SWITCHYARD
23rd April 2015
Training Room – APL, Mundra
PANKAJ LOCHAN SAHOO
Asst. Manager – Electrical
1 Transformer – Definition & Types
2 Protection – Why ?
3 Protection – GT / UAT
4 Protection – Distribution Tx
5 Protection – Actions to be taken
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ELECTRICITY IS A GOOD
SERVANT BUT BAD MASTER
GENERATOR SWITCHYARD
TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
What
is
a
Switchyard ?
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• Switchyard is a switching station which has the following
credits.
(i) Main link between Generating plant and Transmission system,
which has a large influence on the security of the supply.
(ii) Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels depending upon
the Network Node.
(iii) Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control devices, which has
effect on Quality of power.
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• Switchyard means collection of electrical equipment where
high voltage electricity is switched using of various
component.
•
Electrical switchyards are usually part of a substation where
electricity is transformed from one voltage to another for the
transmission, distribution.
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SwitchYard Equipments
• Circuit Breaker
• Isolator
• Earth switch
• CT
• CVT
• Lightning Arrestor
• APL Mundra Switchyard
• Switchyard Layouts
• Shunt Reactors/ICT
• Wave trap
• Control & Relay Panel
• PLCC
• SCADA
SwitchYard Equipments…
• Gantry & Support Structure
• Conductors
• Insulators
• Earth wire
• Hot Spot & Hot line Washing
Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker
• EHV Circuit Breakers Used to make or Break
contacts during Charging/Discharging/Faulty
conditions.
• Breakers are Designed as per The Voltage level and
Arc Quenching Medium.
• Types:
• Air Break CB
• Air Blast CB
• Bulk Oil CB
• Minimum Oil CB
• SF6 CB
SF6 CB
1. Op mechanism
8. Puffer cylinder
2. Interrupter
9. Nozzle
3. Support
10. Fixed position
4. Op rod
11. Fixed contact
5. Linkage
12. Moving contact
6. Terminals
13. Gas inlet
7. Filters
Advantages & Disadvantages
➢ Inert gas with high dielectric strength.
➢ Colour less and odour less.
➢ Non-toxic and non- inflammable.
➢ SF6 is blown axially to the arc, hence it removes the heat by axial convection and radial
dissipation. As result the arc dia reduces and comes to zero at current zero.
➢ Gas pressure in the chamber is at 0.6 MPa
➢ The decomposition products of arcing are not explosive hence no chance of fire.
Disadvantage of SF6 Gas
➢ SF6 gas condensates at low temperature & high pressure
Parts OF CB
• Fixed Contact & Moving Contact
• Closing Spring & Tripping Spring
• Closing Coil (1 No) & Tripping Coil (2 Nos)
• SF6 Gas
• SF6 Density Monitor
• CB Marshalling Box & Terminal Box
• Pre Insertion Resistor
CB Maintenance & Shutdown Work
• SF6 Gas Pressure Observation
• Low Pressure Alarm (0.55 MPa)
• Lockout condition (<0.5 MPa)
• SF6 Gas Analysis
• SF6 Leakage Detector
• SF6 Gas Filling
• Breaker Closing Time/Tripping Time/ CO
• Breaker Duty Cycle
• Breaker Contact Resistance Test
CB Maintenance & Shutdown Work
• CB SF6 Gas Analysis:
1. SF6 Volume: 99 -100%
2.SO2: 0-0.5 PPM
3. Dew Point: -40 Deg. C approx.
CB Maintenance & Shutdown Work
• Spring Charging Motor Resistance= 11 Ohm
• Tripping Coil Resistance= 154 Ohm
• Closing Coil Resistance= 154 Ohm
• CB Contact Resistance: 80 micro Ohm
• Breaker Timing Test:
Closing Time: 80 mili Sec
Tripping Time: 16 mili Sec
C-O Operation:43 mili Sec
Circuit Breaker
• Pole Discrepancy:
✓ Tripping of all 3 poles if a single Pole trips
due to any reason.
• Pre Insertion Resistor:
✓ Limits Overvoltage in network during
Switching Operation.
✓ The Resistor blocks close the circuit 8-12 ms
before the arching contacts.
Circuit Breaker
• Grading Capacitor:
✓When 2 or more identical making / breaking
units are connected in series, Grading
Capacitors are used to allow uniform
distribution of voltage across open gap.
✓ Connected in parallal.
standard value: 1600 PF/Capacitor
Circuit Breaker
• Breaker Duty Cycle:
• O-t-CO-T-CO
• Reclosing Cycle for fault Interrupting
Equipment.
• “t”- Dead Time Between Operations.
• t= 0.3 second
• T=15 Seconds
SF6 Leakage detector
Isolator
Isolator
• Used in addition to C.B.
• Physically isolates the electric circuit.
• Operates under No Load condition.
• Interlocked with Breakers and Earth Switches.
• Should withstand extreme wind pressures.
• Motor Driven and Hand driven.
• Local as well as Remote operation possible.
• Isolates sections for maintenance.
Isolator Maintenance Work
✓ Regular cleaning
✓ Contact Resistance ( Nearly 150 micro Ohm)
✓ Operating Drive IR, operating current.
✓ Alignment of Isolator.
✓ Greasing & Oiling.
✓ Application of petroleum Jelly / Conductive Paste on
Contacts.
Earthswitch
EarthSwitch
• Used to ground Sections required for
Maintenance
• Grounds induction voltage.
• Interlocked with Breakers and Isolators
• Can operate from Local only.
• Motor driven as well as hand driven
• Safety device
Current Transformer (CT)
Current Transformer…..
Purpose :
• To step-down the high magnitude of current to
a safe value to incorporate Measuring and
Protection logics
• Current Transformers are used for the
Instrumentation, Protection or Metering of
Power System and are normally installed on each
side of a Circuit Breaker.
Current Transformer…..
Current Transformer…..
• CT is specified by mainly its Current Ratio, Burden &
Accuracy class .
• Eg: 1600/5 Amp,15 VA, 5P20
• CT secondary Current Rating is 1 Amp or 5amp
• Accuracy Class shows max % Error of a CT .
• Metering CT & Protection CT has different accuracy
Class.
• Polarity Test to be done before Use.
• CT secondary should never be Open Circuited .
Current Transformer…..
• CT has multi cores and Idle core must be shorted by
Resistance of rated burden.
• Bimetallic Plate is provided for dissimilar metals to
avoid galvanic corrosion.
• CT Tank is either oil filled/ SF6 gas filled for cooling
and Insulation.
Current Transformer…..
• Live Tank & Dead Tank CT :
• In Live Tank CT, core and Secondary Winding is
housed in the Top Tank and In Dead Tank CT, it is in
bottom TANK.
• The top tank is live and Bottom tank is earthed or
dead.
• Live Tank CT has short length Primary Winding, High
Strength & min. Heat Generation due to less Copper
use.
Capacitive Voltage Transformer
Capacitive Voltage Transformer
• Primary voltage is applied to a series of capacitors
group. The voltage across one of the capacitor is taken
to aux PT.
• The secondary of the aux PT is taken for measurement
and protection.
• Secondary voltages(110 volts ac) for meters and
energy meters.
• Voltages for protective relays
• Voltages for synchronizing
• Disturbance recorders and event logs
• PLCC
Capacitive Voltage Transformer
Lightning Arrestor…..
Lightning Arrestor
• Also called Surge Arrestor
• Non-Linear Resistor (Zinc Oxide)
• Voltage inversly propertional to Resistance
• Has LA Counter showing Leakage Current &
no. of operations.
Switchyard - ADANI
Phase Voltage Type No. of Bays
Phase – I 220 KV Double Bus with 18
transfer bus
Phase – II 400 KV One & Half Breaker 12
scheme
Phase –III 400 KV One & Half Breaker 15
scheme
Phase – IV 400 KV One & Half Breaker 18
scheme
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Switchyard - ADANI
Phase GT ST / ICT / REACTOR LINE
Phase – I GT # 1 & 2 ST # 1,2,3,5,6 NKK #1,2
ICT # 1,2 TPP #1,2
MRSS # 1,2
Phase – II GT # 3 & 4 ICT # 3,4 HADALA, VARSANA,
SAMI # 1,2
Phase –III GT # 5 & 6 BUS REACTOR # 1,2 VARSANA #2,3
LINE REACTOR #3,4 (2 LINES IN
PROGRESS)
Phase – IV GT # 7,8 & 9 ST # 7,8 HVDC FEEDER #
REACTOR # 3 1,2,3,4,5,6
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Busbar arrangement
1) Single sectionalised bus
2) Main and transfer bus
3) Sectionalised Main bus with transfer bus
4) Sectionalised double main and transfer bus
5) Double Bus Scheme
6) Ring bus
7) One and a half breaker
8) Double bus, double breaker
Phase – I - Double Bus with Transfer Bus
Scheme
Advantages
❖ Reliability is more compared to
earlier double bus arrangement
❖ Redundancy is better.
Disadvantages
❖ More No. Of Isolators & Circuit
Breakers Used. More Initial
Investment.
❖ Design is complex.
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Phase – II,III & IV – One & Half Breaker Scheme
Advantages
❖ Reliability is excellent.
❖ Redundancy is excellent.
Disadvantages
❖ More No. Of Isolators & Circuit
Breakers Used. Huge Initial Investment.
❖ Design is most complex.
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Protection
PROTECTION CIRCUIT
DC
BREAKER
CT RELAY
PT
Protected
Equipment
G/M/T/L
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Shunt Reactor
Shunt Reactor
• Compensates Capacitive load of transmission
lines.
• Limits transient overvoltage induced by
Switching or Sudden Load decrease.
• Increases Grid Stability to mainten
economically acceptable insulation level in
Lines.
WAVE TRAP
WAVE TRAP…
• Wave Trap is a kind of frequency filter
• Air Cored Inductance connected in series with
line at the entry point of Switchyard.
• Offers low impedance to power frequency and
high impedance to carrier frequency
• Prevents high frequency signal to enter in the
switchyard
• VHF signal is transmitted from one end to the
another through the same power line.
WAVE TRAP…
• Wave Trap is a Parallel Tuned LC circuit.
• The Capacitor in parallel with Choke Coil
enable to resonate at Carrier Frequency
(Rejector Resonance) and offers higher
Impedance to flow of RF currents.
PLCC
• VHF Wireless Communication through Power Line
is economical & Reliable.
• Frequency Range= 24 KHz TO 500KHz
• High Voltage Capacitors with Suitable LMU (Line
Matching Unit) for matching impedance of Power
Line to Co-axial Cables .
• Co-axial Cables connect LMU to PLCC Trans-
reciever Unit.
SCADA
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
System
Gantry & Support Structure
HOTSPOT DETECTION
Insulators
• INSULATORS:
✓ PORCELAIN
✓ POLYNERIC
➢ Polymeric Insulator is preferable due to Light
weight, easy Errection, Less Dust deposition and
more reliable.
• HVI Coating is done in Insulators to avoid
Tracking.
• Hot Line Washing of Insulators
INSULATORS…
HVI COATING
Hot Line Washing
Problems Observed in Switchyard
• Hot Spots at isolators, Clamps & Connectors.
• Tracking of Insulators due to saline atmosphere.
• Degradation of life of components due to Fault in Lines.
• Corrosion of Structures, current carrying parts & MB’s.
• Failures of Control cables
• Disturbances due to Grid Problems.
• Limited availability of shutdown for preventive maintenance.
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Best Practices followed in Switchyard
• Hot Line washing.
• HVI Coating.
• Anti- Corrosion painting.
• System Protection Schemes.
• SF6 Gas Analysis & Purification
• Regular Thermography & attending to hotspots greater
than 80C on priority.
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Switchyard
THANK YOU
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