KINEMATICS

Distance:-
 The total length of travel (irrespective of the direction of
movement).
 Scalar.
 SI Unit is metre (m).

Displacement:-
 The change of position of a point in a particular direction.
 Vector.
 SI Unit is metre (m).
Note:
★ If an object moves 7km from point A on a straight line towards point B and comes back to point A along
the same path, then the distance covered = 14km and displacement = 0
★ If an object is under a circular motion, it completes one revolution and goes back to the starting point.
The distance travel is the circumference of the circular path but the displacement is zero.

Speed:-
 The distance covered per unit time.
OR
 The rate of change of distance.
 Scalar.
 SI Unit is metre / second (m/s).
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
 Speed = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Average Speed:-
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
★ Average Speed = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑈+𝑉
★ Average Speed = 2
Instantaneous Speed:-
 The speed of an object a particular instant.

Uniform / Steady Speed:-

 If the object is moving with constant speed, then its speed is uniform.

Non Uniform Speed:-

 If the speed of an object changes with time, then it is moving with non-uniform or variable speed.

Velocity:-
 Rate of change of displacement.
 Vector.
 SI Unit is metre / second (m/s).
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
 Velocity = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
 Average Velocity= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Note:
★ When an object is under circular motion, the direction of motion changes with time. Its speed can be the
same but the displacement keeps changing when the object is moving along the circle.
★ Velocity of a body maybe taken as positive or negative to indicate the direction.
For example:
+ 10 m/s (velocity of 10 m/s to the right)
- 10 m/s (velocity of 10 m/s to the Left)
Acceleration:-
 The rate of change of velocity.
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
 Acceleration= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
 Vector.
 SI Unit is metre / second2 (m/s2).

Uniform Acceleration:-
 The velocity of the body increases equally in equal interval of time.

Non Uniform Acceleration:-

 The velocity of the body increases unequally in equal interval of time.

Uniform Deceleration:-
 The velocity of the body decreases equally in equal interval of time.

Non Uniform Deceleration:-

 The velocity of the body decreases unequally in equal interval of time.
Note:
★ When an object is thrown upwards, it is momentarily at rest at the highest point. The velocity is zero.
However it is a free falling body as gravity is the only force acting on it. For free falling body, the
acceleration is always 10 m/s2 (if there is no air resistance) no matter whether it is moving downwards,
upwards or at rest momentarily.

Motion Graph:-
 On a graph the line’s rise on the vertical scale divided by its rise on the horizontal scale is called gradient.
 On a distance time graph, the gradient of the line is numerically equal to the speed.
 DISTANCE-TIME GRAPHS

 Gradient Zero
 Speed Zero

 Gradient Positive
 Speed Constant

 Gradient Negative
 Speed Decreases Uniformly

★ For finding acceleration through distance time graph, we have to find the change of speed at two
different points on the curve by taking gradient and then dividing it by the change of time.
 SPEED-TIME GRAPHS
 On a speed time graph, the gradient of the line is numerically equal to the acceleration.
 The area under speed time graph will give us the distance.

V/ms-1
 Constant Speed / Velocity
 Gradient = 0
 a=0

V/ms-1
 Speed / Velocity Increases Uniformly
 Gradient = Positive
 a = Positive and Constant

V/ms-1
 Speed / Velocity Decreases Uniformly
 Gradient = Negative
 a = Negative and Constant

V/ms-1
V/ms-1  Speed / Velocity decreases Non-
 Speed / Velocity Increases Non- Uniformly
Uniformly  Gradient = Positive & Decreasing
 Gradient = Positive & Increasing  a = Decreasing
 a = Increasing
 FREE FALL (Acceleration Due To Gravity g)
 A free falling object experiences only GRAVITY but NO other forces.
 It is constant for all the objects close to the earth surface.
 Its value is generally taken to be 9.8m/s2 or 10m/s2.
 In the absence of air resistance all objects fall under gravity at constant acceleration g.
 In the presence of air resistance the velocity of a following object increases at a slower rate.

Note:
★ A free falling may also move upwards. When a free falling body is rising instead of falling. Its direction
of motion is upwards but the acceleration is still 10m/s2 downwards. This upward motion will slow down
eventually because the acceleration due to gravity is opposing its direction of motion. In fact, this free
falling body is decelerating. When its velocity becomes zero, it will stop at that position momentarily and
then start falling again. The free falling body is now accelerating.

TERMINAL VELOCITY
When a skydiver falls from a hovering helicopter, as her speed increases, the air resistance on her also
increases. At first, the amount of air resistance is less than the weight. So the resultant force acting on the
object is still great. As time passes, speed of the falling object gets higher and higher. Air resistance also
becomes larger and larger. Since the weight of following object is a constant the resulting force keeps
decreasing. Eventually the resultants force reaches 0 i.e. a = 0. When this happens objects falls with a
constant speed called terminal velocity.
At terminal velocity the skydiver opens her parachute, the extra area of material increases the air resistance.
She loses speed rapidly until the forces are again in balance at a greatly reduced terminal velocity.

SPEED TIME GRAPH AGAINST VELOCITY TIME GRAPH

Consider a ball is thrown vertically upwards with a speed / velocity of 3m/s and after 0.5s it reaches its
maximum height. Show it throw speed time graph and velocity time graph.
Velocity (m/s)

Speed (m/s)