Controlled Rectifiers

(Line Commutated AC to DC converters)

1
 +
AC Line DC Output
Input Commutated V0(dc )
Voltage Converter
-

• Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac power

supply.
• Type of output: Variable dc output voltage
• Type of commutation: Natural / AC line commutation

2
Different types of
Line Commutated Converters
• AC to DC Converters (Phase controlled rectifiers)
• AC to AC converters (AC voltage controllers)
• AC to AC converters (Cyclo converters) at low output frequency.

3
 Differences Between
Diode Rectifiers
&
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

4
• The diode rectifiers are referred to as uncontrolled
rectifiers .
• The diode rectifiers give a fixed dc output voltage .
• Each diode conducts for one half cycle.
• Diode conduction angle = 1800 or  radians.
• We can not control the dc output voltage or the
average dc load current in a diode rectifier circuit.

5
Single phase half wave diode rectifier gives an
Vm
Average dc output voltage VO dc  

Single phase full wave diode rectifier gives an
2Vm
Average dc output voltage VO dc  


6
Applications of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
• DC motor control in steel mills, paper and textile mills
employing dc motor drives.
• AC fed traction system using dc traction motor.
• Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical processes.
• Magnet power supplies.
• Portable hand tool drives.

7
Classification of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

• Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

• Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

8
Different types of Single
Phase Controlled Rectifiers.
• Half wave controlled rectifiers.
• Full wave controlled rectifiers.
Using a center tapped transformer.
Full wave bridge circuit.
 Semi converter.
 Full converter.

9
Different Types of
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers
• Half wave controlled rectifiers.
• Full wave controlled rectifiers.
• Semi converter (half controlled bridge converter).
• Full converter (fully controlled bridge converter).

10
Principle of Phase Controlled
Rectifier Operation

11
Single Phase Half-Wave Thyristor Converter with a
Resistive Load

12
Supply Voltage

Output Voltage

Output (load)
Current
13
Supply Voltage

Thyristor Voltage

14
Equations

vs  Vm sin  t  i/p ac supply voltage

Vm  max. value of i/p ac supply voltage
Vm
VS   RMS value of i/p ac supply voltage
2
vO  vL  output voltage across the load

15
When the thyristor is triggered at  t  
vO  vL  Vm sin  t ;  t   to 
vO
iO  iL   Load current;  t   to 
R
Vm sin  t
iO  iL   I m sin  t ;  t   to 
R
Vm
Where I m   max. value of load current
R
16
To Derive an Expression for the
Average (DC)
Output Voltage Across The Load

17
 2
1
VO dc   Vdc 
2  v .d t ;
0
O

vO  Vm sin  t for  t   to 

1
VO dc   Vdc   Vm sin  t.d  t 
2 

1
VO dc    Vm sin  t.d  t 
2 
18
 
Vm
VO dc    sin  t .d   t 
2 

Vm  
VO dc     cos  t 
2  

Vm
VO dc     cos   cos   ; cos   1
2
Vm
VO dc   1  cos   ; Vm  2VS
2 19
Maximum average (dc) o/p
voltage is obtained when   0
and the maximum dc output voltage
Vm
Vdc max   Vdm  1  cos 0  ; cos  0   1
2
Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 

20
 Vm
VO dc   1  cos   ; Vm  2VS
2
The average dc output voltage can be varied
by varying the trigger angle  from 0 to a
maximum of 180  radians 
0

We can plot the control characteristic

V 
O dc  
vs  by using the equation for VO dc 
21
Control Characteristic
of
Single Phase Half Wave Phase
Controlled Rectifier
with
Resistive Load

22
The average dc output voltage is given by the
expression
Vm
VO dc   1  cos  
2
We can obtain the control characteristic by
plotting the expression for the dc output
voltage as a function of trigger angle
23
24
Control Characteristic
VO(dc)
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0 60 120 180
Trigger angle in degrees
25
Normalizing the dc output
voltage with respect to Vdm , the
Normalized output voltage
Vm
Vdc 2 1  cos  
Vn  
Vdm Vm

Vdc 1
Vn   1  cos    Vdcn
Vdm 2
26
To Derive An
Expression for the
RMS Value of Output Voltage
of a
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier With
Resistive Load

27
The RMS output voltage is given by
2
 1 
VO RMS     vO .d  t  
2

 2 0 
Output voltage vO  Vm sin  t ; for  t   to 
1
 1  2 2  2
VO RMS     Vm sin  t.d  t  
 2  
28
 1  cos 2 t
By substituting sin  t  2
, we get
2
1
 1  2 1  cos 2 t   2
VO RMS    Vm .d  t  
 2  2 
1

 Vm2  2
VO RMS  
 4
 1  cos 2 t  .d  t 
1
 Vm2  
 2
VO RMS      d  t    cos 2 t.d  t  
 4   
29
 1

Vm  1  
 sin 2 t 

 2
VO RMS     t    
2      2   

1

Vm 1   sin 2  sin 2    2
VO RMS            ;sin2  0
2    2  
1
Vm 1  sin 2   2
VO RMS           2  
2   
1
Vm  sin 2 
     
2
VO RMS   
2   2 
30
Performance Parameters
Of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

31
Output dc power (avg. or dc o/p
power delivered to the load)
PO dc   VO dc   I O dc  ; i.e., Pdc  Vdc  I dc
Where
VO dc   Vdc  avg./ dc value of o/p voltage.
I O dc   I dc  avg./dc value of o/p current
32
Output ac power
PO ac   VO RMS   I O RMS 
Efficiency of Rectification (Rectification Ratio)
PO dc  PO dc 
Efficiency   ; % Efficiency    100
PO ac  PO ac 
The o/p voltage consists of two components
The dc component VO dc 
The ac /ripple component Vac  Vr  rms 
33
The total RMS value of output voltage is given by
VO RMS   V 2
O  dc 
V 2
r  rms 

 Vac  Vr  rms   V 2
O  RMS 
V 2
O  dc 

Form Factor (FF) which is a measure of the

shape of the output voltage is given by
VO RMS  RMS output  load  voltage
FF  
VO dc  DC load output  load  voltage
34
The Ripple Factor (RF) w.r.t. o/p voltage w/f
Vr  rms  Vac
rv  RF  
VO dc  Vdc
2
V2
O  RMS 
V 2
O  dc  VO RMS  
rv     1
VO dc   VO dc  

 rv  FF  12

35
 I r  rms  I ac
Current Ripple Factor ri  
I O dc  I dc

Where I r  rms   I ac  I 2
O  RMS 
I 2
O  dc 

Vr  pp   peak to peak ac ripple output voltage

Vr  pp   VO max   VO min 
I r  pp   peak to peak ac ripple load current
I r  pp   I O max   I O min 
36
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
PO dc 
TUF 
VS  I S
Where
VS  RMS supply (secondary) voltage
I S  RMS supply (secondary) current
37
38
Where
vS  Supply voltage at the transformer secondary side
iS  i/p supply current
(transformer secondary winding current)
iS 1  Fundamental component of the i/p supply current
I P  Peak value of the input supply current
  Phase angle difference between (sine wave
components) the fundamental components of i/p
supply current & the input supply voltage.
39
   Displacement angle (phase angle)
For an RL load
  Displacement angle = Load impedance angle
L 
   tan 
1
 for an RL load
 R 
Displacement Factor (DF) or
Fundamental Power Factor
DF  Cos
40
Harmonic Factor (HF) or
Total Harmonic Distortion Factor ; THD
1 1

I  I 
2 2 2  IS 
2
2 
HF        1
S S1

 I S 1  
2
 I S1 
Where
I S  RMS value of input supply current.
I S 1  RMS value of fundamental component of
the i/p supply current.
41
Input Power Factor (PF)
VS I S 1 I S1
PF  cos   cos 
VS I S IS
The Crest Factor (CF)
I S  peak  Peak input supply current
CF  
IS RMS input supply current
For an Ideal Controlled Rectifier
FF  1;   100% ; Vac  Vr  rms   0 ; TUF  1;
RF  rv  0 ; HF  THD  0; PF  DPF  1
42
Single Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With
An
RL Load

43
44
 Input Supply Voltage (Vs)
&
Thyristor (Output) Current Waveforms

45
46
Output (Load)
Voltage Waveform

47
 To Derive An Expression For
The Output
(Load) Current, During  t   to 
When Thyristor T1 Conducts

48
Assuming T1 is triggered  t   ,
we can write the equation,
 diO 
L   RiO  Vm sin  t ;    t  
 dt 
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO  sin  t     A1e 
Z
49
Vm  2VS  maximum supply voltage.

Z  R   L  =Load impedance.
2 2

L 
  tan 
1
  Load impedance angle.
 R 
L
   Load circuit time constant.
R
 general expression for the output load current
R
Vm
sin  t     A1e
t
iO  L
Z
50
Constant A1 is calculated from
 
initial condition iO  0 at  t   ; t=  
 
R
Vm
iO  0  sin      A1e L
t

Z
R
Vm
sin    
t
 A1e L
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
R  
 Vm 
A1  e  Z sin     
L
 
51
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the
general expression for iO
R
Vm  Vm
 t   
iO  sin  t     e L
 sin     
Z  Z 
 we obtain the final expression for the
inductive load current
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
;
Z  
Where    t  
52
Extinction angle  can be calculated by using
the condition that iO  0 at  t  
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
0
Z  
R
   
 sin       e L
 sin    
 can be calculated by solving the above eqn.
53
To Derive An Expression
For
Average (DC) Load Voltage of a Single
Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with
RL Load

54
 2
1
VO dc   VL 
2  v .d  t 
0
O

1    2 
VO dc   VL    vO .d  t    vO .d  t    vO .d  t  
2  0   
vO  0 for  t  0 to  & for  t   to 2

1  
VO dc   VL    vO .d  t   ;
2  
vO  Vm sin  t for  t   to 
55
 1  
VO dc   VL    Vm sin  t.d  t  
2  

Vm  
VO dc   VL    cos  t 
2  

Vm
VO dc   VL   cos   cos  
2
Vm
VO dc   VL   cos   cos  
2
56
Effect of Load
Inductance on the Output

During the period  t   to  the

instantaneous o/p voltage is negative and
this reduces the average or the dc output
voltage when compared to a purely
resistive load.
57
Average DC Load Current

VO dc  Vm
I O dc   I L Avg     cos   cos  
RL 2 RL

58
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
With RL Load
&
Free Wheeling Diode

59
 T
i0
+
V0
+ R
Vs

~ FWD

L

60
vS
Supply voltage

0    t


iG
Gate pulses

0 t


iO Load current


t=

0 t
  2

vO
Load voltage

0    t


61
The average output voltage
Vm
Vdc  1  cos   which is the same as that
2
of a purely resistive load.
The following points are to be noted
For low value of inductance, the load current
tends to become discontinuous.

62
During the period  to 
the load current is carried by the SCR.
During the period  to  load current is
carried by the free wheeling diode.
The value of  depends on the value of
R and L and the forward resistance
of the FWD.
63
 For Large Load Inductance
the load current does not reach zero, & we
obtain continuous load current

i0
t1 t2 t3 t4

SCR FWD SCR FWD

0
 t
  2 

64
Single Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier With
A
General Load

65
 iO
R
+
~ vS
L
vO

+
 E
66
  E
  sin  
1

 Vm 
For trigger angle    ,
the Thyristor conducts from  t   to 
For trigger angle    ,
the Thyristor conducts from t   to 
67
vO Vm

Load voltage

  t
0   

iO
 
Im
Load current
0 t
   


68
Equations

vS  Vm sin  t  Input supply voltage.

vO  Vm sin  t  o/p  load  voltage
for  t   to  .
vO  E for  t  0 to  &
for  t   to 2 .
69
Expression for the Load Current
When the thyristor is triggered at a delay angle of
   , the eqn. for the circuit can be written as
 diO 
Vm sin  t  iO  R  L   +E ;    t  
 dt 
The general expression for the output load
current can be written as
t
Vm E
iO  sin  t      Ae 
Z R
70
Where
Z  R   L  = Load Impedance.
2 2

L 
  tan  1
  Load impedance angle.
 R 
L
   Load circuit time constant.
R
The general expression for the o/p current can
R
Vm E
iO  sin  t      Ae
t
L
be written as
Z R
71
To find the value of the constant
'A' apply the initial conditions at  t   ,
load current iO  0, Equating the general
expression for the load current to zero at
 t   , we get
R 
Vm E 
iO  0  sin       Ae L 
Z R
72
We obtain the value of constant 'A' as
E   L
R
V
A    sin      e
m

R Z 
Substituting the value of the constant 'A' in the
expression for the load current; we get the
complete expression for the output load current as
R
Vm E  E Vm   t  
iO  sin  t        sin      e L
Z R R Z 
73
To Derive
An
Expression For The Average
Or
DC Load Voltage

74
 2
1
VO dc  
2  v .d t 
0
O

1    2 
VO dc     vO .d  t    vO .d  t    vO .d  t  
2  0   
vO  Vm sin  t  Output load voltage for  t   to 
vO  E for  t  0 to  & for  t   to 2
1    2 
VO dc     E.d  t    Vm sin  t   E.d  t  
2  0   
75
 2
1   

VO dc    E  t   Vm   cos  t   E  t  
2  0   

1
VO dc    E   0   Vm  cos   cos    E  2    
2
Vm E
VO dc    cos   cos      2      
2 2
Vm  2       
VO dc    cos   cos     E
2  2 
76
Conduction angle of thyristor       

RMS Output Voltage can be calculated

by using the expression
2
1  2 
VO RMS     vO .d  t  
2  0 
77
 Single Phase
Full Wave Controlled Rectifier Using A
Center Tapped Transformer

78
 T1
A
+
vO

AC R L
O
Supply

T2

B
79
Discontinuous
Load Current Operation
without FWD
for
       

80
vO Vm

t
0


iO


t
0 
  
() ()
81
 To Derive An Expression For
The Output
(Load) Current, During  t   to 
When Thyristor T1 Conducts

82
Assuming T1 is triggered  t   ,
we can write the equation,
 diO 
L   RiO  Vm sin  t ;    t  
 dt 
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO  sin  t     A1e 
Z
83
Vm  2VS  maximum supply voltage.

Z  R   L  =Load impedance.
2 2

L 
  tan 
1
  Load impedance angle.
 R 
L
   Load circuit time constant.
R
 general expression for the output load current
R
Vm
sin  t     A1e
t
iO  L
Z
84
Constant A1 is calculated from
 
initial condition iO  0 at  t   ; t=  
 
R
Vm
iO  0  sin      A1e L
t

Z
R
Vm
sin    
t
 A1e L
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
R  
 Vm 
A1  e  Z sin     
L
 
85
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the
general expression for iO
R
Vm  Vm
 t   
iO  sin  t     e L
 sin     
Z  Z 
 we obtain the final expression for the
inductive load current
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
;
Z  
Where    t  
86
Extinction angle  can be calculated by using
the condition that iO  0 at  t  
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
0
Z  
R
   
 sin       e L
 sin    
 can be calculated by solving the above eqn.
87
 To Derive An Expression For The DC Output
Voltage Of
A Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier
With RL Load
(Without FWD)

88
vO Vm

t
0


iO


t
0 
  
() ()
89
 
1
VO dc   Vdc   vO .d  t 
  t

1  
VO dc   Vdc    Vm sin  t.d  t  
  

Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
  

Vm
VO dc   Vdc   cos   cos  

90
When the load inductance is negligible  i.e., L  0 
Extinction angle    radians
Hence the average or dc output voltage for R load
Vm
VO dc    cos   cos  

 cos   1 
Vm
VO dc  

Vm
VO dc   1  cos   ; for R load, when   

91
To calculate the RMS output voltage we use
the expression

1 2 2 
VO RMS     Vm sin  t.d  t  
  
92
Discontinuous Load Current
Operation with FWD

93
vO Vm

t
0


iO


t
0 
  
() ()
94
Thyristor T1 is triggered at  t   ;
T1 conducts from  t   to 
Thyristor T2 is triggered at  t      ;
T2 conducts from  t      to 2
FWD conducts from  t   to  &
vO  0 during discontinuous load current.
95
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage For
A
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier
With RL Load & FWD

96
 
1
vO .d  t 
 
VO dc   Vdc 
t 0

1
 VO dc   Vdc   V sin  t.d  t 
 m


Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
  

Vm
VO dc   Vdc    cos   cos   ; cos   1

Vm
 VO dc   Vdc  1  cos  

97
• The load current is discontinuous for low values of load
inductance and for large values of trigger angles.
• For large values of load inductance the load current
flows continuously without falling to zero.
• Generally the load current is continuous for large load
inductance and for low trigger angles.

98
Continuous Load Current
Operation
(Without FWD)

99
vO Vm

t
0

iO
   

t
0
   
() ()
100
To Derive
An Expression For
Average / DC Output Voltage
Of
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier For
Continuous Current Operation without FWD

101
vO Vm

t
0

iO
   

t
0
   
() ()
102
   
1
VO dc   Vdc   vO .d  t 
   t

    

1
VO dc   Vdc    Vm sin  t.d  t  
   
   
Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
   
103
VO dc   Vdc
Vm
 cos   cos      ;

cos       cos 
Vm
VO dc   Vdc  cos   cos  

2Vm
 VO dc   Vdc  cos 

104
• By plotting VO(dc) versus ,
we obtain the control characteristic of a single phase full wave
controlled rectifier with RL load for continuous load current
operation without FWD

105
Vdc  Vdm  cos

106
 V O(dc)
Vdc  Vdm  cos
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm

-0.6 V dm

-V dm
Trigger angle in degrees
107
By varying the trigger angle we can vary the
output dc voltage across the load. Hence we can
control the dc output power flow to the load.
For trigger angle  , 0 to 900  i.e., 0    900  ;
cos  is positive and hence Vdc is positive
Vdc & I dc are positive ; Pdc  Vdc  I dc  is positive
Converter operates as a Controlled Rectifier.
Power flow is from the ac source to the load.
108
For trigger angle  , 900 to 1800
 i.e., 90 0
   180 0
,
cos is negative and hence
Vdc is negative; I dc is positive ;
Pdc  Vdc  I dc  is negative.
In this case the converter operates
as a Line Commutated Inverter.
Power flows from the load ckt. to the i/p ac source.
The inductive load energy is fed back to the
i/p source.
109
 Drawbacks Of Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With Centre Tapped Transformer
• We require a centre tapped transformer which is quite
heavier and bulky.
• Cost of the transformer is higher for the required dc
output voltage & output power.
• Hence full wave bridge converters are preferred.

110
Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled Rectifier
2 types of FW Bridge Controlled Rectifiers are
 Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi-Converter)
 Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
(Full Converter)
The bridge full wave controlled rectifier does not
require a centre tapped transformer

111
Single Phase
Full Wave Half Controlled Bridge
Converter
(Single Phase Semi Converter)

112
113
Trigger Pattern of Thyristors

Thyristor T1 is triggered at
 t   , at  t   2    ,...
Thyristor T2 is triggered at
 t      , at  t   3    ,...
The time delay between the gating
signals of T1 & T2   radians or 180 0

114
Waveforms of
single phase semi-converter
with general load & FWD
for  > 900

115
Single Quadrant
Operation

116
117
118
Thyristor T1 & D1 conduct
from  t   to 
Thyristor T2 & D2 conduct
from  t      to 2
FWD conducts during
 t  0 to  ,  to     ,...
119
Load Voltage & Load Current Waveform of
Single Phase Semi Converter for
 < 900
& Continuous load current operation

120
vO Vm

t
0


iO
  

t
0
   
() ()
121
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage of
A
Single Phase Semi-Converter With R,L,
& E Load & FWD
For Continuous, Ripple Free Load
Current Operation
122
 
1
vO .d  t 
 
VO dc   Vdc 
t 0

1
 VO dc   Vdc   V sin  t.d  t 
 m


Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
  

Vm
VO dc   Vdc    cos   cos   ; cos   1

Vm
 VO dc   Vdc  1  cos  

123
Vdc can be varied from a max.
2Vm
value of to 0 by varying  from 0 to  .

For   0, The max. dc o/p voltage obtained is
2Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 

Normalized dc o/p voltage is
Vm
Vdc  
1  cos  
1
Vdcn  Vn    1  cos  
Vdn  2Vm  2
  
 
124
RMS O/P Voltage VO(RMS)
1

 2  2
VO RMS     Vm sin  t.d  t  
2 2

 2  
1

 Vm2  2
VO RMS  
 2
 1  cos 2 t  .d  t 
1
Vm  1  sin 2   2
VO RMS         2 
2  
125
 Single Phase Full Wave
Full Converter
(Fully Controlled Bridge Converter)
With R,L, & E Load

126
127
Waveforms of
Single Phase Full Converter
Assuming Continuous (Constant Load
Current)
&
Ripple Free Load Current

128
129
130
 iO Constant Load Current
iO=Ia
Ia
t
 
iT1 Ia Ia
& iT2 t
  
iT3 Ia
& iT4 t
  
131
To Derive
An Expression For
The Average DC Output Voltage of a Single Phase
Full Converter
assuming
Continuous & Constant Load Current

132
The average dc output voltage
can be determined by using the expression
2
1  
VO dc   Vdc    vO .d  t   ;
2  0 
The o/p voltage waveform consists of two o/p
pulses during the input supply time period of
0 to 2 radians. Hence the Average or dc
o/p voltage can be calculated as
133
  
2  
VO dc   Vdc    Vm sin  t.d  t  
2   
2Vm
  cos  t 
 
VO dc   Vdc 
2
2Vm
VO dc   Vdc  cos 

134
Maximum average dc output voltage is
calculated for a trigger angle   0 0

and is obtained as
2Vm 2Vm
Vdc max   Vdm   cos  0  
 
2Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 
 135
The normalized average output voltage is given by
VO dc  Vdc
Vdcn  Vn  
Vdc max  Vdm
2Vm
cos 
Vdcn  Vn    cos 
2Vm

136
 By plotting VO(dc) versus ,
we obtain the control characteristic of a
single phase full wave fully controlled bridge
converter
(single phase full converter)
for constant & continuous
load current operation.

137
To plot the control characteristic of a
Single Phase Full Converter for constant
& continuous load current operation.
We use the equation for the average/ dc
output voltage
2Vm
VO dc   Vdc  cos 

138
139
 V O(dc)
Vdc  Vdm  cos
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm

-0.6 V dm

-V dm
Trigger angle in degrees
140
• During the period from t =  to  the input voltage vS
and the input current iS are both positive and the
power flows from the supply to the load.
• The converter is said to be operated in the
rectification mode
Controlled Rectifier Operation
for 0 <  < 900

141
During the period from t =  to (+), the
input voltage vS is negative and the input
current iS is positive and the output power
becomes negative and there will be reverse
power flow from the load circuit to the supply.
The converter is said to be operated in the
inversion mode.
Line Commutated Inverter Operation
for 900 <  < 1800

142
Two Quadrant Operation
of a Single Phase Full Converter

0< < 900

Controlled Rectifier
Operation

900< <1800
Line Commutated
Inverter Operation
143
To Derive An
Expression For The
RMS Value Of The Output Voltage

The rms value of the output voltage

is calculated as
2
1  2 
VO RMS     vO .d  t  
2  0 
144
The single phase full converter gives two
output voltage pulses during the input supply
time period and hence the single phase full
converter is referred to as a two pulse converter.
The rms output voltage can be calculated as
 
2  
   vO .d  t  
2
VO RMS 
2   
145
  
1  
   Vm sin  t.d  t  
2 2
VO RMS 
 
 
V  2

   sin  t.d  t  
m 2
VO RMS 
  
V   
2
1  cos 2 t  
.d  t  
  
m
VO RMS 
  2 
   
V  2

   d  t    cos 2 t.d  t  
m
VO RMS 
2    
146
    
V  2
 sin 2 t  
   t   
m
VO RMS  
2    2   
Vm2   sin 2      sin 2  
VO RMS            
2   2  

V 2
  sin  2  2   sin 2  
       ;
m
VO RMS 
2   2  
sin  2  2   sin 2
147
 V   sin 2  sin 2  
2
VO RMS   m
     
2   2 
2 2
V V Vm
VO RMS      0 
m
 m

2 2 2
Vm
VO RMS    VS
2
Hence the rms output voltage is same as the
rms input supply voltage
148
Thyristor Current Waveforms

149
 iO Constant Load Current
iO=Ia
Ia
t
 
iT1 Ia Ia
& iT2 t
  
iT3 Ia
& iT4 t
  
150
The rms thyristor current can be
calculated as
I O RMS 
IT  RMS  
2
The average thyristor current can be
calculated as
I O dc 
IT  Avg  
2
151
Single Phase Dual Converter

152
153
154
155
The average dc output voltage of converter 1 is
2Vm
Vdc1  cos 1

The average dc output voltage of converter 2 is
2Vm
Vdc 2  cos  2

156
In the dual converter operation one
converter is operated as a controlled rectifier
with  90 & the second converter is
0

operated as a line commutated inverter

in the inversion mode with   90 0

 Vdc1  Vdc 2
157
2Vm 2Vm 2Vm
cos 1  cos  2    cos  2 
  
 cos 1   cos  2
or
cos  2   cos 1  cos   1 
  2    1  or
1   2    radians
Which gives
 2    1 
158
To Obtain an Expression
for the
Instantaneous Circulating Current

159
• vO1 = Instantaneous o/p voltage of converter 1.
• vO2 = Instantaneous o/p voltage of converter 2.
• The circulating current ir can be determined by
integrating the instantaneous voltage difference (which
is the voltage drop across the circulating current
reactor Lr), starting from t = (2 - 1).
• As the two average output voltages during the interval
t = (+1) to (2 - 1) are equal and opposite their
contribution to the instantaneous circulating current ir
is zero.

160
 1  t 
ir    vr .d  t   ; vr   vO1  vO 2 
 Lr  2 1  
As the o/p voltage vO 2 is negative
vr   vO1  vO 2 

1  t 
 ir     vO1  vO 2  .d  t   ;
 Lr   2 1  
vO1  Vm sin  t for  2  1  to  t
161
 Vm  t t 
ir     sin  t.d  t    sin  t.d  t  
 Lr  2 1   2 1  
2Vm
ir   cos  t  cos 1 
 Lr
The instantaneous value of the circulating current
depends on the delay angle.
162
For trigger angle (delay angle) 1  0,
the magnitude of circulating current becomes min.
when  t  n , n  0, 2, 4,.... & magnitude becomes
max. when  t  n , n  1,3,5,....
If the peak load current is I p , one of the
converters that controls the power flow
may carry a peak current of
 4Vm 
 Ip  ,
  Lr 
163
where
Vm
I p  I L max   ,
RL
&
4Vm
ir  max    max. circulating current
 Lr
164
 The Dual Converter
Can Be Operated
In Two Different Modes Of Operation

• Non-circulating current (circulating current free) mode

of operation.
• Circulating current mode of operation.

165
Non-Circulating
Current Mode of Operation
• In this mode only one converter is operated at a time.
• When converter 1 is ON, 0 < 1 < 900
• Vdc is positive and Idc is positive.
• When converter 2 is ON, 0 < 2 < 900
• Vdc is negative and Idc is negative.

166
Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation

• In this mode, both the converters are switched ON

and operated at the same time.
• The trigger angles 1 and 2 are adjusted such that (1
+ 2) = 1800 ; 2 = (1800 - 1).

167
• When 0 <1 <900, converter 1 operates as a controlled
rectifier and converter 2 operates as an inverter with
900 <2<1800.
• In this case Vdc and Idc, both are positive.
• When 900 <1 <1800, converter 1 operates as an
Inverter and converter 2 operated as a controlled
rectifier by adjusting its trigger angle 2 such that 0
<2<900.
• In this case Vdc and Idc, both are negative.

168
Four Quadrant Operation
Conv. 2
Conv. 1
Inverting
Rectifying
2 > 900
1 < 900

Conv. 2 Conv. 1
Rectifying Inverting
2 < 900 1 > 900
169
Advantages of Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
• The circulating current maintains continuous conduction of both the
converters over the complete control range, independent of the load.
• One converter always operates as a rectifier and the other converter
operates as an inverter, the power flow in either direction at any time
is possible.

170
• As both the converters are in continuous conduction
we obtain faster dynamic response. i.e., the time
response for changing from one quadrant operation to
another is faster.

171
Disadvantages of Circulating Current Mode Of
Operation
• There is always a circulating current flowing
between the converters.
• When the load current falls to zero, there will be a
circulating current flowing between the converters
so we need to connect circulating current reactors in
order to limit the peak circulating current to safe
level.
• The converter thyristors should be rated to carry a
peak current much greater than the peak load
current.

172