COLOR CODE: To promote patriotism and nationalism -

Rizal's life and legacy embody the ideals of

blue text – answer/ from research patriotism, nationalism, and sacrifice. Studying
red text – possible question Rizal inspires students to love their country and to
work towards its development and progress.
DDDDD – important terms
To promote critical thinking and analysis -
ALL CAPS BOLD TEXT WITH UNDERLINE – sub- Rizal's writings, particularly his two novels, Noli Me
topic Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are studied for their
literary and social significance. Studying Rizal's
works helps students develop critical thinking and
analysis skills, as well as an appreciation for
WEEK 1 | CHAPTER 1 Philippine literature.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 1425 or “Rizal Law“
To promote social and moral values - Rizal's
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL life and writings promote social and moral values
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND such as integrity, justice, compassion, and respect
UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND for human dignity. Studying Rizal helps students
WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS develop a strong sense of ethics and social
NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL responsibility.
FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND Overall, studying the life of Jose Rizal is important
DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER for promoting national identity, critical thinking,
PURPOSES social and moral values, and a deeper
understanding of Philippine history and culture.
Approved: June 12, 1956
President Ramon Magsaysay PRESIDENTS OF THE PHILIPPINES
After the revised amendments, the bill was finally sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
passed on May 17, 1956 and was signed into law
as Republic Act 1425 by President Ramon sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
Magsaysay on June 12 of the same year.
sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
The Rizal Law requires all educational institutions sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
in the Philippines to include in their curricula the
life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
his novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
The law aims to promote patriotism, nationalism, sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
and cultural consciousness among Filipinos,
especially the youth. sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd

Rizal Law ensures that the study of Jose Rizal's life sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
and legacy remains a vital component of the sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
Philippine educational system, particularly in
promoting national identity, cultural consciousness, sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
and critical thinking among the Filipino youth.
sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd

Why Rizal is considered as national hero in the sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd

Philippines? sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
--Jose Rizal is considered as the national hero of the sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
Philippines because of his significant contributions
to the country's struggle for independence against sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
Spanish colonial rule. Rizal was a prominent writer,
philosopher, and revolutionary who used his sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
intellect and pen to inspire his fellow Filipinos to
fight for their rights and freedom. He wrote two sdfeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeddddddddddd
novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
which exposed the injustices and oppression of the
Spanish colonizers and awakened the Filipino
people's consciousness. Rizal's ideas and principles
of non-violent resistance, love for country, and
pursuit of education and enlightenment continue to
inspire and guide Filipinos today. His execution for
his involvement in the revolution on December 30,
1896 further fueled the Filipinos' desire for
independence and became a rallying point for the
revolution.
Why do we need to study the life of Rizal?
The life of Jose Rizal is studied in the Philippines for
several reasons. Here are some of them:
To understand Philippine history and culture - WEEK 2 | CHAPTER 2: NATION AND
Rizal's life and writings provide insights into the NATIONALISM
history and culture of the Philippines during the
19th century, a period marked by colonialism,
VOCABULARY
nationalism, and revolution. Studying Rizal helps
students gain a deeper appreciation and Bayan/Banua  Indigenous Filipino concepts of
understanding of the country's past and identity. community and territory that may be related to
nationalism
 Nation-building  A project undertaken with the Three theories about the roots of the nation:
goal of strengthening the bond of the nation  First Theory – PRIMORDIALISM
 Argues that a national identity has always existed
Patriotism  A feeling of attachment to one’s and nations have “ethnic cores”
homeland  Nationalism is embedded in inherited biological
Sovereignty  The authority to govern a polity attributes, a long history of practicing cultural
without external interference/incursions differences (kinship), or both.
 Irreconcilable differences due to cultural gaps
NATION, STATE, NATION-STATE cause fear and conflict that beget violence.
Social scientists have fleshed out the nuances of  Second Theory – MODERNITY
nation, state, and nation-state.  Nation, national identity, and nationalism are
products of the modern condition.
 A nation is a community/group of people that are  Necessary products of social structures and
believed to share a link with one another based culture(emergence of capitalism, industrialization,
on cultural practices, language, religion or belief secularization, urbanization, and
system, and historical experience, to name a few. bureaucratization)
 The nation-state, is a fusion of the elements of  Guard the homogeneity in society
the nation (people/ community) and the state  Third Theory – CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH
(territory).  Maintains that nationalism is socially constructed
 A state ruling over a nation and imagined by people who identify with a
group.
 A state is a political entity that has sovereignty
over a defined territory.  Benedict Anderson argues that nations are
 It have laws, taxation, government, and “imagined communities” (2003). He traces the
bureaucracy-basically, the means of regulating history of these imagined communities to the
life within the territory. enlightenment when European society began
 Its boundaries and territory are not fixed and challenging the supposed divinely-ordained
change across time with war, sale, arbitration dynastic regimes of the monarchies. This idea
and negotiation, and even assimilation or was starkly exemplified by the industrial
secession. revolution and the French revolution.

The development of nation-states started in NATION AND BAYAN

Europe during the periods coinciding with the  Nation-building is a continuing struggle up to the
enlightenment. The “classical” nation-states of present.
Europe began with the peace of Westphalia in the  First anti-colonial revolution in Asia led by Andres
seventeenth century. Bonifacio and the Katipunan. The scholars note
the important work of the propagandists like Rizal
Many paths were taken towards the formation of in the sustained efforts to build the nation and
the nation-states. enact change in the Spanish colony.
 In the “classical” nation-states, which is the first  The indigenous intellectual movements like
path, many scholars posit that the process was an Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Bagong
evolution from being a state into a nation-state in Kasaysayan introduced the concepts of kapwa
which the members of the bureaucracy (lawyers, and bayan that can enrich discussions about
politicians, diplomats, etc.) Eventually moved to nationalism in the context of the Philippines .
unify the people within the state to build the  Kapwa is an important concept in the country’s
nation-state. social relations. In the formation and
 A second path was taken by subsequent nation- strengthening of social-relations, the kapwa
states which were formed from nations. In this concept supports the notion of unity and harmony
process, intellectuals and scholars laid the in a community. From this central concept arise
foundations of a nation and worked towards the other notions such as “pakikipagkapwa,”
formation of political and eventually diplomatic “pakikisama,” and “pakikipag-ugnay,” as well as
recognition to create a nation-state. the collective orientation of filipino culture and
psyche.
 A third path taken by many Asian and African
people involved breaking off from a colonial  Scholars, in the major movement of the
relationship, especially after World War II when a indigenization campaign that was led by bagong
series of decolonization and nation-(re)building kasaysayan, founded by Zeus Salazar, which
occurred. During this time, groups initially advances the perspective known as pantayong
controlled by imperial powers started to assert pananaw, are among the major researchers that
their identity to form a nation and build their own nuance the notion of bayan or banua.
state from the fragments of the broken colonial  Bayan/banua, an important indigenous concept, is
ties. loosely defined as the territory where the people
 A fourth path was by way of (sometimes violent) live or the actual community they are identifying
secessions by people already part of an existing with that can be traced all the way to the
state. austronesian language family.
 A group of people who refused to or could not  The proponents of pantayong pananaw maintain
identify with the rest of the population built a the existence of a great cultural divide that
nation, asserted their own identity, and separated the elite (nacion) and the folk/masses
demanded recognition. (bayan) as a product of the colonial experience.
 In the contemporary world, the existing nation- This issue brings the project of nation-building to
states continuously strive with projects of a contested terrain.
nation-building especially since globalization and  Thus, bayan/banua encompasses both the spatial
transnational connections are progressing. community as well as the imagined community.
The concept of bayan clashed with the European
notion of nacion during the Spanish colonialism.
NATION AND NATIONALISM
One major component of the nation-state is the  Throughout Philippine history, the challenge of
nation. This concept assumes that there is a bond building the Filipino nation has persisted,
that connects a group of people together to form a impacted by colonialism, violent invasion during
community. World War II, a dictatorship, and the perennial
struggle for development.
 linked to the long history of millenarian
SUMMARY movements in the country, are widely known as
Rizalistas.
As stated in the first chapter, the imperative
of instilling nationalism in the minds of the youth RIZAL AS THE TAGALOG CHRIST
was a major factor behind the passage of the Rizal  In late 1898 and early 1899 revolutionary
law. To have a basic grasp of nationalism, the newspapers “La Independencia” and “El Heraldo
concepts of nation, state, and nation-state must be dela Revolucion” reported about Filipinos
examined. This chapter explained the basic commemorating Rizal’s death various towns in
definitions of nation (a community of people), state the country.
(a political entity), and nation-state (a fusion of the
previous two) and traced the development of the  The early 1900 then witnessed the founding
nation-state. It then tackled the various ways by of different religious organizations honoring Rizal
which social scientists made sense of the concepts “Filipino Jesus Christ.”
of nation and nationalism, their origins,  In 1907, Spanish writer and philosopher Miguel
development. de Unamuno gave Rizal the title “Tagalog Christ,”
as religious organizations venerating him had
Discussed were the primordialist, modernist, been formed in different parts of the Philippines
and social constructionist approaches as lenses in (Iya, 2012).
which nationalism could be viewed. The chapter
ended with a brief discussion about nationalism in Aside from Rizal, these individuals were also
the context of the Philippines, particularly how worshipped by their followers:
indigenous knowledge could be used to examine APOLINARIO DELA CRUZ 1815-1841
how Filipinos understand the concepts of nation  Founded the religious confraternity “Cofradia de
and nationalism. San Jose” and was also considered as the
“Tagalog Christ” by his followers.
As you study the life of Jose Rizal, it is
important to remind yourself of the multiplicity of FELIPE SALVADOR 1870-1912
ideas during his time and beyond that will affect  Felipe Salvador -also known as Apo Ipe or Ápûng
your understandings of nation and nationalism. Ipê Salvador, a Filipino revolutionary who founded
the messianic society Santa Iglesia (Holy
Church), and was called by his followers as
the “Filipino Christ” and the “King of the
Philippines.”

RIZAL AS THE TAGALOG CHRIST

 Teachings and traditions of political movements
that were organized to fight the Spanish and
WEEK 3 | CHAPTER 3: REMEMBERING RIZAL American colonial powers were rooted in religious
beliefs and practices. Those socio-religious
VOCABULARY movements known as the millenarian groups
Millenarian  groups-socio-political movement who which aim to transform society are often
generally believe in the coming of a major social symbolized or represented by a hero or prophet.
transformation with the establishment of the  Veneration of Jose Rizal as a reincarnation of
Kingdom of God. Jesus Christ.
Rizalista  religious movement that believes in the THE CANONIZATION OF RIZAL TRACING THE
divinity of Jose Rizal. ROOTS OF RIZALLISTAS
Canonization  the act of declaring a dead person  Philippine Independent Church or La Iglesia
as a saint. Filipina Independiente. Founded on August 3,
1902.
Jove Rex Al  Jove means God; Rex means King;
and Al means All (thus, God, King of all).  PIC churches displayed Philippine flag in its
altars as an expression of their love of country
Colorum  term used to refer to secret societies and recognition of heroes who fought for our
that fought against the colonial government in the independence.
Philippines.
 In 1903 PIC official organ published the “Acta de
Canonization de los Grandes Martires de la Patria
Dr. Rizal y PP. According to proceedings, the
REMEMBERING RIZAL Council of Bishops headed by Gregorio Aglipay
met in Manila Sept. 24, 1903.
 Rizal’s execution on December 30, 1896 became
an important turning point in the history of the
Philippine Revolution. PAULINA CAROLINA MALAY OBSERVATIONS
 Banal is a religious sect in Dulag, Barauen and
 Rizal was considered as one of the most Limon, Leyte.
important Filipino heroes of the revolution and
 Pantay-pantay - a strange society called
was declared as a National Hero by the Taft Rizalinos, walk barefoot in a procession to Rizal’s
Commission of 1901. monument and hold a queer sort of a mass.
 A Rizal monument was built in every town and  A “colorum” sect in Tayabas, Quezon has built a
December 30 was declared a national holiday to chapel for him at the foot of Bundok San
commemorate his death and heroism. Cristobal, better known as Mt. Banahaw.
 Caballeros de Rizal, now known as the Knights of A sect called Rizalina in Barrio
Rizal. Caluluan, Concepcion, Tarlac even has a sort of
nunnery for its priestesses.
 Influenced by both the Roman Catholic and the GROUPS VENERATING JOSE RIZAL
Pre-Hispanic spiritual culture, some Filipino
masses likewise founded organizations that  ADARNISTA OR THE IGLESIANG PILIPINAS
recognize Rizal not just as an important hero but AMBAHANG RIZAL
also as their savior from all the social ills that  Founded by Candida Balantac of Ilocos Norte
plague the country. These groups, which can be whose followers believe that she was an
 “engkantada” and claimed that a rainbow is VOCABULARY
formed while she preached, giving her the title Chinese mestizo  a person of mixed Chinese and
“Inang Adarna,” and the organization’s name, Filipino ancestry
Adarnista.
Principalia  the ruling and usually educated upper
 Members of Adarnista believed in the following: class in Spanish colonial Philippines
1. Rizal is the God of the Filipino people. Bachiller en Artes  Bachelor of Arts degree
2. Rizal is a true God and a true man. bestowed by colleges or universities
3. Rizal was not executed as has been
mentioned by historians and etc. Spanish Cortes  Spain’s lawmaking or legislative
body
 IGLESIA WATAWAT NG LAHI Ilustrado  a term which literally means
 Said to have been established by Philippine “enlightened ones” or the educated Filipinos in
national heroes and Arsenio Europe
de Guzman in 1911. It was in this year that de Masonry  fraternal organization which strives for
Guzman started to preach to the Filipino people moral betterment
that Rizal was the “Christ,” and the “Messenger
of God,” claiming that God has chosen the
Philippines to replace Israel as his “New RIZAL’S FAMILY
Kingdom.”  Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in the town
 They believed in the following: of Calamba, province of Laguna.
 Rizal was born from a rich family. His father,
1. Jesus Christ is embodied in Dr. Jose Rizal and Francisco Mercado, had a good education that
hence, Dr. Rizal is at once a god and a man. started in a Latin School in Binan and
2. The teachings of the sect are based on the afterwards, he attended the College of San Jose
commands of Jesus Christ and the teachings of in Manila. His mother, Teodora Alonso, belonged
Dr. Rizal. to one of the wealthiest families in Manila.
3. Rizal is not dead; he is alive and is physically  Rizal is the seventh child among the 11 children
and materially present in the New Jerusalem of Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso.
and etc.  Rizal’s other 10 siblings are Saturnina, Paciano,
 SUPREMA DE LA IGLESIA DE LA CIUDAD MISTICA Narcisa, Olimpia, Lucia, Maria, Concepcion,
DE DIOS INC. Josefa, Trinidad, and Soledad.
 Founded by Maria Bernarda  Rizal was affectionate to all of his siblings but he
Balitaan, started the spiritual missions in the was particularly close to his only brother
early 1920s. For them, Jesus Christ’s work is Paciano. Rizal treats Paciano as his second
still unfinished and it will be continued by Dr. father. Rizal respected him so much and valued
Jose Rizal and the ”12 lights” of the Philippines all his advice.
composed of 19th centuryPhilippine heroes.
Today, this organization is the biggest Rizalista CHILDHOOD AND EARLY EDUCATION
group and is located at the foot
of Mt. Banahaw, Sta. Lucia, Dolores, Quezon.  Rizal spent his childhood in Calamba. His
childhood was full of love and care shown to him
 The members believe that as a result of endless by his parents and siblings.
conflicts among countries in West Asia, God  As a family, they prayed together during the
decided to transfer his “Kingdom” to the Angelus and there were times when they would
Philippines. stay in the garden exchanging stories.
 Rizal had a personal servant due to his poor
SUMMARY health who would tell him legends and fairy
This chapter showed that Rizal is not only tales.
regarded as the Philippine national hero but also His nanny, Aquilina, told him stories about the
venerated as the “Filipino Jesus Christ” or the Jove aswang, nuno sa punso and an imaginary ghost
Rex Al (God, King of All) by most Rizalista groups. known as parce-nobis, often to scare him to
The canonization of Rizal by La Iglesia Filipina finish his meal. Rizal wrote in his student
Independiente and the eventual emergence of memoirs that every time his nanny frightened
Rizalista groups in different parts of the country him, “My heart was fed with sad thoughts.”
could be associated with the long struggle of the  Rizal demonstrated intelligence at a young age.
Filipinos for freedom and independence. His first teacher was Dona Teodora who taught
Syncretism is also evident among the Rizalista him to pray. At the age of 3, he learned the
groups as the nationalist visions are included in alphabet. He showed great interest in books and
their religious beliefs and texts. would stay in the library with his mother. Dona
Teodora noticed Rizal’s skills in poetry and later
on felt the need for a private tutor for the young
Rizal.
 1865 - When he was four years old, his sister
Conception, the eight child in the Rizal family,
died at the age of three. It was on this occasion
that Rizal remembered having shed real tears
for the first time.
 1869 - At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first
poem entitled "Sa Aking Mga Kabata." The
poem was written in tagalog and had for its
theme "Love of One’s Language."

WEEK 4 | CHAPTER 4: THE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL STUDENT OF MANILA

 Rizal attended Ateneo Municipal for a six-year
José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda program, excelling in academics and earning a
degree in Bachiller en Artes.
June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896  He later enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas
for a degree in Medicine. Rizal was not as gifted in
 Medicine as he was in Arts and Letters but was Josephine Bracken, to Dapitan. They lived
still a good student. together in Rizal's octagonal house, as they were
 Rizal and his brother made a secret pact for him denied marriage by Father Obach due to Rizal's
to go to Europe to complete his medical studies stance against the Church.
and prepare to liberate the Philippines from  Rizal's daily routine involved teaching, treating
Spanish tyranny. patients, farming, and studying. He also had
various fruit trees and animals. Rizal created a
relief map of Mindanao in Dapitan to teach
RIZAL IN EUROPE geography and constructed a water system and
 In 1882, Jose Rizal left the Philippines for Spain lampposts.
where he enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and  Josephine Bracken fell in love with Rizal and they
Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid. lived together, but were denied marriage due to
 He also took classes in painting and sculpture, Rizal's views on the Church. Rizal objected to the
fencing, and French, English, and German. planned revolution and sent letters requesting a
Despite financial difficulties, Rizal was awarded review of his case.
the degree of Licentiate in Medicine in 1884, and  He was approved to go to Cuba, but was ordered
a Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters in 1885. back to Manila upon arrival. On November 3,
 Rizal also joined the Masonry and became a 1896, he arrived in Manila and was taken to Fort
Master Mason at the Lodge Solidaridad on Santiago.
November 15, 1890.
 While in Madrid, he wrote the first half of his
novel, Noli Me Tangere, and specialized in TRIAL AND EXECUTION
ophthalmology. Rizal befriended different scholars  Rizal's case investigation began on Nov. 20, 1896.
and became interested in Philippine culture. He was accused of organizing the revolution,
promoting rebellion and forming illegal groups.
 Despite pleading not guilty and appealing to the
RIZAL'S SECOND TRIP TO EUROPE revolutionaries to stop the uprising, Rizal was
 During his second trip, Rizal was active in the found guilty and sentenced to death on Dec. 26,
Propaganda Movement with fellow ilustrados. 1896.
They campaigned for reforms such as equal rights  On Dec. 28, 1896, Gov.-Gen. Camilo de Polavieja
for native Filipinos, representation in the Spanish signed the court decision for Rizal's execution by
Cortes, and secularization of parishes. firing squad at 7 a.m. on Dec. 30.
 Rizal wrote articles for La Solidaridad and  Rizal's final days were spent writing his longest
published his annotation of Sucesos de las Islas poem, Mi Ultimo Adios, bidding farewell to the
Filipinas and essays such as "On the Indolence of Filipino people.
the Filipinos" and "The Philippines a Century  On Dec. 29, 1896, he gave away his belongings,
Hence." including his gas lamp, murmuring to his sister
 He completed his second novel, El Filibusterismo, that "there is something inside."
in 1891, which was more radical than his first  Trining and Maria later found a copy of his last
novel, Noli. poem inside the lamp. At 6:30 in the morning of
 Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892 and December 30, 1896, Rizal, in black suit with his
encouraged his friends to join the La Liga Filipina, arms tied behind his back, walked to
but he was arrested and exiled to Dapitan in Bagumbayan. The orders were given and shots
Mindanao after being charged with bringing were fired.
leaflets against the Dominican friars.  Consummatum est! ("It is finished!") Rizal died
offering his life for his country and its freedom.
EXILE IN DAPITAN
SUMMARY
 Rizal arrived in Dapitan on July 17, 1892. It was a
remote town in Mindanao, a politico-military This chapter covered the important stages if
outpost of the Spaniards. Rizal’s life – from his family history to his
 Captain Ricardo Carnicero, who became Rizal's memorable childhood in Calamba and his first taste
friend during his exile, allowed him to explore the of education in the town Biñan in Laguna. The
place and report to his office weekly. narrative also showed how Rizal’s ideas and works
 In Dapitan from 1892-1896, Rizal lived quietly, were influenced by his education in Manila and
practicing medicine, studying science, and later in Europe. His active participation in the
pursuing art. He started a school, promoted Propaganda Movement made him one of the most
community projects, and learned local languages. known reformists. Rizal’s writings and alleged
He farmed, traded, and invented a brick-making involvement in the Philippine Revolution of 1896
machine. were used by the Spanish colonial government to
 In 1892, Rizal won a lottery with Carnicero and a justify his public execution on December 30, 1896.
Spaniard, receiving 6,200 pesos. He used some of
his winnings to buy land in Talisay, where he built
his house, a school, and a hospital. (ticket number
9736)
 Rizal described his daily life in Dapitan in a letter
to Blumentritt. He lived in a square house with his
mother, sister, nephew, and taught boys in an WEEK 5 | CHAPTER 5: THE NINETEENTH
octagonal house. He had chickens in a hexagonal CENTURY PHILIPPINE ECONOMY, SOCIETY,
house and could hear a nearby stream. He had AND THE CHINESE MESTIZOS
two canoes, fruit trees, rabbits, dogs, and cats. He The chapter examines Rizal’s life in the
woke up at 5:00, visited his fields, and fed the context of the Philippines during the 19 th century
chickens. He treated patients, went to town, and the impact of economic development on
returned for lunch, taught the boys, and farmed in society. It covers the economic growth and
the afternoons. He spent the evenings reading changes in the Philippines and the effects on
and studying. Rizal improved Dapitan by creating education, social life, and the people. The chapter
a relief map of Mindanao for teaching geography, also highlights the significance of the Chinese
and building a water system with his pupils. mestizos in Philippine life and economy and their
 He also assisted in installing lampposts around place in the changing social structure.
the town. Rizal's fame as an ophthalmologist
brought George Taufer and his daughter,
VOCABULARY  Land acquisition came in the form of land-
grabbing, pacto de retroventa, and inquilinos,
Cash Crop  crops cultivated for export changing the social stratification in the
Decree  an order issued by a legal authority, a countryside and causing tensions and
policy pronouncement contestations.
Galleon Trade  From 1565-1815, this was the
form of trade between the Philippines and Mexico. THE CHINESE AND CHINESE MESTIZOS
The galleons would sail to Mexico loaded with  The Chinese and Chinese mestizos greatly
goods and return to the Philippines carrying the benefited from the changing economy in the
payment in silver. Philippines during the 19th century.
Insulares  pure-blooded Spanish born in the  Pre-colonial Philippines had trade relations with
Philippines the Chinese and during the height of the Galleon
Trade, most of the goods being traded were
Mestizo  a person with mixed ancestry-one parent Chinese products.
is Chinese or Spanish and the other is a native; an
important sector of the population in nineteenth  The influx of Chinese settlements in the
century Philippines Philippines made the Spaniards suspicious and led
to stringent state policies such as higher taxes,
Merchant Houses  firms established in Manila and restriction of movement with the establishment of
other cities by foreign traders the Chinese enclave (the Parlan), and policies of
Pacto De Retroventa  an agreement that allowed expulsion.
a landowner to sell his/her land with the guarantee  Despite the Spaniards’ wariness of the Chinese,
that he/she could buy the land back at the same they realized their importance in sustaining the
price economy and gradually became integrated into
Parian  Chinese enclave established in 1581 colonial society, leading to intermarriages with
outside the walls of Intramuros. The Chinese were indios and the rise of Chinese mestizos.
forced to live in the Parian.  The Chinese mestizos played an important role in
Peninsulares  pure-blooded Spanish born in Spain the economy throughout the Spanish colonial
period, influencing the changing economy in the
Principalia  wealthy pure-blooded natives said to 19th century by purchasing land, accumulating
have descended from the kadatoan class wealth and influence.
Sangley  a term that proliferated in the Spanish
Philippines to refer to people of pure Chinese IMPACT OF LIFE IN THE COLONY
descent; came from the Hokkien word “seng-li”
meaning business  The rising economy demanded a more literate
population, leading to the issuance of a colonial
Social Stratification  a way by which people in a government order in 1836 to set up primary
society are categorized based on socio-economic schools.
as well as political standards  The development of the economy led to the
growth of schools like Ateneo Municipal,
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF PHILIPPINE addressing the need for professionals.
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY  Bureaucratization was intensified as the economy
 The Philippines underwent profound change in the grew, leading to streamlining of colonial
19th century due to various economic, political, governance.
social, and cultural currents.  The increased rate of internal migration led to
 The change initially started in the late 18th concerns like overcrowding, increased criminality,
century with the dynastic shift from the and difficulties in tax collection.
Habsburgs to the Bourbons in Spain, leading to  To mitigate these concerns, the colonial
recalibration of colonial policies in the Philippines. government implemented measures like the 1849
decree of Governor-General Narciso Claveria that
 The goal of the policies was to invigorate the urged the people in the colony to adopt
profitability of colonies, including the Philippines, [Link] the catalogo de apellidos where
through transformation of the economy towards government assign surnames.
being export-oriented.  Policies like the registration and possession of a
 José de Basco y Vargas arrived in the Philippines cedula personal helped the colonial government
in 1778 as the first governor-general under the have better surveillance mechanisms.
Bourbon mandate and established the Royal  The guardia civil was established to carry out
Philippine Company in 1785 to facilitate the policies better and assert the authority of the
envisioned economic reorientation. state.
 The changes were met with resistance from  The growing economy allowed the colonial state
various sectors and the Royal Philippine Company new opportunities, but also prompted it to be
faced issues of mismanagement and corruption. more regulatory.
 Basco lifted a ban on Chinese merchants,
initialized the development of cash crop farms, RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
and established the Tobacco Monopoly to The changes in the Philippine economy had
maximize production of the export good. a significant impact on the society. This resulted in
 The end of the Galleon Trade and the loss of Latin the revision of social relationships and a shift in the
American colonies in the Mexican War of way people were classified in terms of social
Independence eventually led to the closing of the status. With the mestizo population becoming more
Royal Philippine Company and opening of Manila influential, a new social hierarchy was established,
to world trade by 1834. consisting of
 By the first half of the 19th century, majority of Peninsular Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the
the Philippines’ exports came from cash crops like Iberian Peninsula (I.e., Spain)
tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, abaca, and coffee. Insular Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the
 The importance of land became more evident as Philippines
cash crops became the major source of revenue, Mestizo Born mixed parentage, a mestizo
leading to concerns about land ownership and can be:
management. Spanish Mestizo One psrent id
Spanish, the other is native:or
 Chinese Mestizo- One parent is modern condition, and are necessary products of
Chinese, the other is native social structures and culture.
Principalia Wealthy pure-blooded native
supposedly descended from the What are the implications of the concept of bayan
kadatoan class for the nationbuilding process in the Philippines?
Indio Pure-blooded native of the
Philippines The concept of bayan has important implications
Chino Non-Catholic pure blooded Chinese for the nation-building process in the Philippines. It
infiel emphasizes the importance of the collective
orientation of Filipino culture and psyche, and the
In the 19th century, the Spaniards, who had need to recognize the cultural divide between the
lost economic power, attempted to maintain elite and the folk/masses. It also highlights the
dominance through their race. This caused tension need to recognize the indigenous intellectual
with the growing principalia and mestizo movements such as Sikolohiyang Pilipino and
populations, who sawtheir vital role in society as Bagong Kasaysayan, which have contributed to the
drivers and facilitators of the economy. Over time, nation-building process. Furthermore, the concept
these groups demanded social recognition from the of bayan emphasizes the importance of recognizing
pure-blooded Spaniards, which was continuously the territorial boundaries of the Filipino people and
denied. The mestizos and principalia elite the need to build a sense of unity and harmony
continued to accumulate wealth, both economically within the community.
and culturally, and took advantage ofeducation What are the Caballeros de Rizal?
opportunities in the Philippines and Europe. This
education, along with their already significant The Caballeros de Rizal, now known as the Knights
position in society, helped to boost their relevance of Rizal, is a fraternal organization founded in the
and allowed them to play a role in the emergence Philippines in 1892 to honor the memory of José
of I nationalism. Rizal, the country's national hero. The organization
is dedicated to promoting Rizal's ideals of
CONCLUSION patriotism, freedom, and justice.
In conclusion, this chapter aimed to provide
a background for understanding the context in What are the main beliefs of the Rizalista groups?
which José Rizal lived and flourished. The 19th
century was marked by significant economic and The main beliefs of the Rizalista groups are that
social developments in the Philippines as part of Jose Rizal is the God of the Filipino people, Jesus
the Spanish empire, with the introduction of the Christ is embodied in Dr. Jose Rizal, the teachings
Bourbon reforms and the growth of the cash crop of the sect are based on the commands of Jesus
economy. These changes had a profound impact on Christ and the teachings of Dr. Rizal, Rizal is not
education policies, social stratification, and state dead, and God has chosen the Philippines to
surveillance and regulation. The rise of the mestizo replace Israel as his “New Kingdom.”
and principalia classes and their increasing
relevance in society played a significant role in the What was Jose Rizal's favorite food?
social and political landscapes. Rizal, born in the
1860s, was a product of this transitional period and Jose Rizal's favorite food was adobo, a traditional
had the opportunity to benefit from the changes Filipino dish made with pork or chicken, garlic,
happening in society. However, he also saw the vinegar, soy sauce, and bay leaves.
rising inequality and worsening conditions for the What was Rizal's favorite book?
majority of the population as a result of these
developments. Rizal showed great interest in books and would
stay in the library with his mother. His favorite
book was not specified in the text.
What motivated Rizal to go to Europe to study
medicine?

Rizal was motivated to go to Europe to study

medicine in order to prepare to liberate the
Philippines from Spanish tyranny, as he and his
brother had made a secret pact for him to do so.
What was Jose Rizal's opinion of the Spanish
government?

Jose Rizal had a critical opinion of the Spanish

government. He was a vocal critic of the colonial
What is the difference between a nation and a government's abuses and injustices against the
state? Filipino people, and he used his writings to express
his views.
The main difference between a nation and a state
is that a nation is a community or group of people What was Rizal's opinion of the Propaganda
that are believed to share a link with one another Movement?
based on cultural practices, language, religion or
belief system, and historical experience, while a Rizal was an active supporter of the Propaganda
state is a political entity that has sovereignty over Movement and its goals of equal rights for native
a defined territory with laws, taxation, government, Filipinos, representation in the Spanish Cortes, and
and bureaucracy. The nation-state is a fusion of the secularization of parishes. He wrote articles for La
elements of the nation and the state. Solidaridad and published his annotation of
What is the difference between primordialism and Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas and essays such as
modernity? "On the Indolence of the Filipinos" and "The
Philippines a Century Hence" to further the cause.
Primordialism argues that a national identity has What did Rizal do in Manila after he was ordered
always existed and nations have “ethnic cores”, back to the Philippines?
while modernity argues that nation, national
identity, and nationalism are products of the
Upon arriving in Manila, Rizal was taken to Fort and culturally, and took advantage of education
Santiago where he was held prisoner and opportunities in the Philippines and Europe, which
eventually executed on December 30, 1896. helped to boost their relevance and allowed them
What was Rizal's final poem? to play a role in the emergence of nationalism.

Rizal's final poem was "Mi Ultimo Adios" ("My Last What were some of the social and political changes
Farewell"). that took place in the Philippines during the 19th
What were some of the consequences of the century?
changes in the economy during the 19th century in
the Philippines? Some of the social and political changes that took
place in the Philippines during the 19th century
The changes in the economy during the 19th included the introduction of the Bourbon reforms,
century in the Philippines had a number of the growth of the cash crop economy, changes in
consequences, including the emergence of land- education policies, the rise of the mestizo and
grabbing, pacto de retroventa, and inquilinos, principalia classes, and increased state surveillance
which changed the social stratification in the and regulation. These changes had a profound
countryside and caused tensions and impact on the social and political landscapes of the
contestations. Additionally, the increased focus on Philippines and had a direct effect on José Rizal's
cash crops led to a greater emphasis on land life and work.
ownership and management, as well as a shift
away from subsistence farming. Finally, the
changes in the economy also led to a greater
reliance on foreign trade, as the Philippines opened
up to world trade by 1834.

What were some of the benefits that the Chinese

and Chinese mestizos received from the changing
economy in the Philippines during the 19th
century?

The Chinese and Chinese mestizos benefited from

the changing economy in the Philippines during the
19th century by gaining access to new economic
opportunities, accumulating wealth and influence,
and becoming integrated into colonial society. They
were able to purchase land, engage in trade, and
establish businesses, which allowed them to
become more prosperous and influential.
Additionally, the intermarriage between Chinese
and indios led to the rise of Chinese mestizos, who
were able to benefit from the changing economy in
the Philippines.
What were some of the consequences of the
increasing economy in the 19th century in the
Philippines?

The increasing economy in the 19th century in the

Philippines had a number of consequences,
including the need for a more literate population,
the growth of schools like Ateneo Municipal, the
intensification of bureaucratization, the rise of
internal migration, the implementation of measures
like the 1849 decree of Governor-General Narciso
Claveria, the registration and possession of a
cedula personal, and the establishment of the
guardia civil. These changes had a significant
impact on the lives of the people in the colony,
leading to increased surveillance and regulation by
the colonial government.

What was the impact of the economic changes in

the Philippines on the social hierarchy?

The economic changes in the Philippines had a

significant impact on the social hierarchy, resulting
in a revision of social relationships and a shift in
the way people were classified in terms of social
status. With the mestizo population becoming more
influential, a new social hierarchy was established,
consisting of Peninsular Pure-blooded Spaniard
born in the Iberian Peninsula, Insular Pure-blooded
Spaniard born in the Philippines, Mestizo,
Principalia, Indio, and Chino infiel. This caused
tension with the growing principalia and mestizo
populations, who saw their vital role in society as
drivers and facilitators of the economy. Over time,
these groups demanded social recognition from the
pure-blooded Spaniards, which was continuously
denied. The mestizos and principalia elite
continued to accumulate wealth, both economically
WEEK 6 | CHAPTER 6: AGRARIAN DISPUTES
MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
- expanding economy based on exporting
VOCABULARY WORDS agricultural crops ushered in change and gradually
 Conquistador - a Spanish conqueror put into place and inquilino system.
 caballeria -a small tract of land included in a
land grant DOWNSIDE OF INQUILLINO SYSTEM:
 canon – an annual rent paid by the inquillio Two non-cultivating groups further diminished the
 cavan - a measure equal to 75 liters income of the sharecroppers. After the inquilino
 hacienda - large estates that were used for paid his rent to the religious hacenderos and
raising livestock and agricultural production deducted his own share, the remaining amount of
 Inquilino - a tenant who rented land from the income would then be divided among all
friars and subleased the land to sharecroppers sharecroppers.
 principales - ruling elite class
 sharecropper (kasama) - an individual who PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION OF 1896
rented the land from an inquilino and The change in the social structure and land
worked the land tenure practices would eventually render the
 sitio de ganado mayor - a large tract of land haciendas as sites of contestation among the
included in a land grant Spanish religious hacendros, the inquilinos, and the
sharecroppers. It is not surprising, then, that when
AGRARIAN DISPUTE the Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896, the
In 1891, when Jose Rizal was in Hongkong, he abuses in the friars estates were often identified as
received a terrible news that his mother, Donya one of the main causes that instigated the revolt.
Josefina, and his two younger sisters, Josefa and
Trinidad was summoned by the Spanish authorities Hacienda de Calamba Conflict
being involved in Hacienda de Calamba case. 1759 – Hacienda de Calamba owned by several
Spanish Laymen.
To show his support, Jose Rizal wrote a letter for his - a destitute Spanish layman, Don Manuel
family: Jauregui, donated the lands to the Jesuits on the
condition that he would be allowed to live in the
Brief History of Friar Estates in the Philippines Jesuit monastery for the rest of his life.
The friar estate started on late sixteenth and early
seventeenth centuries when the land grants The Jesuits would claim ownership to the land for a
awarded to the early Spanish conquistadors who mere eight years before they were expelled from
arrived in the Philippines. 120 Spaniards were the Philippine through a decree issued by King
given grants of a large track of land known as sitio Charles III on February 27, 1767. As a result of the
de Ganado mayor measuring 1,742 hectares and expulsion, Hacienda de Calamba, along with other
smaller tracts of land known as caballerias Jesuit properties, were confiscated by the
measuring 42.5 hectares. government and put under the management of the
office of Jesuit Temporalities.
Three reasons why the Spanish hacenderos failed
to develop their lands: 1803 - the government sold the property to a
1. The Spanish population in the Philippines was Spanish layman, Don Clemente de Azansa, for
transient. It was a common practice for Spanish 44,057 pesos.
administrator to return to Spain after having When he died in 1833, the Hacienda de Calamba,
served in the country. which measured 16,424 hectares, was purchased
2. The market for livestock products, which by the Dominicans for 52,000 pesos. By this time,
haciendas offered, remained relatively small many families from neighboring towns had
until the latter parts of the Spanish colonial migrated to the hacienda in search for economics
period. opportunities. Among the families that arrived at
3. The Galleon Trade that was based in Manila the Hacienda were Rizal's ancestors, who
offered bigger economic rewards and attracted eventually became one of the principal inquilinos in
more Spaniards. Because Spanish hacenderos the hacienda.
lacked the interest and inclination to develop
their lands, the religious orders soon took over Rizal's family that rented one of the largest leased
the task. lands, measuring approximately 380 hectares.
Sugar was a main commodity planted in the
Land was acquired by the religious orders through hacienda as there was a demand for the crop in
various means: world market.
 The lands were donated by Spaniards seeking
spiritual benefits. There were cases, too, in 1883 - Paciano Rizal wrote that the friars were
which estates that had been heavily mortgaged collecting rents without issuing the usual receipts.
to the ecclesiastics were eventually purchased Two years later, the tenants failed to pay their
by the religious orders themselves. rents because the rent had supposedly increased
 A number of Filipino principales also contributed while sugar prices had remained low.
to the formation of the friar estates through
donations and sales. The charges against the friars continued with
Rizal's brother-in-law, Mariano Herbosa, specifically
SIXTEENTH & SEVENTEENTH CENTRURY – Landlord- complaining about the yearly increase in rentals,
tenant realtionship faulty irrigation system, and failure to issue
- social structure found in the haciendas receipts. Coupled with these problems was the fact
was primarily composed of lay brother that at this time, the price of sugar continued to
administrators at the top and cultivating tenants decline in the world market. The situation became
below. Although the lay brother administrators so dire that Paciano, at one point, considered
were under the direct authority of the heads of giving back his lands to the friars and clearing land
their religious orders, they were relatively free to elsewhere.
make their own decisions on administrative affairs.
-The tenants on the other hand, were 1887, the colonial government demanded from the
expected to work the land and pay an annual rent, tenants of the hacienda a report on the income and
which was usually a fixed amount of harvest and in productions of the estate because they suspected
later centuries, money. that the Dominicans were evading payment of their
[Link] tenants complied and submitted a • An oft-cited reason for the mutiny was
report, but they also attached a petition authored a decree released by Governor-General
by Jose Rizal. The petition presented a list of Rafael de Izquierdo. The decree ordered
grievances against the hacienda owners including a that the arsenal workers would no longer
complaint on the increasing amount of rent. To be exempted from the tributo and polo.
show resistance, some of the tenants began to • However, official accounts argued that the revolt
withhold rent. was part of a larger movement with the aim of
overthrowing the Spanish government and
1891 - As a form of retaliation, the friars began to asserting independence.
evict tenants who refused to pay rent in 1891. • The mutiny had expected the support of close to
Those who persisted still in resisting the friars were 2000 men from regiments based both in Cavite and
eventually expelled. Among those who were exiled Manila are the leaders of mutiny
to remote areas in the country were Rizal's The plan was to begin the revolt after midnight in
parents, brother, and sisters. Manila with rebels setting fires in Tondo to distract
the authorities. A signal by way of fireworks would
Rizal had worked on reversing the decision of the then be sent to the rebels in Cavite who would then
Philippine courts, his family’s exile would only be lay siege to the arsenal.
lifted upon the issuance of a decree from the • However, the mutiny began earlier than expected
another governor-general • The experience and many of those who pledged support defected
affected Rizal deeply and the increasing despair he and vowed loyalty to Spain and with that the
felt from the event would be reflected in his second mutiny failed.
novel, El Filibusterismo. • Spanish Government used this as a mean to
suppress the increasing call for a more liberal
Summary administration.
This chapter presented a brief history of the • Among those who clamored for reforms were
hacienda from its beginnings as a royal land grant Filipino secular priests.
rewarded to Spaniards who had rendered
exemplary service to the Spanish Crown. Later, Secularization Movement
these lands came into the possession of the friars • The introduction and the strengthening of the
by way of purchase or donation. Also pointed out in Catholic Faith were largely through the efforts of
this chapter was the change in landlord-tenant two
relationships from a two-tiered relationship types of clergy: regular priests and secular priests.
between a religious administrator and a tenant to a • Regular priests or the friars were those
three-tiered one with landlords, inquilinos, and jurisdiction fell on their elected prelates. Their job
sharecroppers. was to
Rizal's family served as inquilinos in the introduce the faith, convert the natives and
Dominican's Hacienda de Calamba. By 1883, the establish religious communities.
family began to notice changes in the manner • In the Philippines, five religious orders took on
through which the Dominicans collected rent. The this task:
conflict reached its height towards the end of the a. the Agustinians who arrived in 1565,
1880s when the farmers wrote a petition to the b. the Discalced Franciscans who arrived in 1578,
government detailing their grievances against the c. the Jesuits who arrived in 1581,
Dominicans and with the priests retaliating as a d. the Dominicans who arrived in 1587, and
result. The conflict affected Rizal deeply and was e. the Agustinian Recollects who arrived in 1606
reflected particularly in his second novel, El • The Secular clergy were priests who “live in the
Filibusterismo. world”. They were under the authority of bishops
and
not members of a religious order. Their primary
WEEK 7: Emerging Nationalism task was the management of the religious
communities and ideally, they continue the work
laid down by the regular clergy which is to
Definition of Terms introduce
Episcopal Visitation  an official pastoral visit the faith and establish religious communities
conducted by the bishop on a diocese to examine
the conditions of a congregation; often done once • Two issues were particularly contentious among
every three years. the clergy in the Philippines. The first issue had to
Garrote  an apparatus used for capital do
punishment in which an iron collar is tightened with episcopal visitiatios. An omnimoda bull passed
around a condemned person’s neck. by Pope Adrian VI in 1522 allowed the regulars to
Polo  system of forced labor that required Filipino administer the sacraments and act as parish
males from 16 to 60 years old to render service for priests independent from the authority of the local
a period of 40 days. bishop.
Regular clergy  priests who belong to religious • The conflict began when the bishops insisted on
orders. visiting the parishes that were being run by regular
Secular clergy  priests who do not belong to priests. It was their duty to check on the
religious orders and are engaged in pastoral work. administration of these parishes. But the regular
Tributo  system of taxation imposed by the priests
Spanish colonial government on the Filipinos in refused these visits, saying that they were not
order to generate resources for the maintenance of under the bishop’s jurisdiction. They threatened to
the colony. abandon their parishes if the bishops persisted.
Nationalism  is an ideology based on the premise • Several attempts to enforce the visitations,
that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the however, regular clergy often counter the idea.
nation-state surpass other individual or group Regular
interests. clergy at this point abused their authority by
resigning from posts and leaving the parishes
CAVITE MUTINY unattended.
On January 20, 1872, approximately 250 Filipino This type of situation was especially disastrous in
soldiers rose in revolt at an arsenal in Cavite. 11 the early stages of Christianization when the
Spaniards were killed and led by paucity
government forces to put an end to the
uprising after three days.
of secular priests often forced the government to forty-thousand Filipinos surrounded the four
give in to the wishes of the regular clergy. platforms where the priests and the man whose
• The second issue had to do with the management testimony had convicted them were to die. Burgos
of the parishes. Regular priests-maintained control wept like a child, Zamora with vacant eyes,
over the parishes in the early stages of and Gomez head held high, blessing the Filipinos
Christianization out of necessity because of the who knelt at his feet, heads bared and
scarcity of praying. Zamora and Gomez were executed
secular priests to whom the parishes would be without resistance, but Burgos protested his
passed on. innocence and had to be urged by friars to die a
• One reason provided by the regulars was that the Christian death. The executioner asked for
Philippines still remained an active mission, en viva forgiveness, which Burgos granted before his
Conquista espiritual, with some groups not yet execution was carried out.
Christianized. They would argue that the Filipinos Although the public execution of the three priests
are not was meant to instill fear in the Filipinos, it had the
yet ready to be turned over to the secular clergy. opposite effect. In his work, La Revolucion Filipina,
Another reason was more economic in nature. Apolinario Mabini stated:
Regular Nevertheless, the execution of the three priests
priests refuse to give up the parishes which brought forth a new force — the culmination of the
generated large profits for them. However, an process of the forging of our national identity, a
overwhelming process which began in 1565. On the day of their
reason why the secular priests decided to raise the public
secularization movement was that the regular execution in Bagumbayan, on 17 February 1872,
priests viewed Filipino secular clergy as unqualified the masses gathered to show their sympathy. On
and incompetent. that
• The secular clergy would react strongly to the day, the racial classifications that labeled them as
claims. Fr. Mariano Gomez, parish priest of Bacoor, indios, insulares, chinos, cristianos, etc. no longer
and Ft. mattered to them. Together, they have become
Pedro Pelaez, secretary to the archbishop, drew up Filipinos, a term that they appropriated from the
expositions to the government on behalf of the “oppressors
secular clergy, but their efforts proved futile. The
struggle eventually took on a different tone Summary
towards the The Cavite Mutiny and the subsequent
1860s as the issue of secularization was no longer execution of the three priests – Jose
limited to questions of merit and competence but Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto
the issue became a question of racial equality as Zamora – marked 1872 as a significant
well. At the forefront of this struggle to gain year in Philippines history. Although the
equality clamor for a more liberal administration
between Spanish and Filipino priests was Fr. Jose during this time was temporarily
Burgos. silenced, nationalism was gradually
awakened, culminating in more decisive
Execution of Gomez, Burgos events towards the end of the nineteenth
and Zamora century
• As a result of the revolt in Cavite, several priests
and laymen
were arrested on the orders of Governor-General
Izquierdo.
Among the priests arrested in the succeeding days
were
Fathers Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora. Jose
Guevarra, Mariano
Gomez, Feliciano Gomez, Mariano Sevilla,
Bartolome Serra,
Miguel de Laza, Justo Guazon, Vicente del Rosario,
Pedro
Dandan, and Anacleto Desiderio. Among the
laymen were
lawyers and businessmen: Gervavio Sanchez,
Pedro Carillo,
Maximo Inocencio, Balbino Mauricio, Ramon
Maurente,
Maximo Patenro and Jose Basa. These Filipinos
were
sentenced to varying terms of exile in Guam. The
three priests,
Burgos, Gomez and Zamora, on the other hand,
were
condemned to death by garrote.
Edmund Plauchut – a French writer who gave an
account of the execution of the three martyr
priests.
According to him:
❖ In 1872, three secular priests were found guilty
of treason and sentenced to death by a
Spanish court martial. The priests were taken to
Fort Santiago where they were informed that
their sentence would be executed the next day.
When the sentence was read to them, Burgos
cried, Zamora lost his mind, and Gomez remained
calm. On the day of their execution, almost