Energy and Environment

Environmental consequences of
Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Resources

Dr. Aysar Yasin

Faculty of Engineering
Energy Engineering and Env. Depart.
An-Najah National University- 2016

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5
Contents
Basics Concepts and Issues of Environment
Basics of Combustions

Pollution

Results of Emissions
• Particulate Material
• Ozone depletion layer
• Global Warming
• Smog
• Acid Rain

Air Pollution’s Calculations

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues of Environment

Definitions :

Environment, Ecology And Ecosystem:

• Environment literally means surrounding and it is defined as everything

that affect an organism during its lifetime.

• Environment is the sum of total of all living and non living factors that
compose the surroundings of man.

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues Of Environment

Ecology (from Greek: "house"; , "study of")

• Ecology as a discipline is focused on studying the interactions between an

organism of some kind and its environment.

• Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including

organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components
of their environment.

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues Of Environment

Environmental Components :
• Earth,
• Seas and Oceans,
• Atmosphere,
• Solar Energy, (Ultraviolet radiation, Visible light and IR)
• Ozone Layer

Environmental Effects:

• Local Effects,
• Regional Effects,
• Global Effects. (i.e. GHE)

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues Of Environment

Basic components of natural environment :

• Atmosphere or the air.

• Hydrosphere or the water.

• Lithosphere or the rocks and soil.

• Biosphere or the living component of the environment.

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues Of Environment

I. Atmosphere layers

Atmosphere - this consist of a complex mixture of a number of gases, water

vapour and a variety of fine particulate material.

The earth's atmosphere can be roughly divided into 4 major zones based on
temperature.

These zones are as follows:

1. The troposphere : this is immediately above the earth's surface and extends up
to a height of 12 km. above the equator and 8 km. over the poles. The
temperature may drop to -60°C at is upper extremely.

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues Of Environment

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 Energy and Environment
Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues Of Environment
2. The Stratosphere :

It is about 40 km.

In thickness and is an important zone of the atmosphere as it contains

the 'Ozone' layer.

The temperature in this zone rise from - 60°C to 0°C.

3. The mesosphere :

It is about 30 Km in thickness and this zone is characterize by gradual decline in

temperature to about 90°C.

[Link] thermosphere
In this zone the temperature increases with height & most of the constituents of
this zone are in an ionized state.
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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues Of Environment

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues Of Environment

Importance of atmosphere

• Atmosphere regulates the temperature of the earth.

• Absorbs harmful ultraviolet rays.
• Responsible for creating conditions suitable for the healthy existence of the
biosphere.

II. Hydrosphere : an enormous quantity of water is present on our

planet. Much of the available water contains a high percentage of
salt and is therefore of little use to mankind.

III. Lithosphere or Rocks & Soil

The lithosphere can be broadly in two categories Rocks and Soil

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues Of Environment

IV. Biosphere

This forms a thin curst of living beings over the surface of the earth.

The biosphere includes most of the hydrosphere and parts of the lower
atmosphere and upper lithosphere.

This ranges from the deepest

ocean 20 km below sea level to
the tops of the highest
mountains.

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics Concepts and Issues Of Environment

Factors responsible for changing human-nature

• Population

• Development

• Consumption of natural resources

• Health hazards

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5
Basics of Combustions
Any material that can be burned to release thermal energy is called a fuel.

Most familiar fuels consist primarily of hydrogen and carbon.

The general formula : CnHm

Hydrocarbon fuels exist in all phases: some examples being coal, gasoline,
and natural gas.

The composition of a particular fuel depends

on the source of the crude oil as well as on the
refinery.

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics of Combustions

Combustion is a chemical reaction during which a fuel is oxidized and a

large quantity of energy is released

A combustion is possible only if three conditions are checked:

• A compound able to burn: a combustible ( like carbon, butane, paper,

gasoline, etc.)
• A compound able to make burn: an oxidizer (like oxygen)
• A heat source which initiates combustion (flame, spark) and
maintains it.

If one of these element is missing ( or if they are separated ) a

combustion can't initiate

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics of Combustions

More about the oxidizer……

The oxidizer most often used in combustion processes is air, for obvious
reasons—it is free and readily available

The dry air can be approximated as 21 percent oxygen and 79 percent

nitrogen by mole numbers.

Therefore, each mole of oxygen entering a combustion chamber is

accompanied by

0.79/0.21 = 3.76

Each kmol of O2 in air is accompanied by 3.76 kmol of N2.

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics of Combustions

That is

1 kmol O2 + 3.76 kmol N2 = 4.76 kmol air

• Nitrogen is generally inert but at very high temperatures, such as those

encountered in internal combustion engines, a small fraction of nitrogen
reacts with oxygen, forming hazardous gases such as nitric oxide.

• The moisture in the air and the H2O that forms during combustion can
also be treated as an inert gas. At very high temperatures, however, some
water vapor dissociates into H2 and O2 as well as into H, O, and OH.

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics of Combustions

During the combustion process

If carbon is burned with air instead of pure oxygen, both sides of the
combustion equation will include N2. That is, the N2 will appear both as
a reactant and as a product.

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics of Combustions

Balancing the Combustion Equation

• One kmol of octane (C8H18) is burned with air that contains 20 kmol of O2,
Assuming the products contain only CO2, H2O, O2, and N2, determine the mole
number of each gas in the products and the air–fuel ratio for this combustion process

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics of Combustions

Theoretical and actual combustion processes

A combustion process is complete if all the carbon in the fuel burns to CO2, all the
hydrogen burns to H2O, and all the sulfur (if any) burns to SO2. That is, all the
combustible components of a fuel are burned to completion during a complete
combustion process .

Conversely, the combustion process is incomplete if the combustion products contain

any unburned fuel or components such as C, H2, CO, or OH.

The air–fuel ratio (AF) represents the amount of air used per unit mass of fuel during a
combustion process.

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics of Combustions

A Insufficient oxygen is an obvious reason for incomplete combustion, but it is not the
only one.

Incomplete combustion occurs even when more oxygen is present in the combustion
chamber than is needed for complete combustion.

This may be attributed to insufficient mixing in the combustion chamber during the
limited time that the fuel and the oxygen are in contact.

Oxygen has a much greater tendency to combine with hydrogen than it does with
carbon. Therefore, the hydrogen in the fuel normally burns to completion, forming
H2O, even when there is less oxygen than needed for complete combustion. Some of
the carbon, however, ends up as CO or just as plain C particles (soot) in the products.

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Basics of Combustions

The minimum amount of air needed for the complete combustion of a fuel is called
the stoichiometric or theoretical air.

Thus, when a fuel is completely burned with theoretical air, no uncombined oxygen
is present in the product gases.

• The theoretical air is also referred to as the chemically correct amount of air, or 100
percent theoretical air.
As shown in the Figure the products of
the theoretical combustion contain no
unburned methane and no C, H2, CO,
OH, or free O2.

The amount of air in excess of the stoichiometric

amount is called excess air.

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that

cause adverse change.

Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or
light.

Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies

or naturally occurring contaminants.

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Pollution

Examples of Environmental Pollutions:

• Land Pollution:

Land pollution is defined as the destruction of the Earth's surface

through spills, smoke stacks or exploitative practices such as
mining and industrial waste dumping.

• Noise Pollution

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 Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Pollution
Examples of Environmental Pollutions:

• Air Pollution:
Air pollution is composed of gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
particulates and sulfur oxide that are released into the atmosphere and pose a serious
danger to human health.

• Water Pollution:
Water pollution comes from industrial processes, mining, refineries, agriculture,
sewage disposal and domestic waste. Pollution even results from groundwater systems
and rain water.

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5 Pollution

Emissions of concern:

– Particulates/fly and bottom ash

– Carbon dioxide
– Sulphur oxides
– Nitrogen oxides
– Carbon monoxide
– Waste

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 Energy and Environment
Air Pollutants
• Carbon monoxide

• colorless, odorless, non-irritating poison

• attaches to hemoglobin; reduces oxygen
carrying capacity
• results in headaches, drowsiness and
asphyxiation

• Hydrocarbons
• denotes a large group of volatile organic
compounds
• some are carcinogens, poison etc.
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Energy and Environment

Air Pollutants
• Sulfur Dioxide
• colorless corrosive gas
• respiratory irritant and poison
• can result in H2SO4

• Particulates

• small pieces of solid or liquid materials

dispersed in the atmosphere
• 0.005-100 um
• reduction in visibility, respiratory
problems
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 Energy and Environment
Air Pollutants
• Nitrogen Oxides
• critical component for smog formation
• compounds acid precipitation problems

• Photochemical Oxidants
• products of secondary atmospheric reactions
driven by solar energy
• e.g., O3 PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate), acrolein
• strong oxidants, eye irritant etc.
O O
H 3C C O O Na H 2C CH C
H
P erox yacetyl nitrate Acrolein
(PAN)
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Energy and Environment

Air Pollutants
• Lead
• released as metal fumes or suspended
particles
– 2 million metric tons per year
– 5-10 times more in urban than rural areas
when leaded gas is used
• major source was leaded gasoline

• Carbon Dioxide
• generally considered non-toxic
• not listed as air pollutant
• increasing concentrations have been
related to global warming

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 Energy and Environment

Results of emissions
• Local pollution with particulates and gases

• Greenhouse effect/ Global warming

• Ozone depletion Layer

• Smog

• Acid rains

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Chapter 5 Energy and Environment

Results of emissions

I. Local pollution with particulates and gases

Atmospheric particulate matter - also known as particulates or

particulate matter (PM) - are tiny pieces of solid or liquid matter
associated with the Earth's atmosphere.

The term aerosol is often used to describe either solid or liquid matter
suspended in the atmosphere.

Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural.

The natural sources produce about 14 times as much particulates as are

produced from man-made sources.

Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms,

forest and grassland fires.

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 Chapter 5 Energy and Environment
Local pollution with particulates and gases

They can adversely affect human health and also have impacts on
climate and precipitation.

Subtypes of atmospheric particle matter include suspended

particulate matter (SPM), respirable suspended particle (RSP;
particles with diameter of 10 micrometers or less), fine
particles, and soot.

Human activities, such as the burning of fossil

fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial
processes also generate significant amounts of
particulates.

Coal combustion in developing countries is the primary

method for heating homes and supplying energy.

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Chapter 5 Energy and Environment

Atmospheric concentration of selected species

Concentration, g/m3
Compound
Unpolluted Polluted
CO <200 10000-30000
NO2 <20 100-400
HC (except CH4) <300 600-3000
O3 <5 50-150

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 Chapter 5 Energy and Environment
Control of Particulates

Airborne particles can be removed from a polluted airstream by a

variety of physical processes.

Common types of equipment for collecting fine particulates

include cyclones, scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and bag
house filters.

Once collected, particulates adhere to each other, forming

agglomerates that can readily be removed from the equipment
and disposed of, usually in a landfill.

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Chapter 5 Energy and Environment

Control of Particulates

Electrostatic Precipitator :

Electrostatic precipitation is a commonly used method for removing

fine particulates from airstreams.

In an electrostatic precipitator, particles suspended in the

airstream are given an electric charge as they enter the unit and
are then removed by the influence of an electric field.

A high DC voltage (as much as 100,000 volts) is applied to the

discharge electrodes to charge the particles, which then are
attracted to oppositely charged collection electrodes, on which
they become trapped.

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 Chapter 5 Energy and Environment

Electrostatic Precipitator

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Chapter 5 Energy and Environment

Scrubber

This device is called wet scrubbers trap suspended particles by

direct contact with a spray of water or other liquid.

In effect, a scrubber washes the particulates out of the dirty

airstream as they collide with and are entrained by the countless
tiny droplets in the Spray Spray-tower scrubbers can remove 90
percent of particulates larger than about 0.0003 inch.

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 Chapter 5 Energy and Environment

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Control of Particulates

Cyclone
A cyclone removes particulates by causing
the dirty airstream to flow in a spiral
path inside a cylindrical chamber.

Dirty air enters the chamber from a

tangential direction at the outer wall of
the device, forming a vortex as it
swirls within the chamber.

The larger particulates, because of their

greater inertia, move outward and are
forced against the chamber wall.

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Control of Particulates
Bag House

One of the most efficient devices for removing suspended particulates is an

assembly of fabric filter bags, commonly called a baghouse. A typical bag house
comprises an array of long, narrow bags--each about 25 cm (10 inches) in
diameter--that are suspended upside down in a large enclosure.
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Energy and Environment

Air Pollution Consequences

II
Ozone Depletion Layer

What is the “ozone layer?”

How does it protect us?
How did it come about?
How are we as humans affecting it?

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 Energy and Environment
The ozone layer

• Ozone is a triatomic form of

oxygen (O3) found in Earth’s upper
and lower atmosphere.

• The ozone layer, situated in the

stratosphere about 15 to 30 km
above the earth's surface.

[Link]/apec/ eng/earth/ozone_layer_depletion/[Link]

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Energy and Environment

Why is it important to life on Earth?

• On a daily basis, the sun radiates its energy toward Earth.

One form of this energy is UltraViolet radiation, also known as
UV rays.
• UV rays are relatively high energy waves that provide Earth
with the warmth it needs to support life as we know it.

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 Energy and Environment

Ultra-Violet Radiation

• UV rays penetrate the

Earth’s atmosphere at 3
slightly different
wavelengths called UV-A,
UV-B, and UV-C rays.

• UV-A: 320-400 nm
• UV-B: 280-315 nm
• UV-C: 100-280 nm

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Energy and Environment

So, why is the ozone layer important to life on

Earth?

• The stratospheric ozone

layer completely stops
the penetration of UV-C
rays and eliminates most
of the UV-B rays.

• Therefore, the ozone

layer protects life on
Earth from the harmful
effects of solar radiation
on a daily basis.

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 Energy and Environment
The Discovery
• In 1985, using satellites, balloons, and surface stations, a team of
researchers had discovered a balding patch of ozone in the upper
stratosphere, the size of the United States, over Antarctica.

Team who discovered the hole 1985.

From left: Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin

British Atlantic Survey Research station, Holly Bay, Antarctic coast

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Energy and Environment

Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)

• Used by NASA to measure

ozone concentrations

• TOMS – a satellite-borne
instrument

• TOMS launched in 1996 –

makes 35 measurements every 8 Artist's view of the Quik TOMS spacecraft
seconds (image credit: NASA)

• Levels of ozone are measured in

Dobson units (DU), where 100
DU is equivalent to a 1
millimeter thick layer of pure
ozone

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 Energy and Environment
The formation of Ozone

Oxygen in the
Atmosphere

O
O2 + UV radiation +

O +
O2 O3 (ozone)
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Energy and Environment

O +
UV +
O3 O2
(ozone)

O + O3 O2 + O2
(ozone)

+
O + O2 O3
(ozone)
heat
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 Energy and Environment

How are we as humans affecting the ozone layer?

• Since 1928, Chlorofluorocarbons have been produced, originally as

nonflammable refrigerants for use in refrigerators, and eventually for
use in fire extinguishers, dry cleaning agents, pesticides, degreasers,
adhesives, non toxic and as propellants for aerosol products.

• CFCs is Light….Extremely stable and inert

• As these CFCs have been released into the atmosphere, the level of
ozone in the stratosphere has decreased.

• CFCs have an estimated lifespan of more than 100 years

and need 5-15 years to migrate to stratosphere
• CFCs likely to migrate upwards
• Too light to precipitate out with rainfall

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Energy and Environment

Original Research Cl
C
F
Cl
UV F
C
F Cl
+ radiation
+
F
Cl-
“free
radical”

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 Energy and Environment

Cl- “Free Radicals”…

+ +
Cl- O3
ClO O2
“free radical” (ozone)

+ +
O
ClO Cl- O2
“free radical”
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Energy and Environment

Air Pollution Consequences
This produces a self-perpetuating cycle that can continuously break
down ozone molecules.

In other words, a single molecule of CFC, once it reaches the

stratosphere, could break down more than 100,000 molecules of ozone
as the chlorine continuously frees itself.

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 Energy and Environment
Phasing Out CFCs
• 1974: Molina & Rowland (1974) Nature 249, 810-812
– Paper calls attention to dangers of CFC’s in ozone breakdown

• 1978: U.S. bans CFCs as propellants

• 1987: Montreal Protocol calls for decrease in CFC to 50% of 1986
levels by 1999
• 1990: London Amendments call for complete CFC phase out by
2000
• 1992: Copenhagen Amendments accelerate phase out to 1996
• 1995: Molina & Rowland win Nobel Prize in Chemistry

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Energy and Environment

A combination of low temperatures and elevated chlorine and bromine

concentrations are responsible for the destruction of ozone in the upper
stratosphere thus forming a “hole”. (Kerr, 1987)
[Link]/~cordero/ education/[Link]

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 Energy and Environment
Ozone Depletion Potential

• Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): a number that refers to the

amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance

• The ODP is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical

compared to the impact of a similar mass of CFC-11.

(The ODP of CFC-11 is defined to be 1.0)

Ozone Depleting Substances

1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)
– contains: Cl, F, C
– long-lived, non-toxic, non-corrosive, and non-flammable
– in 1960’s used in refrigerators, air conditioners, spray cans,
solvents, foams
– phase out (‫ )التخلص منه‬by 1996 in developed countries

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Energy and Environment

Ozone Depleting Substances

2. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
– contains: H, Cl, F, C
– first major replacement for CFC
– ODP’s range from 0.01 - 0.1
– much less destructive by also ozone depleting
– reduce HCFC’s by 35% by 2004 in developed countries

3. Halons
– contain: Br, Cl (in some but not all), F, H (in some but not
all), C
– Br many times more effective in destroying O3
– ODPs range up to 10
– used in fire extinguishers
– phase out by 1994

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 Energy and Environment

Ozone Depleting Substances

4. Methyl Bromide (CH3Br)

– an effective pesticide, used to fumigate ag soil and products
– ODP = 0.4
– production in US will end 12/31/2000

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Energy and Environment

Breakdown of Sources

Aerosols
5% Other
Products
12%

Solvent
Cleaning
Foam Products
Products 36%
14%

Refrigeration
and Air
Conditioning
30%

Sterilization
3%

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 Energy and Environment

Impacts of Ozone Depletion Layers

• Ozone layer absorbs most of the harmful UV-B

radiation; more UV-B means:
– more melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers
– more eye cataracts ‫اعتام عدسة العين‬
– weakened immune systems
– reduced plant yields
– damage to ocean eco-ecosystems
– more damage to plastics

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Energy and Environment

III

Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect

Contents

Impact of the greenhouse effect on planet Earth

Describe greenhouse gases and their effects
Explain how human activities have contributed to global warming
Give examples of what people can do about the amount of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.

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 Energy and Environment

Global Warming
What is it?
 Earth has warmed by about 1º F over the past 100 years.
But why? And How?
 Scientists are not exactly sure.
 The earth could be getting warm on it’s own.
However ….

• Many of the world’s leading climate scientists think that

people are helping to make the Earth warmer.

• Scientists are sure about the greenhouse effect. They know

that greenhouse gases make the earth warmer by trapping
energy in the atmosphere.

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Energy and Environment

What is the Greenhouse effect?

• The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the
Earth experiences because certain gases in the
atmosphere trap heat from the Sun’s rays.

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 Energy and Environment
How do greenhouses work?

• Greenhouses work by
trapping heat from the
sun.

• The glass panels of the

greenhouse let in light
but keep heat from
escaping.

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Energy and Environment

Is the greenhouse effect important?

• Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would
not be warm enough for humans to live.

• But if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it

could make the Earth warmer than usual.

• Even a little warming

causes problems for
plants and animals.

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 Energy and Environment

What are these gases?

• The greenhouse gases

are:

 Water Vapour
 Carbon dioxide
 Nitrous Oxide
 Methane
 CFCs

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Energy and Environment

Water Vapour

• There is more water in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide so

most of the greenhouse heating of the Earth’s surface is due to
water vapour.

• The water vapour content in the atmosphere is constant which

means it hasn’t changed.

• Water vapour is the biggest contributor to the “natural

greenhouse effect”.

• Human activities have little impact on the level of water

vapour.

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 Energy and Environment
Carbon Dioxide

• Carbon dioxide that helps to keep the Earth warm.

• This gas holds in just enough heat from the sun to

keep animals and plants alive.

• If it held in more heat than it does the climate on

Earth would grow too hot for some kinds of life.

• If it held in less heat, Earth’s climate would be too

cold.

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Energy and Environment

Carbon Dioxide
• Carbon Dioxide is the most important of the
greenhouse gases and is currently responsible for 60
% of the human activities greenhouse effect’

Global carbon dioxide emissions

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 Energy and Environment
Carbon Dioxide
• For the past 100 years, the amount of carbon
dioxide in our atmosphere seems to have been
increasing.

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Energy and Environment

Where do all the carbon dioxide gases come from?
• Carbon dioxide
 Human respiration.
 Industrialization
 Burning of fossil fuel to generate electricity
 Burning of forest (lesser trees)
 CO2 is now 1/3 more than before Industrial
Revolution

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 Energy and Environment

Nitrous Oxide
• Nitrous oxide makes up an extremely small amount of the
atmosphere – It is less than one-thousandth as abundant as
carbon dioxide.

• However it is 200 to 300 times more effective in trapping

heat than carbon dioxide.

• The longest atmosphere lifetimes of the greenhouse gases,

lasting for up to 150 years.

• Since the Industrial Revolution, the level of nitrous

oxide in the atmosphere has increased by 16%.

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Energy and Environment

Nitrous Oxide

• The impact of human activities

 Burning fossil fuels and wood

 Widespread use of fertilizers
 Sewage treatment plants
 Vehicle exhaust
 Nitrogen based fertilizers

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 Energy and Environment
Methane
• The importance of methane in the greenhouse
effect is it’s warming effect.

• It occurs in lower concentrations than carbon

dioxide but it produces 21 times as much warming
as carbon dioxide.

• Methane accounts for 20%of the ‘enhanced

greenhouse effect’.

• It remains in the atmosphere for 10-12 years. (Less

than other greenhouse gases)

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Energy and Environment

Where do all the methane gases come from?
• Methane
 Produced by bacteria living in swampy areas.
• Wet rice cultivation
 Waste in landfills
 Rearing of livestock
 Each molecule can trap 20 times as much heat
as a CO2 molecule.

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 Energy and Environment

Chlorofluorocarbons -CFCs

• CFCs
 Aerosol sprays
 Making foam packaging
 Coolants in fridge and air cons
 Cleaning solvents
 Each CFC molecule can trap as much heat as
100 000 CO2 molecule.

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Energy and Environment

Global Warming
• The average global temperature has increased by
almost 1º F over the past century.

• Scientists expect the average global temperature

to increase an additional 2º to 6º F over the next
hundred years.

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 Energy and Environment
Global Warming

• Even a small increase in temperature over a long

time can change the climate.

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Energy and Environment

Global Warming
• When the climate changes, there may be big
changes in the things that people depend on.
• These things include the level of the oceans and
the places where we plant crops. They also
include the air we breathe and the water we
drink.
• It is important to understand that scientists don’t
know for sure what global warming will bring.

• Some changes may be good.

 Eg. If you live in a very cool climate , warmer
temperatures might be welcome.

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 Energy and Environment
Global Warming
• Changes in some places will not be good at all.
 Human Health
 Ecological Systems (Plants and animals)
 Sea Level Rise
 Crops and Food Supply

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Energy and Environment

Human Health
• Heat stress and other heat related health problems
are caused directly by very warm temperatures
and high humidity.

• Heat stress – A variety of problems associated with

very warm temperatures and high humidity eg.
Heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

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 Energy and Environment
Ecological Systems

• Plants and animals

 Climate change may alter the world’s habitats.
All living things are included in and rely on these places.

 Most past climate changes occurred slowly, allowing plants

and animals to adapt to the new environment or move
someplace else.

 Plants and animals may not be able to react quickly enough

to survive if future climate changes occur as rapidly as
scientists predict.

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Energy and Environment

Sea Level Rise

Global Warming may make the sea level become higher. Why?

 Warmer weather makes glaciers melt.

 Melting glaciers add more water to the ocean.
 Warmer weather also makes water expand.
 When water expands in the ocean, it takes up more space
and the level of the sea rises.

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 Energy and Environment

Sea Level Rise

• Sea level may rise between several inches and
as much as 3 feet during the next century.
• Coastal flooding could cause saltwater to flow
into areas where salt is harmful, threatening
plants and animals in those areas.
• Oceanfront property would be affected by
flooding.
• Coastal flooding may also reduce the quality of
drinking water in coastal areas.

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Energy and Environment

Crops and Food Supply

• Global warming may make the Earth warmer in cold

places.
• People living in these areas may have the chance to
grow crops in new areas.
• But global warming might bring droughts to other
places where we grow crops.

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 Energy and Environment
Climatic Change
• Global warming will lead to an
increase in the evaporation of water
 more water vapour.
• With more water vapour, more rain
fall is expected.
• But it is not evenly distributed:
 Dry areas  severe drought
condition, water shortage
and heat waves occurs
 Wet areas  floods and
avalanches (landslides)

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Energy and Environment

Climatic Change
• Other problems may arise:
 Destroy food crop  rice, wheat and corn
 Affect animals  need to migrate
 Encourage growth of weed and pests  may
lead to diseases like dengue fever, cholera which
are deadly.

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 Energy and Environment
What can we do to a void global warming?

• There are many little things that we can do to

make a difference to reduce the amount of
greenhouse gases that we put into the
atmosphere.
• Many greenhouse gases come from things we do
every day.

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Energy and Environment

Ways you can help make our planet better.

• Learning about the environment

• Energy Conservation

• Buy Energy Efficient Product

• Utilize Renewable energy as much

As you can

• Recycling

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Chapter 5

Smog

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5-Part 2

Smog: Form of air pollution in which atmospheric

visibility is partially obscured by a haze consisting of
solid particulates and/or liquid aerosols .

Occurs mainly in urban areas but not exclusively

Smoke + fog = smog

Smog-producing pollutants include direct PM emissions and the gases

sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and
ammonia (NH3).

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 Energy and Environment
Chapter 5-Part 2

Smog types :

1. Sulfurous Smog

2. Photochemical Smog

3. Volcanic Smog ….Beyond of our interest in this

course

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5-Part 2
Sulfur smog

Sulfurous smog is recognizable as a thick gray fog that

is mostly found in areas near coal-fired power plants.

It is produced when sulfur dioxide and particulates

combine with moisture.

The smog in Houston, Texas, is more intense and

frequent than in any other city in the U.S.

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 Energy and Environment
Chapter 5-Part 2
Sulfur smog

Other areas that suffer from serious smog include

Los Angeles, California; California's San Joaquin
Valley; and Atlanta, Georgia

• History

– dates back to the 14th century

– the "Killer Smog" reported in 1952, claimed 4000
fatalities in London
- by far the most devastating event of this type in
recorded history.

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5-Part 2
Sources of Sulfur Smog

Electric utilities, especially those that burn coal, are

responsible for about 65 percent of the sulfur dioxide
(SO2) released into the atmosphere.

The other main contributors to the release of SO2

are industrial facilities that process raw materials
such as crude oil, metallic ore and coal.

These include cement manufacturers, petroleum

refineries and metal processing plants.

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 Energy and Environment
Chapter 5-Part 2
Impacts of sulfur Smog

– Deterioration of human made structures and materials

– Deterioration of flora
– Respiratory problems, allergies, asthma, lung damage

Mitigation of Sulfur Smog

– Burning of lower S-content coal

– Desulphurization of flue gases
– Clean Air Acts, Sulphur Protocol

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5-Part 2
Photochemical smog
Formation:

N2 + O2 NO + NO2
NO2 + UV  NO + O*
O2 + UV  2O*
O2 + O*  O3
O3 + VOC  O2 + PAN + other smog oxidants
Overall reaction:
NO2 + VOC + O2 +UV  NO + O3+ PAN + other oxidants
VOC :
Volatile organic compounds (s) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary,
room-temperature conditions Along with carbon, they contain elements such as hydrogen, oxygen,
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, sulfur or nitrogen.

PAN: peroxyacetylnitrate (CH3CO-OO-NO2)

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 Energy and Environment
Chapter 5-Part 2

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5-Part 2
Impacts Photochemical smog

– Impaired visibility
– Eye and respiratory system irritants
– Damage to lung tissue
– Vegetation damage
– Contribution to acidic deposition
– Materials destruction (rubber and some plastics)

How to reduce smog (main goal is to reduce VOC and

NOx):
Perform Emission tests
Public transportation

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 Energy and Environment
Chapter 5-Part 2
Acid Rain

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5-Part 2
What is Acid Rain

A mixture of wet and dry deposition ‫ ترسيب‬from the atmosphere containing

higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.

Emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) resulting from
fossil fuel combustion. Acid rain occurs when these gases react in the
atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form various acidic
compounds.

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 Energy and Environment
Chapter 5-Part 2
Causes of Acid Rain

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the primary causes of
acid rain.

• Acid rain occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water,
oxygen, and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds.

• Sunlight increases the rate of most of these reactions. The result is a mild
solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5-Part 2

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 Energy and Environment
Causes of Acid Rain
Chapter 5-Part 2
Causes of Acid Rain

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5-Part 2
Measure of Acid Rain

• Acid rain is measured using a scale called “pH.”

• The lower a substance's pH, the more acidic it is.
• The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. It ranges from
0 to 14.
• A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7 is
basic.
• Each whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than the next higher
value.
• Normal rain is slightly acidic (5.6). Most acidic rain in US has a PH of 4.3

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 Energy and Environment
Chapter 5-Part 2
Impacts of Acid rain

• Acidification of water ecosystems

• Acidification of surface waters can lower the pH down to 3, which

creates conditions unbearable for many aquatic species, which
eventually die, and lakes become lifeless.

• Today some 14000 lakes in Sweden are affected by acidification.

• Reduced fertility of soil.

• Some metals (i.e. aluminium, and mercury) leach from acidified soils
into waters

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Energy and Environment

Chapter 5-Part 2
Impacts of Acid rain

• Damage of flora

• Decay of structural materials

– Marble, sandstone, rubber and metals

• Human health problems

Respiratory problems including lung disorders,
asthma, and bronchitis due to suspended
atmospheric sulphates indirect effect of
acidification on humans is related to the
presence of toxic metals in the food chain

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 Additional Resources
• US EPA
– web site: [Link]
• NASA
– web site:
[Link]
one/[Link]

109 109

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