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BIO202 ClassNotes CellularRespiration

The lecture covers cellular respiration, detailing how glucose is converted into ATP through three main stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain. Key products include a total of approximately 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule, with specific yields from each stage. Important terms such as ATP, NADH, and chemiosmosis are highlighted, along with a reminder for an upcoming quiz on March 19.

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4 views2 pages

BIO202 ClassNotes CellularRespiration

The lecture covers cellular respiration, detailing how glucose is converted into ATP through three main stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain. Key products include a total of approximately 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule, with specific yields from each stage. Important terms such as ATP, NADH, and chemiosmosis are highlighted, along with a reminder for an upcoming quiz on March 19.

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BIO 202 — Cell Biology

Lecture 9: Cellular Respiration & Energy Metabolism


Date: Thursday, 14 March 2024 | Prof. Adaeze Nwosu | Room: SCI-214

Overview
Today covers how cells convert glucose into usable energy (ATP). Three main stages: Glycolysis →
Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport Chain.
Key equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ~36–38 ATP

Stage 1: Glycolysis
Location: Cytoplasm (no mitochondria needed — can happen anaerobically)
Net Products per glucose:
• 2 ATP (net gain after investment phase)
• 2 NADH (electron carriers for later use)
• 2 pyruvate (3-carbon molecules — feeds into Krebs)
⚠️NOTE from Prof: Remember — glycolysis USES 2 ATP before gaining 4. Net = +2 ATP. This trips up exam
students every year!

Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation + Krebs Cycle


Pyruvate Oxidation (Bridge Step)
• Pyruvate enters mitochondria → converted to Acetyl-CoA (2-carbon)
• CO₂ released (1 per pyruvate = 2 total)
• 1 NADH produced per pyruvate

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)


Location: Mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate (4C) → citrate (6C). Cycle
regenerates oxaloacetate.
Per glucose (cycle runs TWICE):
• 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
• 6 NADH
• 2 FADH₂
• 4 CO₂ released

Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC)


Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane. This is where MOST ATP is made.
• NADH and FADH₂ donate electrons to protein complexes (I–IV)
• Electrons passed down creates H⁺ gradient across membrane
• H⁺ flows back through ATP synthase → ATP made (chemiosmosis)
• Oxygen is final electron acceptor → becomes water (H₂O)
• Yield: ~32–34 ATP from ETC

ATP Summary Table (per glucose)


• Glycolysis: 2 ATP
• Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP
• ETC (oxidative phosphorylation): ~32–34 ATP
TOTAL: ~36–38 ATP per glucose molecule

Key Terms to Know


• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) — energy currency of the cell
• NADH / FADH₂ — electron carriers; reducing agents
• Chemiosmosis — ATP synthesis driven by proton gradient
• Substrate-level phosphorylation — direct ATP synthesis without ETC
• Aerobic vs. Anaerobic — with or without oxygen

📌 Exam Reminder: Quiz on Cellular Respiration — Tuesday, March 19. Review all three stages + ATP counts.

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