 1). What are all the values of x that satisfy the
conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem applied to f on the interval [-1, 2]?
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12) The function f is continuous and differentiable on the closed interval [3, 7].
The table below gives selected values of f on this interval. Which of the
following statements must be true?
x 3 4 5 6 7 3
𝑓(𝑥) 20 17 12 16 20

O I. The minimum value of f on [3, 7] is 12.

II. There exists c, for 3 < 𝑐 < 7, such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0.

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III. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for 5 < 𝑥 < 7.

13) The twice-differentiable function f is defined for all real numbers x. Values
of f and 𝑓′ are given in the table below.

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Explain why there must be a value c, for −2 < 𝑐 < 3, such that 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) = 0.

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4.3 The First Derivative Test 020 Date ___________________________

Key Ideas
0Notes
What is the first derivative of a function? What does it say about the
function?

𝑥4
Example: Identify all relative extrema for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (4 + 𝑥 2 − ).
5
Justify.

11
 1. Identify all relative extrema for each function (on the given interval, if
applicable), and justify your answers.
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(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥
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(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 , [0, 2𝜋]

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12
Multiple Choice Practice
2) The function given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 has a relative maximum at x =
(A) -1
(B) −
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3) Let f be the function with derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎),

where a is a positive constant. Which of the following statements is true?
(A) f is decreasing for −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎 because 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎

0
(B) f is decreasing for 𝑥 < −𝑎 and 𝑥 > 𝑎 because 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for 𝑥 < −𝑎
and 𝑥 > 𝑎
(C) f is decreasing for 𝑥 < 0 because 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for 𝑥 < 0
(D) f is decreasing for 𝑥 < 0 because 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 for 𝑥 < 0

13
 4.4 Concavity Date __________________________

Key Ideas Notes

What is the second derivative? What does it say about the function?

Example: Determine the point(s) of inflection and concavity of the function

NC 3 Its
𝑦 = 𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 + 11. concave down
When

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Multiple Choice Practice
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3) The second derivative of the function g is given by
𝑔′′ (𝑥)
= 0.1𝑥 5 − 0.29𝑥 4 − 0.694𝑥 3 + 1.91136𝑥 2 . At which values of x in the
interval −3 < 𝑥 < 4 does the graph of g have a point of inflection where the
concavity of the graph changes from concave up to concave down?
(A) x = 2.3 only
(B) x = -2.6 and x = 3.2 only
(C) x = -2.6, x = 2.3, and x = 3.2 only
(D) x = -2.6, x = 0, x = 2.3, and x = 3.2

4) The derivative of the function g is 𝑔′ (𝑥) = cos(sin 𝑥). At the point where
x = 0, the graph of g
I. is increasing
II. is concave down
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III. attains a relative maximum point
(A) I only
sincosn 0
(B) II only
(C) I and III only
(D) I, II, and III

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5) Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏. The graph of f has a relative maximum at (0, 1),
and an inflection point when x = 1. The values of a and b are
(A) a = 1, b = -6
(B) a = 1, b = 6

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(C) a = -6, b = 5
(D) a = 1, b = -6

16
4.5 Linearization Date _______________________________

Key Ideas Notes

Linear Approximation of a Curve

Writing the Tangent Line in Taylor Form

17
 Example: Estimate the fourth root of 17. Determine if this is an over- or
under-approximation.

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AP Practice:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
3. If 𝑓(1) = 2 and = 𝑥𝑦 3 and 2 = 𝑦 3 (1 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at
𝑥 = 1.

y y Mca n
1
Y 2 8 n

b) Use the tangent line from part (a) to approximate 𝑓(1.1). Given that
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 for 1 < 𝑥 < 1.1, is the approximation for 𝑓(1.1) greater or
less than 𝑓(1.1)? Explain your reasoning.

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up the
concave
1
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tangent line lies under
2.8 the curve

4. Multiple choice. A differentiable function f has the properties 𝑓(3) = 5

and 𝑓 ′ (3) = 4. What is an estimate for 𝑓(2.8) using the linear approximation
for f at x = 3?
(A) 6.6
(B) 5.8
Lin 5 414 3
(C) 5.0
5 4 2.8 3
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(D) 4.2

19
 5.
0
Consider the curve defined by −8𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 = −149 .
𝑑𝑦
a) Find 𝑑𝑥 .

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b) Write an equation for the line tangent to the curve at the point (4, -1).

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c) There is a number k so that the point (4.2, k) is on the curve. Using the
tangent line found in part (b), approximate the value of k.

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d) Write an equation that can be solved to find the actual value of k so that
the point (4.2, k) is on the curve.

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e) Solve the equation found in part (d) for the value of k.

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20
4.6 The Second Derivative Test Date _______________________________

Key Ideas Notes

Example: Find the relative extrema for 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 . Use the Second
Derivative Test where possible.

21
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5) Let f be a twice-differentiable function. Selected values of 𝑓′ and 𝑓′′ are

shown in the table below. Which of the following statements are true?

0 0
On
I. f has neither a relative maximum nor a relative minimum at x = 2
II. f has a relative maximum at x = 2
III. f has a relative maximum at x = 8.

(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and III only

22
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 8) Given x2  4 y 2  7  3xy

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