Python – Fundamentals
Mr. M Hamza
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 1
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
• What is Python?
• What python can do?
• Why python?
• Printing Output on the screen
• Data Types, Expression and Variables
• String
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 1
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
• List, Tuples, Dictionaries and Sets
• Conditions and Branching
• Loops
• Functions
• Classes
• Objects
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 1
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What is Python?
Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van
Rossum, and released in 1991.
It is used for:
❖ Web development (server-side),
❖ Software development,
❖ Mathematics,
❖ System scripting.
❖ AI
❖ And so on …
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What Python can do?
❖ Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
❖ Python can be used alongside software to create workflows.
❖ Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify
files.
❖ Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex
mathematics.
❖ Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or for production-ready
software development.
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What Python can do?
❖ Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry
Pi, etc).
❖ Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
❖ Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer
lines than some other programming languages.
❖ Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-oriented way or a
functional way.
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Python VS Other Programming Languages Syntax
❖ Python was designed for readability, and has some similarities to the
English language with influence from mathematics.
❖ Python uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to other
programming languages which often use semicolons or parentheses.
❖ Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope; such as
the scope of loops, functions and classes. Other programming languages
often use curly-brackets for this purpose.
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Python Indentation
❖ Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a
code line.
❖ Where in other programming languages the indentation in
code is for readability only, the indentation in Python is
very important.
❖ Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Print Hello World on the screen
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Print sum of two numbers on the screen
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What will be the output?
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Data Types, Comments
Expressions, Variables
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 2
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Variable
❖ A variable is a location in computer memory where a value can be stored
for later use in a program.
❖ Note
❖ In Python,
❖ There is no command for declaring a variable.
❖ Variables are created when a value is assigned to it.
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Variables Naming Conventions
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name
(age, userName, total_volume). Rules for Python variables are:
❖ A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
❖ A variable name cannot start with a number
❖ A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
❖ Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different
variables)
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Legal Variable Names
myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John"
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What will be the output?
2myvar = “Usama"
my-var = “Amir"
my var = “Ali"
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What is Camel Case?
Each word, except the first, starts with a capital letter:
Example:
myVariableName = “Ali"
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What is Pascal Case?
Each word starts with a capital letter:
Example:
MyVariableName = “Ali"
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Variables Exercise
• my_variable = 1 • x= 10
• print(type(my_variable)) • Y = 26
• print(my_variable) • sum = x+ y
• My_variable = 100 • diff = x – y
• print(my_variable) • prod = x*y
• z1 = x / y
• z2 = x // y
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 7
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Case-sensitivity
❖ Python is case-sensitive Example
a=4
A = "Sally"
#A will not overwrite a
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 7
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Assigning One Value to Multiple Variables
Example: Output
?
x = y = z = "Ali"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 7
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Assigning Many Values to Multiple Variables
Example: Output
?
x, y, z = “Ali", “Amir", “Khan"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 7
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Print() Function
❖ Print() is used to print something on the screen.
Output
❖ In the print() function, we can output multiple Python is awsome
variables, separated by commas.
Example:
x = "Python is awesome"
print(x)
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 7
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What will be the Output?
x = "Python" Output
y = "is" ?
z = “fantastic"
print(x, y, z)
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 7
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What will be the Output?
x = "Python "
y = "is " Output
z = "awesome" ?
print(x + y + z)
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 7
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What will be the Output?
x = 5
y = "John" Output
print(x + y) ?
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 7
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Data Types
Data Type Example
Integer (int) 8
Float (float) 3.14
String (str) “Hello World!”
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 3
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Data Types
Command Result
type(8) int
type(3.14) float
Type (“Hello World!”) str
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 4
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Type Casting
Changing the type of a variable
Command Result
float(2) 2.0
int(3.14) 3
int(‘1’) 1
int(’A’) Not possible
str(1) ‘1’
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 5
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Data Types
Data Type Example
Boolean (bool) True
Boolean (bool) False
type(False) bool
Command Result
int(True) 1
int(False) 0
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 6
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Comments
❖ Comments are used to explain code.
❖ Comments can be used to make the code more readable.
❖ Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing
code.
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 8
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Comments in Python
In python, comments are of two types.
❖Single line comments
❖Multi line comments
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 8
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Single Line Comments in Python
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 8
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Multi Line Comments in Python
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 8
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
What will be the Output?
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 8
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Taking Input from user
name = input("Enter your name:")
print(“Your name is: " + name)
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 8
(muhammadhamza@[Link])
Practice
• Write a program that converts number of minutes to
number of hours.
Mr. M Hamza Spring 2025 8
(muhammadhamza@[Link])