928 Part 2 Analog Electronics
5. Describe what is meant by the terms (a) gain sensitivity and (b) bandwidth
extension.
6. Describe the series and shunt input connections of a feedback amplifier.
7. Describe the series and shunt output connections of a feedback amplifier.
8. Describe the effect of a series or shunt input connection on the value of input
resistance.
9. Describe the effect of a series or shunt output connection on the value of output
resistance.
10. Consider a noninverting op-amp circuit. Describe the type of input and output
feedback connections.
11. Consider an inverting op-amp circuit. Describe the type of input and output
feedback connections.
12. What is the Nyquist stability criterion for a feedback amplifier?
13. Using Bode plots, describe the conditions of stability and instability in a feed-
back amplifier.
14. Define phase margin.
15. What is meant by frequency compensation?
16. What is a dominant pole?
17. What is a common technique of frequency compensation in a feedback amplifier?
PROBLEMS
Section 12.2 Basic Feedback Concepts
12.1 (a) A negative-feedback amplifier has a closed-loop gain of A f = 100 and
an open-loop gain of A = 5 × 104 . Determine the feedback transfer func-
tion β. (b) If β = 0.012 and A f = 80, determine the open-loop gain A.
12.2 (a) The closed-loop gain of a negative-feedback amplifier is A f = −80 and
the open-loop gain is A = −105 . Find the feedback transfer function β.
(b) If β = −0.015 and A = −5 × 104 , determine the closed-loop gain A f .
12.3 The ideal feedback transfer function is given by Equation (12.5). (a) As-
sume the feedback transfer function is β = 0.15. Determine the loop gain T
and the closed-loop gain Af for (i) A = ∞, (ii) A = 80 dB, and (c)
A = 102 . (b) Repeat part (a) for β = 0.25.
12.4 (a) The closed-loop gain of a feedback amplifier using an ideal feedback
amplifier (A → ∞) is A f = 125. What is the value of β? (b) If the basic
amplifier has a finite open-loop gain, what must be the value of A such that
the closed-loop gain is within 0.25 percent of the ideal value. Use the results
of part (a).
12.5 Consider the feedback system shown in Figure 12.1. The closed-loop gain
is A f = −80 and the open-loop gain is A = −2 × 104 . (a) Determine the
feedback transfer function β. (b) The closed-loop gain is not to change by
more than 0.01 percent when the open-loop gain changes. What is the max-
imum allowed change in the open-loop gain?
12.6 The open-loop gain of an amplifier is A = 5 × 104 . If the open-loop gain
decreases by 10 percent, the closed-loop gain must not change by more
than 0.1 percent. Determine the required value of the feedback transfer
function β and the closed-loop gain Af.
12.7 Two feedback configurations are shown in Figures P12.7(a) and P12.7(b).
The closed-loop gain in each case is Av f = vo /vi = 50. (a) Determine β1
Chapter 12 Feedback and Stability 929
and β2 for the two circuits. (b) The gain A2 decreases by 10 percent in both
circuits. Using the results of part (a), determine the percent change in the
closed-loop gain for each circuit. (c) What conclusion can be made as to the
“better” feedback configuration?
vi + A1 = 200 + A2 = 10 vo
– –
b1 b1
(a)
vi + A1 = 200 A2 = 10 vo
–
b2
(b)
Figure P12.7
12.8 Three voltage amplifiers are in cascade as shown in Figure P12.8 with var-
ious amplification factors. The 180 degree phase shift for negative feedback
actually occurs in the basic amplifier itself. (a) Determine the value of β
such that the closed-loop voltage gain is Av f = Vo /Vs = −120. (b) Using
the results of part (a), determine the percent change in Av f if each individ-
ual amplifier gain decreases by 10 percent.
Ve
Vs + A1 = –10 A2 = –15 A3 = –20 Vo
+
Vfb
Figure P12.8
12.9 (a) The open-loop low-frequency voltage gain of an amplifier is Av =
5 × 104 and the open-loop 3 dB frequency is f H = 10 Hz. If the closed-loop
low-frequency gain is Av f = 25, what is the closed-loop bandwidth? (b) The
minimum closed-loop bandwidth of a feedback amplifier is to be 20 kHz. The
open-loop low-frequency voltage gain is Av = 105 and the open-loop 3 dB
frequency is f H = 8 Hz. What is the maximum closed-loop voltage gain?
12.10 (a) Determine the closed-loop bandwidth of a noninverting amplifier with a
closed-loop low-frequency gain of 50. The op-amp has the characteristics
930 Part 2 Analog Electronics
described in Problem 12.9(a). (b) If the open-loop gain decreases to
Av = 104 but the closed-loop low-frequency gain remains fixed at 50, what
is the resulting closed-loop bandwidth?
12.11 (a) An inverting amplifier uses an op-amp with an open-loop 3 dB fre-
quency of 5 Hz. The closed-loop low-frequency gain is to be Av f = 75
and the closed-loop bandwidth is to be 35 kHz. (i) What is the required
value of the open-loop low-frequency gain? (ii) Determine the feedback
transfer function β. (b) Using the results of part (a), what is the closed-loop
bandwidth and closed-loop low-frequency gain if the open-loop low-
frequency gain decreases by 10 percent?
12.12 The basic amplifier in a feedback configuration has a low-frequency gain of
A = 5000 and two pole frequencies at f3-dB1 = 10 Hz and f3-dB2 = 2 kHz.
The low-frequency closed-loop gain is A f = 100. Determine the two 3 dB
frequencies of the closed-loop system.
12.13 Consider the two feedback networks shown in Figures P12.7(a) and
P12.7(b). The 3 dB frequency of the amplifier A1 is 100 Hz and the 3 dB fre-
quency of the second amplifier A2 is very large. The feedback transfer func-
tions are β1 = 0.1126 and β2 = 0.0245. (a) Determine the 3 dB frequency
of each closed-loop network. (b) What conclusion can be made as to the
“better” closed-loop system?
12.14 Consider two open-loop amplifiers in cascade, with a noise signal generated
between the two amplifiers as in Figure 12.3(a). Assume the amplification of the
first stage is A2 = 100 and that of the second stage is A1 = 1. If Vin = 10 mV
and Vn = 1 mV, determine the signal-to-noise ratio at the output.
12.15 Two feedback configurations are shown in Figures P12.15(a) and (b). At low
input voltages, the two gains are A1 = A2 = 90 and at higher input voltages,
the gains change to A1 = A2 = 60. Determine the change in closed-loop
gain, A f = Vo /Vi , for the two feedback circuits. (See Figure 12.4.) Which
feedback configuration will result in less distortion in the output signal?
Vi + A1 + A2 Vo
– –
b = 0.1 b = 0.1
(a)
Vi + A1 A2 Vo
–
b = 0.0122
(b)
Figure P12.15
Chapter 12 Feedback and Stability 931
Section 12.3 Ideal Feedback Topologies
12.16 Consider the ideal series-shunt circuit shown in Figure 12.6. Let Av = 5 ×
103 V/V, β = 0.0080 V/V, Ri = 10 k , and Ro = 1 k . Determine the
ideal values of Av f = Vo /Vi , Ri f , and Ro f .
12.17 The parameters of the ideal series–shunt circuit shown in Figure 12.6 are
Vi = 25 mV, Vo = 2.5 V, and β = 0.0096 V/V. Determine the values and
units of Av , Av f , V f b , and Vε .
12.18 For the noninverting op-amp circuit in Figure P12.18, the parameters are:
A = 105 , Av f = 20, Ri = 100 k , and Ro = 100 . Determine the ideal
closed-loop input and output resistances, Ri f and Ro f , respectively.
R2
R1 Rof
–
Rif vo
+
vs +
–
Figure P12.18
12.19 Consider the noninverting op-amp circuit in Figure P12.18. The input resis-
tance of the op-amp is Ri = ∞ and the output resistance is Ro = 0, but the op-
amp has a finite gain A. (a) Write the closed-loop transfer function in the form
vo A
Av f = =
vs (1 + β A)
(b) What is the expression for β? (c) If A = 105 and Av f = 20, what is the
required β and R2 /R1 ? (d) If A decreases by 10 percent, what is the percent
change in Av f ?
12.20 The circuit parameters of the ideal shunt–series amplifier shown in Figure
12.9 are Ii = 20 µA, I f b = 19 µA, Ri = 500 , Ro = 20 k , and βi =
0.0095 A/A. Determine the values and units of Iε , Io , Ai , Ai f , Ri f , and Ro f .
12.21 Consider the ideal shunt–series amplifier shown in Figure 12.9. The para-
meters are Ii = 25 µA, Iε = 0.8 µA, and Ai f = 125. Determine the values
and units of I f b , Io , βi , and Ai .
12.22 Consider the op-amp circuit in Figure P12.22. The op-amp has a finite gain,
so that i o = Ai ε , and a zero output impedance. (a) Write the closed-loop
transfer function in the form
io Ai
Ai f = =
is (1 + βi Ai )
(b) What is the expression for βi ? (c) If Ai = 105 and Ai f = 25, what is the
required βi and R F /R3 ? (d) If Ai decreases by 15 percent, what is the per-
cent change in Ai f ?
12.23 An op-amp circuit is shown in Figure P12.22. Its parameters are as described
in Problem 12.22, except that Ri = 2 k and Ro = 20 k . Determine the
closed-loop input and output resistances, Ri f and Ro f , respectively.
932 Part 2 Analog Electronics
RF
Rif
Rof
–
ie ZL
+
is
io
R3
Figure P12.22
12.24 The parameters of the ideal series–series amplifier in Figure 12.12 are
Vi = 0.2 mV, Io = 5 mA, V f b = 0.195 mV, Ri = 20 k , and Ro = 10 k .
Determine the values and units of Vε , βz , Ag f , A g , Ri f , and Ro f .
12.25 The ideal series–series circuit shown in Figure 12.12 has parameters
Vi = 150 µV, βz = 0.0245 V/A, and Ag = 2000 A/V. Determine the values
and units of V f b , Vε , Io , and A g f .
12.26 Consider the circuit in Figure P12.26. The input resistance of the op-amp is
Ri = ∞ and the output resistance is Ro = 0. The op-amp has a finite gain,
so that i o = Ag vε . The current gain of the transistor is hFE. (a) Write the
closed-loop transfer function in the form
io Ag
Ag f = =
vs (1 + βz A g )
where Ag is the open-loop gain of the system. (b) What is the expression for
βz ? (c) If Ag = 5 × 105 mS and Ag f = 10 mS, what is the required βz and
RE? (d) If Ag increases by 10 percent, what is the corresponding percent
change in Ag f ?
V+
ZL
io
–
Rif – Rof
ve
+ io′
+
vs +
–
RE
Figure P12.26
12.27 The circuit shown in Figure P12.26 has the same parameters as described in
Problem 12.26, except that Ri = 20 k and Ro = 50 k . Determine the
closed-loop input and output resistances, Ri f and Ro f , respectively.
12.28 The circuit parameters of the ideal shunt–shunt amplifier shown in Figure
12.14 are A z f = 0.20 V/µA, βg = 4.25/µA/V, and Ri = Ro = 500 .
Determine the values and units of Az , Ri f , and Ro f .