Course No.

: EE207

EE207-Computer Programming
Module 1 note
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Syllabus :-
Introduction to Programming:
 Machine language
 assembly language
 high level language
 Compilers and assemblers
 Flow chart and algorithm
 Development of algorithms for simple problems.
Basic elements of C
 Structure of C program
 Keywords, Identifiers
 data types, Operators
 expressions
 Input and Output functions

 5 Hours for this module(for 1st teaching)

 In semester exam 15% marks from this module
 Simple and theoretical module compared to other module
 In this module we studying basics of C program
 Reference ANSI C- Second edition

Introduction
C is a general purpose programming language. It has been closely associated
with the UNIX system where it was developed, since both the system and most of the programs
that run on it are written in C. C provides the fundamental control flow constructions required for
well-structured programs: statement grouping, decision making (if-else), selecting one of possible
cases (switch), looping with the termination test at the top (while, for) or at the bottom (do), and
early loop exit (break).
Programming language
Computer language or programming language is a coded syntax used by
computer programmer communicate with the computer. Computer languages establishes a flow
of communication between programmer and computer. Programming languages can be classified
into following categories
1. Machine language
2. Assemble language
3. High level language

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1. Machine language
Machine language or machine code is the native language directly understand
by computer’s central processing unit. This type of computer language is not easy to understand,
as it only uses a binary systems, an element of notations containing only a series of numbers
consisting of “1 and 0” to produce comments. The machine language is system independent
because there are different set of binary instructions for different types of computer systems
Limitations of machine language:
The machine languages Is very tedious
Error prone process of writing programs in machine language
2. Assembly language
Assembly language is low level programming language in which the sequence
of zeros and ones are replaced by some codes. Typical instruction for addition and subtraction
Eg:- ADD for addition
SUB for subtraction
Since our system only understand this language of zeros and ones, so a system
program is known as assembler. Which is designed to translate an assembly language program
into machine language program. ie, assembly language program are translated into machine
language by a program called assembler
3. High level language
High level language are user friendly language which are similar to English with
vocabulary of words and symbols. These are easier to learn and require less time to write. They
are problem oriented rather than machine based. Program written in a high level language can be
translated into any machine language and there for can run on any computer for which there exist
an appropriate translator. Program written in high level language are translated into assembly
language or machine language by compiler
Flow chart
Symbols used in the flowchart :-

Flow lines : direction of

program execution

Starting / ending
of program

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Give input / Get output at this

stage of program

Processing at this stage

Decision making at this stage

Connector

Eg:-
Flow chart to print “HELLO WORLD” Flow chart for the addition of 2 numbers

Start
Start

Print “ENTER TWO

NUMBERS”
Print “HELLO
WORLD”
Read a & b

Stop Assign value of

a+b to sum

Read a & b

Print sum

Stop

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Algorithm
Algorithm is the simplest representation of a program in our own
language. In this algorithm numbering each stage of the program and we also numbering the
sub stages as sub numbers of the previous main stage.
Eg:-
Algorithm for addition of 2 no’s
Program :- Algorithm :-
#include<stdio.h>
Main() (1) Start
{ int a,b,sum; (2) Declare integer variables a,b,sum
printf(“Enter 2 numbers”); (3) Print “Enter 2 numbers”
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b); (4) Read a,b
sum=a+b; (5) Add a & b to sum
printf(“Sum of numbers=%d”,sum); (6) Print “Sum of numbers=”sum
} (7) Stop

Basic structure of C program

Documentation section

Link section

Definition section

Global declaration part

main() function section

{
Declaration part

Executable part

}
Sub program section
(User defined functions)

Function 1

Function 2

………
………
Function n

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A C program can be viewed as a group of building blocks called functions. A

function is a sub routine that may include one or more statements designed to perform a
specific task. To write C program, we first create functions and then put them together. A C
program may contain one or more sections as shown in figure above
The documentation section consist of a set of comment lines giving the name
of the program, the author and other details, which the programmer would like to use later.
The link section provides instruction to computer to link functions from the
system library. The definition section defines all symbolic constants
There are some variables that are used in more than one function such
variables are called global variables and are declared in the global declaration section that is
outside of all the functions. This function also declares all user defined functions
Every C program must have one main() function section. This section contains
two parts, declaration part and execution part. The declaration part declares all the variable
used in the execution part. There is at least one statement in the executable part. These two
parts must appear between the opening and closing braces. The program execution will start
at the opening brace and ends at the closing brace. The closing brace of the main function
section is the logical end of the program. All statements in the declaration and executable
part end with a semicolon (;)
The subprogram section contain all the user-defined functions that are called
in the main function. User-defined functions are generally placed immediately after the main
function, although they may appear in any order. All sections except the main function section
may be absent when they are not required

Character set of “C”

The characters in C are grouped into the following categories

 Letters :: Upper case A……..Z

Lower case a……...z
 Digits :: All decimal digits 0……….9
 Special characters :: !@#$%^&*()_+|\”;:~{}[]<>,. Etc………
 White spaces :: Blank space, horizontal space, carriage return, new line, from feed
**The compiler ignores white spaces unless they are a part of string constant. White spaces
may be used to separate word, but are prohibited between the characters of keywords and
identifiers
C Tokens
The smallest individual units in a C program are known as a C tokens. C has
six types of tokens as shown below:-

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Keywords :: float, while,…….

Identifiers :: Main, amount,……
Constants :: -15.5,100
C Tokens
Strings :: “ABC”, “year”
Special symbols :: {, }, [, ]
Operators :: *,+,-
Keywords
Every C word is classified as either a keyword or an identifier. All keywords
have fixed meaning and these meaning cannot be changed. There are 32 keywords in C.
they are written to be in lower case letters
Eg:- int, void, char, float, do, if, for, while,………..
Identifier
Identifier refer to the names of variables, functions and arrays. These are
user-defined names and consists of a sequence of letters and digits, with a letter as a first
character. Both upper case and lower case letters are permitted. The underscore character
is also permitted in identifiers to use as a link between two words in long identifiers
Rules for identifiers

 First character must be an alphabet

 Must consist of only letters, digits, or underscore
 Only first 31 characters are significant
 Cannot use a keyword
 Must not contain while space
Data types
Different data types in c program
1. Primer/Fundamental data type :: int, char, float, void
2. Derived data types :: arrays, pointers
3. User defined data types :: structures, unions
Primary data types
Data type “int” again classified into (Based on the size of data types)
Short int
int
Long int
Data type “float” again classified into (Based on the size of data types)
Float (upto 6 digits after pointer)
Double (upto 10 digits after pointer)
Long double (more than 10 digits after pointer)

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Operators and Expressions

An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain
mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in programs to manipulate data
and variables. They usually form a part of the mathematical or logical expressions
C operators can be classified into a number of categories
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Relational operators
3. Logical operators
4. Assignment operators
5. Increment & decrement operators
6. Conditional operators
7. Bitwise operators
8. Special operators

1. Arithmetic operators
The arithmetic operators are used in order to perform the arithmetic
operators such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It includes

+ :: Addition
- :: Substraction
* :: Multiplication
/ :: Division
% :: Modulo division : it gives the reminder as the result
Arithmetic operators again classified
 Integer arithmetic (in this operations between integers)
 Real arithmetic (in this operations between real numbers)
 Mixed-mode arithmetic (in this operations between real numbers and integers)

2. Real operators
Relational operators can be used for the comparison of two quantities
relational operators includes
< :: less than
<= :: less than or equal to
> :: greater than
>= :: greater than or equal to
== :: is equal to
!= :: is not equal to

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3. Logical operators
C has logical operators :- && Logical AND
|| Logical OR
! Logical NOT
4. Assignment operators
Assignment operators are used to assign the result of an expression to
a variable. The usual assignment operator is “=”. It can also be used to assign the result of an
expression
Eg:- a=5 ( Assigning the value 5 to a)
x=a+b+c ( assigning the value of expression a+b+c to x)
5. Increment/Decrement operators
The increment and decrement operators in C are, ++ and – (Pre
increment: ++c, Post increment: c++ )
Eg:- a=5
b=a++ (the value 5 is assigned to b, and then a is increment to 6)
b=++a (The value of a is incremented to 6 and then 6 is assigned to b)
6. Conditional operators
exp 1 ? exp 2 : exp 3
Where exp1,exp2,exp3 are expressions. The operators ? : works as follows :- exp1 is evaluated
first. If it is true, then the expression exp2 is evaluated and becomes the value of the
expressions. If exp1 is false, exp3 is evaluated and it’s value becomes the value of the
parameters
7. Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators are used for the manipulation of data at bit level.
These operators are used for testing the bits, or shifting them right or left. Bitwise operators
may not be applied to that or double
& -bitwise AND
| -bitwise OR
^ -bitwise XOR
<< -shift left
>> -shift right

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8. Special operators
Special operators in C includes,
 Comma operator
 Size of operator
 Pointer operators (& and *)
 Member selection operator ( . and )
Comma operator is used to link the related expressions together
Eg :- value=(x=10,y=5,x+y);
m=sizeof(sum);

Note prepared by
VISHNU CV KTU live

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