Block 1 Example

Block 1 will be 30 classes for a period of 4 months. Here the outcome is that
the kid would become 4 times quicker and better at Mental Math.

How would we make it 4 times quicker?

First, we would help kids in visualizing the number line in an elaborate

way. Arithmetic is the backbone of Mathematics. We help kids in visualizing
the number line better which in turn makes the kids great in Arithmetic’s.
Example Engage cx by asking this question

21x2 =42 Once cx answers the question, appreciate him. Then tell him that
he answered this because he either knows the tables of 21 by heart or even
if doesn’t he must have added 20+20=40 and 1+1=2 so the total is 42.

Now ask him the 2nd question

5494x9 =?

The cx will not be able to answer. Now tell him Mr. Parent if you are stuck
but obviously even the kid will get stuck and the funniest part is even, I
don’t know the answer. The reason Mr. Parent is not that you and me
cannot answer this question, but we are not able to answer because we
haven’t trained our minds to visualize more than 2 or 3 digits at a stretch
from childhood and when generally a question is asked with a 4 digit, we
normally tend to fall back on using the pen and paper or a calculator. But
here in this Block we help kids to visualize up to 6 to 8 digits without using
any tools or tricks. We completely follow Organic methods, the same
methods followed by Mr. Neelakantha Bhanu when he was a kid.

Block 2

Next set of 45 classes (31 – 75) – Duration 6 Months

Outcome - Strong hold on the Fundamentals of mathematical concepts of

current academics and beyond (UKG to Grade 7 = X+2 at least) (Grade 8 =
X+1 at least) (Grade 9 = X at least).

HOW?

· We focus on strong conceptual learning pedagogy by teaching the

Why’s of Math before the What’s & How’s. This makes the kids
realize how math concepts are applied in the real world around
them.

· We teach through fun story narrations, sparking the right curiosity

and interest level for Math in kids which makes them effective
learners.

· We teach the optimized way of learning by removing the barriers

created by schools in the conceptual learning of the kids because
of the nature of their curriculum.

· 3 Conquest Projects (Based on school academics).

Grade 1

14+-=18

Its simple addition kid will count fingers and answer it's 4.

But twist the question a little bit. 14+x=18

Find the value of x

Why is the kid not able to answer because the kid has not been taught the
concept with x. It's logical reasoning and believe me it's a grade 1 question
of Olympiad.

Grade 2-3

Give Division example

We cover not only division but fractions, decimals, ratio proportion all
together as these are all applications of division. These are generally taught
in different grades but we optimize and teach them so we understand the
concepts in a deeper way.

Half Concept:

½ is half in fraction

0.50 is half in decimals

50% is half in percentage

1:2 is half in Ratio & Proportion

When a kid already knows the meaning of Half then why Fractions/
Decimals/ Percentage/ Ratio & Proportion are taught in different grades.
When we teach Divisions we teach all these topics together so the kid
understands the topic in a deeper way.

Grade 4-6

Algebra example

The kid knows alphabets / numbers and operators from grade 1. Then why
does the kid has to wait till grade 6 to know about Algebra. We optimize the
way of learning by teaching kids that variables stand in the place of
numbers.

How to derive (a+b)²= a² + 2ab + b²?

Pie value 22/7 or 3.14 but why is it 22/7?

Kids in 6th grade learn about the circumference of a circle where the
formula is 2πr. The value of the π is always told as 22/7 in fraction or 3.14
in decimals. But why 22/7 is never taught in school is what we teach them.

Grade7-8

Trigonometry
Ask the parents if they were ever told in school why they were learning
Trigonometry and where they would be using it in their daily life. 99% of
the parents would say no. Then explain

Trigonometry simply means calculations with triangles (that’s where the

tri comes from). It is a study of relationships in mathematics involving
lengths, heights and angles of different triangles.

1. Trigonometry can be used to measure the height of a building or

mountains

2. Trigonometry in construction:

3. Trigonometry used in navigation

We focus on strong conceptual learning pedagogy by teaching the Why’s

of Math before the What’s & How’s. This makes the kids realize how
math concepts are applied in the real world around them.

Block 3

Next set of 75 classes (76 – 150) – Duration 10 to 12 Months

Outcome - Application of Mathematics / Math in Real World

How?
Now at this stage the kid has become quicker and better at speed math,
proficient in math concepts in school academics. Now we teach the kids
the actual mathematical applications in the real world.

By learning Application of Math in the Real World , Kid’s become future

ready to excel in any field of life.
Learning Math as a Life Skill takes you miles ahead in any career.

Math in Technology
Math in Finance
 Math in Art & Music
Pro Speed Math (Skilled to compete in nation-wide math Olympiad)

Block 3 has 5 conquest projects including a Mega Project which will be a

direct STEM application.
Eg. Build your own business model
Filing income tax for parents
Write your first AI algorithm
Understanding rhythmic patterns in music
Understanding fixed cost and variable cost using a project

Grade 1/2/3 Algorithm in AI

We Teach Kids how to write their First Algorithm in the Field Of AI and ML
using Maths. An algorithm is a set of instructions for solving a problem or
accomplishing a task.

As simple as How to tie your shoe lace/ How to brush your teeth.

Grade 4/5/6 Math In Finance

We Teach a module called World Of Finance. We help them understand

what is Interest, tax etc.

Eg: I am sure Mr. Parents, you would give some money to your every month
to fill their piggy bank. In this case the piggy bank will only have money
that you have collected, we teach them how it could grow if you deposit the
same in the bank.

Grade 7/8 Your kid will be in a position to build her own business
model

We teach kids how to create their own Biz model.

The basic factors involved in creating a biz plan are

v Capital

v Different type of Costs

v Understanding Of Break Even Point

Profit/ Loss
Reducing interest mortgage

We also teach understanding of fixed and variable cost using a project

Grade UKG -1
Number awareness → place value → comparing & ordering numbers

🌈 1. Number Awareness (What is a number?)

🧠 Goal:

Children understand that numbers represent quantity

🍎 Example 1: Fruit Counting

Show 5 apples 🍎🍎🍎🍎🍎

Ask:

● “How many apples?”

● “If I eat one, how many are left?”

➡ They learn that numbers tell how many

🧸 Example 2: Toy Box

Put:

● 3 cars 🚗
● 5 dolls 🧸
Ask:

● “Which has more?”

● “Which has less?”

Example 3: Finger Numbers

Show 6 fingers
Then 4 fingers
Ask: “Which is bigger?”

🔢 2. Place Value (Tens & Ones – Grade 1)

🧠 Goal:

Children understand that

a number is made of tens and ones

🏠 Example: Houses of Numbers

Draw two boxes:

Te One
ns s

🏠 🏠

Number = 23

Put:

● 2 bundles of 10 sticks
● 3 single sticks

Explain:

23 = 2 tens and 3 ones

🍭 Candy Example

Teacher has 14 candies

● Give 10 in a box 🎁
● 4 loose 🍬

So:

14 = 1 ten and 4 ones

3. Comparing Numbers

🧠 Goal:

Children understand bigger, smaller, equal

Animal Size Game

🐭

Compare numbers using animals:

5 🐭 vs 8 🐘
“Which is bigger?”

Explain:

8 is bigger than 5

So:
5<8

🍪 Biscuit Game

Ravi has 12 biscuits

Maya has 15 biscuits

Who has more?

➡ 15 > 12
📊 4. Ordering Numbers

🧠 Goal:

Arrange numbers from smallest to biggest or biggest to smallest

Number Train

Give: 4, 9, 2, 6

Children arrange:

2–4–6–9

Like train compartments 🚆

Height Line

4 children with heights:

2, 5, 1, 3

Arrange from shortest to tallest:

1–2–3–5

🔁 Connecting All Three

Give number 34

Ask:

1. Number awareness:
“How many altogether?” → 34 things
2. Place value:
34 = 3 tens + 4 ones
 3. Compare:
Is 34 bigger than 29?
4. Order:
Arrange: 29, 34, 41

Strong Comfort with Addition & Subtraction through Stories & Visuals
🧩 WHY stories + visuals work

Children at this age don’t think in numbers — they think in pictures,

people, food, toys and actions.
So every sum must become a story.

➕ ADDITION through stories

🍎 Story 1: Apple Tree

There are 3 apples on a tree 🍎🍎🍎

2 more apples grow 🌱🍎🍎

Question:
How many apples now?

Show with pictures:

3+2=5

🧸 Story 2: Teddy Party

4 teddies are sitting on a sofa

3 more come to join

Ask:

“How many teddies are there now?”

Children count the pictures.

🚌 Story 3: Bus Stop

2 kids are on a bus

5 more get on
How many kids now?
Draw the bus and people going in.

➖ SUBTRACTION through stories

🍪 Cookie Story

There are 6 cookies 🍪🍪🍪🍪🍪🍪

Tom eats 2

How many left?

Cross out 2 cookies visually.

🐦 Birds on a Tree

5 birds are sitting 🌳

2 fly away

How many birds remain?

🧃 Juice Box

8 juice boxes
3 are used

How many left?

🎨 Visual Number Bond Model

Use circles:

Example: 7

One big circle with 7

Split into:
 ● 4

● 3

Shows:
7 = 4 + 3 / 7 − 3 = 4 / 7 − 4 = 3 = Children see both addition and
subtraction

🎲 Hands-on Visual Games

🎈 Balloon Pop

10 balloons
Pop 4
How many left?

Toy Shop

5 toys on shelf
2 sold
How many remain?

🌈 Colour Coding Method

Red = starting number

Green = added
Blue = remaining

Example:
6 (red) − 2 (green) = 4 (blue)

This builds visual memory

🎯 End Goal

Children should think:

 “Something came → add”
“Something went → subtract”

Pattern Recognition & Early Logical Reasoning

These activities train the brain to think:

“What comes next?” → “Why?” → “What is the rule?”

🌈 1. Pattern Recognition (Seeing the Rule)

🔴🟡 Colour Patterns

UKG
Red – Blue – Red – Blue – ❓
Children say: Red
Grade 1
Red – Red – Blue – Red – Red – Blue – ❓
Rule: 2 red, 1 blue

🔺 Shape Patterns

Triangle – Circle – Triangle – Circle – ❓

Answer: Triangle

Square – Square – Circle – Square – Square – Circle – ❓

Answer: Square

🍎 Object Patterns

Apple – Banana – Apple – Banana – ❓

Pencil – Eraser – Eraser – Pencil – Eraser – Eraser – ❓

🔢 2. Number Patterns

UKG

2–4–2–4–❓
Answer: 2

1–3–1–3–❓

Grade 1

5 – 10 – 15 – ❓
Rule: +5

2–4–8–❓
Rule: double
🧠 3. Logical Reasoning (Thinking WHY)

🧺 Sorting Game

Mix:

● apples
● bananas
● pencils
● erasers

Ask:

“Put fruits in one box and school items in another”

Children use logic to group

🐶 Who Does Not Belong?

Dog – Cat – Cow – Car

Answer: Car (not an animal)

🧩 Which is Different?

Red, Blue, Green, Apple

Apple does not belong

🧠 4. Pattern + Logic Together

👣 Footsteps

Big, Small, Big, Small, ❓

What comes next? Big

Why?
Because the pattern repeats.

🧱 Block Towers
Tall, Short, Tall, Short
Build the next tower.

🧮 5. Growing Patterns (Grade 1)

⭐
⭐⭐
⭐⭐⭐
⭐⭐⭐⭐

What comes next?

⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

🎯 What children learn

They learn to:

● Observe
● Predict
● Explain
● Find rules

These are the roots of algebra and coding

Real-life applications (money, objects, sharing, grouping)

Money, Objects, Sharing & Grouping

💰 1. Money Sense

UKG

🪙 Coin Match

Show:
₹1, ₹2, ₹5 coins

Ask:

● “Which coin is bigger?”

● “Which coin is smaller?”

Give 3 ₹1 coins
Ask: “How much money?”

🛒 Toy Shop

A toy costs ₹5
Child has ₹5
Can they buy it? Yes!
Grade 1

Shopping Game

An eraser costs ₹7
Child has ₹10
How much change?

10 − 7 = 3

🍫 Chocolate Store

Chocolate costs ₹4
How many chocolates can you buy with ₹20?

20 ÷ 4 = 5

🧸 2. Objects & Counting

UKG

Put 6 crayons
Ask:

● “Give me 3”

● “How many left?

Grade 1

Put 12 pencils
Group them into groups of 3
How many groups?

12 ÷ 3 = 4

🍪 3. Sharing
UKG

6 biscuits
2 children
Share equally

Each gets 3

Grade 1

12 sweets
4 kids
How many each?

12 ÷ 4 = 3

📦 4. Grouping

UKG

Put toys into:

● cars

● dolls

● balls

Count each group

Grade 1

15 apples
Put into bags of 5
How many bags?

15 ÷ 5 = 3
🚍 5. Daily Life Story Problems

UKG

3 birds on a tree
2 more come
How many birds?

Grade 1

10 children
3 go home
How many remain?

🎯 What children really learn

They learn:

● Money is counting

● Sharing is division

● Grouping is multiplication

● Buying is subtraction

Introduction to how numbers originated & how computers see numbers

PART 1: How Numbers Were Born

UKG – Story: The Shepherd and His Sheep

Long ago, there was a shepherd who had sheep.

Every morning, his sheep went out to eat grass.
Every evening, they came back home.

To make sure no sheep was lost, the shepherd used stones.

Each sheep = one stone

If he had 5 sheep, he kept 5 stones.

If one stone was missing, he knew one sheep was missing.

So numbers were created to count and keep things safe.

Fingers and Objects

Before numbers were written, people used:

● Fingers

● Sticks

● Pebbles

Three apples = three fingers = three stones

This is how counting started.

PART 2: From Marks to Numbers (Grade 1)

People began making marks to count things.

Objects Mark Number

s s

🍎🍎🍎
🐶🐶🐶🐶

⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

Later, these marks became numbers:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 …

Numbers made counting faster and easier.

PART 3: How Computers See Numbers

Tell children:

A computer does not understand words.

It only understands two things:

YES = 1
NO = 0

This is called Binary.

Light Switch Example

Ligh Computer
t sees

ON 1

OFF 0

ON – OFF – ON
=1–0–1
= 101
Door Example

Door Compute
r

Open 1

Close 0
d

Open – Closed – Closed

=1–0–0
= 100

PART 4: How Computers Count

Normal Computer
Number (Binary)

1 1

2 10

3 11
4 100

5 101

Computers use only 1s and 0s to make all numbers.

PART 5: Classroom Game

Teacher says:

● Clap = 1

● No clap = 0

Teacher shows:
Clap – No clap – Clap

Children say:
1–0–1
So the computer number is 101

What Children Learn

● Numbers were made to count real things

● People used stones, marks, and fingers

● Computers use 1 and 0

● Math connects to technology

Grade 2-3
Strengthening operator mastery: addition, subtraction, multiplication & division

1. ADDITION ( + ) – Putting Together

Grade 2 Examples

1. Riya has 24 pencils.

Her friend gives her 15 more.
How many pencils does Riya have now?

24 + 15 = 39
 2. A basket has 36 apples.
Another basket has 22 apples.
How many apples in total?

36 + 22 = 58

Grade 3 Examples

1. A library has 145 story books and 278 science books.

How many books are there in total?

145 + 278 = 423

2. A school collected 326 kg of paper on Monday and 489 kg on Tuesday.

How much paper was collected in all?

326 + 489 = 815

2. SUBTRACTION ( − ) – Taking Away

Grade 2 Examples

1. There are 58 balloons.

23 balloons are burst.
How many balloons are left?

58 − 23 = 35

2. A shop has 90 chocolates.

It sells 46 chocolates.
How many chocolates remain?

90 − 46 = 44

Grade 3 Examples

1. A farmer harvested 864 mangoes.

He sold 379 mangoes.
 How many mangoes are left?

864 − 379 = 485

2. A train had 750 passengers.

468 got down.
How many passengers are still on the train?

750 − 468 = 282

3. MULTIPLICATION ( × ) – Equal Groups

Grade 2 Examples

1. There are 6 boxes.

Each box has 4 chocolates.
How many chocolates in all?

6 × 4 = 24

2. There are 8 tables.

Each table has 5 chairs.
How many chairs are there?

8 × 5 = 40

Grade 3 Examples

1. A classroom has 18 rows.

Each row has 24 students.
How many students are there?

18 × 24 = 432
 2. A factory packs 125 toys in one truck.
How many toys are packed in 8 trucks?

125 × 8 = 1000

4. DIVISION ( ÷ ) – Sharing or Grouping

Grade 2 Examples

1. 20 sweets are shared among 5 children.

How many sweets does each child get?

20 ÷ 5 = 4

2. 36 pencils are packed in boxes of 6.

How many boxes are needed?

36 ÷ 6 = 6

Grade 3 Examples

1. 924 books are arranged equally on 7 shelves.

How many books are on each shelf?

924 ÷ 7 = 132

2. 1,200 apples are packed equally into 12 baskets.

How many apples are in each basket?

1200 ÷ 12 = 100

Key Learning for Students

 ● Addition means total

● Subtraction means difference

● Multiplication means repeated addition

● Division means equal sharing

When students master these four operators, they can solve any real-life math
problem.

Intuitive understanding of fractions & decimals through visual models

1. What is a Fraction?
A fraction is a part of a whole.

When we cut something into equal parts, each part is called a fraction.

Example:
If a pizza is cut into 4 equal parts and we take 1 part, we say:
1 out of 4 = 1⁄4

2. Visual Models for Fractions

Grade 2 Examples

Example 1: Apple
An apple is cut into 2 equal parts.
One part is taken.
That part is called 1⁄2 (one half).

Example 2: Chocolate Bar

A chocolate bar has 4 equal pieces.
You eat 1 piece.
You ate 1⁄4 of the chocolate.

Example 3: Circle Model

A circle is divided into 4 equal parts.
If 2 parts are shaded, it shows 2⁄4, which is the same as 1⁄2.

Grade 3 Examples
Example 1: Pizza
A pizza is cut into 8 equal slices.
If 3 slices are eaten, the fraction eaten is 3⁄8.

Example 2: Paper Strip

A strip of paper is divided into 10 equal parts.
If 7 parts are coloured, the fraction is 7⁄10.

3. What is a Decimal?
A decimal is another way to show a fraction.

Decimals show parts of a whole using a dot.

4. Visual Link Between Fractions and Decimals

Fractio Meaning Decima
n l

1⁄2 Half of a whole 0.5

1⁄4 One out of four 0.25

3⁄4 Three out of 0.75

four

1⁄10 One out of ten 0.1

5. Visual Models for Decimals

Grade 2

Use a strip divided into 10 boxes.

If 3 boxes are shaded, it means:

3 out of 10 = 3⁄10 = 0.3

Grade 3

A square is divided into 100 small boxes.

If 25 boxes are coloured:

25⁄100 = 0.25
6. Money Model
100 paise = 1 rupee

50 paise = 50⁄100 = 0.50 rupee

25 paise = 25⁄100 = 0.25 rupee

This helps children connect decimals to real life.

7. Fraction to Decimal Thinking

Half of a pizza = 1⁄2
Half of 1 rupee = 50 paise = 0.5

So,
1⁄2 = 0.5

What Children Learn

● Fractions show parts of a whole

● Decimals are another way to write fractions

● Pictures, food, and money help children understand better

● Fractions and decimals are used in daily life

Basics of money & finance to build real-life mathematical reasoning

1. Understanding Money
Money is used to buy things we need and want.
We use rupees (₹) and paise.

100 paise = 1 rupee

Examples:
50 paise = 0.50 rupee
25 paise = 0.25 rupee

2. Recognising Coins and Notes

Children should be able to recognise:
₹1, ₹2, ₹5, ₹10 coins
₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100 notes

3. Adding Money
Grade 2

Riya has a ₹10 coin and a ₹20 note.

How much money does she have?

10 + 20 = 30
She has ₹30.

Grade 3

A pencil costs ₹18 and a notebook costs ₹27.

How much money is needed?

18 + 27 = 45
Total = ₹45
4. Subtracting Money (Finding Change)
Grade 2

A toy costs ₹15.

Ravi gives ₹20.
How much change will he get?

20 − 15 = 5
Ravi gets ₹5 back.

Grade 3

A book costs ₹68.

Meera gives ₹100.
How much change will she receive?

100 − 68 = 32
Change = ₹32

5. Saving Money
Saving means keeping money for future use.

If a child saves ₹10 every day,

in 5 days the saving is:

10 × 5 = 50
Savings = ₹50

6. Spending Wisely
If you have ₹50 and buy a toy for ₹35,
money left is:

50 − 35 = 15
You still have ₹15
7. Simple Budgeting (Grade 3)
A child has ₹100.
He wants to buy:

● A book for ₹45

● A pen for ₹20

Total spent:
45 + 20 = 65

Money left:
100 − 65 = 35

So, ₹35 is saved.

8. Multiplication with Money

One chocolate costs ₹6.
How much do 8 chocolates cost?

6 × 8 = 48
Total cost = ₹48

9. Division with Money

₹60 is shared equally among 5 children.
How much does each child get?

60 ÷ 5 = 12
Each child gets ₹12

What Children Learn

● How to count money

● How to add and subtract money

 ● How to save and spend

● How math helps in daily shopping

● How to make simple budgets

Introduction to binary numbers to strengthen logic and tech literacy

1. What is Binary?
A computer does not think like a human.
It only understands two things:

ON = 1
OFF = 0

This system is called Binary.

Binary means two.

2. Real-Life Examples

Thing 1 0
 Light ON OFF

Door Open Closed

Fan On Off

Switch Up Down

Computers read everything using these two states.

3. How Computers Count

We use:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 …

Computers use only 1s and 0s.

Our Number Binary

1 1

2 10

3 11

4 100

5 101
 6 110

7 111

8 1000

4. Visual Block Model

Use blocks:

One block = 1
No block = 0

Example:
Block – No block – Block = 101

This means the number 5.

5. Grade 2 Activity
Teacher says:

● Clap = 1

● No clap = 0

Teacher shows:
Clap – Clap – No clap

Children write:
1 – 1 – 0 = 110
6. Grade 3 Activity
Teacher gives a pattern:
1011

Students say the binary number is 1011

Explain:

Computers read this to make pictures, music, games, and videos.

7. Where Binary is Used

Binary is used in:

● Mobile phones

● Computers

● Games

● TVs

● Internet

Everything digital is made from 1s and 0s.

What Children Learn

● Computers use a special number system

● Binary has only two numbers: 1 and 0

● Binary builds logic and pattern thinking

● Math connects to technology

Mastering PEMDAS and multi-step problem solving

1. What is PEMDAS?
PEMDAS tells us the order in which we solve math problems.

P – Parentheses
E – Exponents (not used in Grade 2–3)
M – Multiplication
D – Division
A – Addition
S – Subtraction

We always solve from left to right after Parentheses.

2. Simple Understanding for Children
PEMDAS means:

“Do the work inside the brackets first,

then multiply or divide,
then add or subtract.”

3. Grade 2 Examples
Example 1

8+4×2

First multiply:
4×2=8

Now add:
8 + 8 = 16

Example 2

(6 + 4) × 3

First the brackets:

6 + 4 = 10

Now multiply:
10 × 3 = 30

Example 3

20 − 10 ÷ 5
First divide:
10 ÷ 5 = 2

Now subtract:
20 − 2 = 18

4. Grade 3 Examples
Example 1

18 + 6 × 4

First multiply:
6 × 4 = 24

Now add:
18 + 24 = 42

Example 2

(15 + 5) ÷ 4

First brackets:
15 + 5 = 20

Then divide:
20 ÷ 4 = 5

Example 3

40 − 8 × 3
Multiply first:
8 × 3 = 24

Subtract:
40 − 24 = 16

5. Multi-Step Word Problems

Grade 2

A box has 5 bags.

Each bag has 4 chocolates.
3 chocolates are eaten.
How many chocolates are left?

Step 1: Total chocolates

5 × 4 = 20

Step 2: Subtract eaten

20 − 3 = 17

Grade 3

There are 8 boxes.

Each box has 12 apples.
24 apples are sold.
How many apples remain?

Step 1: Total apples

8 × 12 = 96

Step 2: Apples left

96 − 24 = 72
6. Why PEMDAS is Important
Without PEMDAS, we may get wrong answers.

Example:
8+4×2

If we add first:
(8 + 4) × 2 = 24 ❌

Correct way:
8 + (4 × 2) = 16 ✔

So order matters.

What Children Learn

● How to solve problems in the right order

● How to think step by step

● How to solve real-life math questions

● How to avoid mistakes

Early exposure to patterns, measurement, and Common Core +2 levels

PART 1: Pattern Thinking (Building Algebra Readiness)

Patterns help children find rules and predict what comes next.

Grade 2 Examples

1. 3, 6, 9, 12, ___
Rule: Add 3
Next number = 15

2. ● ▲ ● ▲ ● ▲ ___
Next shape = ●

3. 5, 10, 15, 20, ___

Rule: Add 5
Grade 3 Examples

1. 4, 8, 16, 32, ___

Rule: Multiply by 2

2. 100, 90, 80, 70, ___

Rule: Subtract 10

3. 2, 6, 12, 20, ___

Rule: Add 4, then 6, then 8

PART 2: Measurement Skills

Measurement helps children understand size, length, weight, and time.

Grade 2 Examples

1. A pencil is 12 cm long.
Another pencil is 8 cm long.
Which pencil is longer?
12 cm > 8 cm

2. A book weighs 500 g and a bag weighs 1 kg.

Which is heavier?
1 kg is heavier.

3. A class starts at 9:00 a.m. and ends at 10:30 a.m.

How long is the class?
 1 hour 30 minutes

Grade 3 Examples

1. A rope is 4 m long.
Another rope is 275 cm long.
Which rope is longer?

4 m = 400 cm
400 cm > 275 cm

So, the 4 m rope is longer.

2. A watermelon weighs 2 kg 300 g.

An apple weighs 750 g.
Which is heavier?

2 kg 300 g = 2300 g
2300 g > 750 g

3. A movie starts at 3:45 p.m. and ends at 5:20 p.m.

How long is the movie?

From 3:45 to 4:45 = 1 hour

From 4:45 to 5:20 = 35 minutes
Total time = 1 hour 35 minutes

PART 3: Common Core +2 Level Thinking

These problems are two levels higher than the usual grade standard and build deep reasoning.
Grade 2

1. A box has 4 rows of 6 balls.

How many balls are there?

4 × 6 = 24

2. 36 cookies are packed into bags of 9.

How many bags are needed?

36 ÷ 9 = 4

Grade 3

1. A school bought 125 notebooks.

They were packed in bundles of 5.
How many bundles are there?

125 ÷ 5 = 25

2. A shop sells 48 pencils.

Each pencil costs ₹6.
How much money is collected?

48 × 6 = 288

Money = ₹288

What Children Learn

● Patterns help predict and build algebra skills

● Measurement connects math to real life

● Higher-level problems build strong logic

● Children become confident problem solvers

Grades 4–6

Deep fluency in multiplication, division, LCM, GCD & number theory

1. Multiplication Fluency
Multiplication means repeated addition and grouping.

Grade 4 Examples

1. 24 × 6
= (20 × 6) + (4 × 6)
= 120 + 24
 = 144

2. A box has 8 packets.

Each packet has 15 biscuits.
Total biscuits = 8 × 15 = 120

Grade 5 Examples

1. 125 × 24
= 125 × (20 + 4)
= 2500 + 500
= 3000

2. A train has 36 coaches.

Each coach has 48 seats.
Total seats = 36 × 48 = 1728

Grade 6 Examples

1. 345 × 28
= 345 × (20 + 8)
= 6900 + 2760
= 9660

2. A factory makes 245 toys per day.

How many toys in 36 days?
245 × 36 = 8820

2. Division Fluency
Division means equal sharing or grouping.
Grade 4 Examples

1. 144 ÷ 6 = 24

2. 360 apples are packed in boxes of 12.

Number of boxes = 360 ÷ 12 = 30

Grade 5 Examples

1. 1,728 ÷ 36 = 48

2. A school has 2,400 students.

They are divided equally into 12 houses.
Each house has
2400 ÷ 12 = 200 students

Grade 6 Examples

1. 9,660 ÷ 28 = 345

2. 8,820 toys are packed in 36 boxes.

Toys per box = 8,820 ÷ 36 = 245

3. LCM (Least Common Multiple)

LCM is the smallest number that is a multiple of two or more numbers.

Grade 4 Example

Find the LCM of 4 and 6.

Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16…
Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18…

LCM = 12

Grade 5 Example

Find the LCM of 8 and 12.

8=2×2×2
12 = 2 × 2 × 3

LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24

Grade 6 Example

Find the LCM of 18 and 24.

18 = 2 × 3 × 3
24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 72

4. GCD / HCF (Greatest Common Divisor)

GCD is the largest number that divides two numbers exactly.

Grade 4 Example

Find the GCD of 12 and 18.

Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
GCD = 6

Grade 5 Example

Find the GCD of 36 and 48.

36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

Common factors = 2 × 2 × 3 = 12

Grade 6 Example

Find the GCD of 84 and 126.

84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
126 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 7

Common factors = 2 × 3 × 7 = 42

5. Number Theory Basics

Prime Numbers

A prime number has only two factors: 1 and itself.

Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13

Composite Numbers

Numbers that have more than two factors.

Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12

Even and Odd

Even numbers: divisible by 2
Odd numbers: not divisible by 2

Example:
48 is even
57 is odd

6. Real-Life Use of LCM and GCD

LCM Example

Two bells ring every 12 minutes and 18 minutes.

When will they ring together?

LCM of 12 and 18 = 36
They will ring together after 36 minutes.

GCD Example

24 apples and 36 oranges are to be packed in equal groups.

What is the largest group size?

GCD of 24 and 36 = 12
Each group will have 12 fruits.

What Students Master

● Fast and accurate multiplication and division

● Finding LCM and GCD using factors

● Understanding prime and composite numbers

● Solving real-life number problems

 ● Strong foundation for algebra

Geometry foundations: shapes, angles, symmetry, area & perimeter

1. Shapes and Their Properties

Grade 4

Shape Sides Corners

Square 4 4

Rectangle 4 4

Triangle 3 3
Circle 0 0

Example:
A square has all sides equal and 4 right angles.

Grade 5

A triangle can be:

● Equilateral (all sides equal)

● Isosceles (two sides equal)

● Scalene (all sides different)

Example:
A triangle with sides 5 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm is an isosceles triangle.

Grade 6

A quadrilateral is a shape with 4 sides.

Examples:

● Square

● Rectangle

● Rhombus

● Parallelogram

● Trapezium

A parallelogram has opposite sides equal and parallel.

2. Angles
Types of Angles

● Acute angle – less than 90°

● Right angle – exactly 90°

● Obtuse angle – more than 90°

● Straight angle – 180°

Grade 4 Example

A square has 4 right angles.

Grade 5 Example

An angle of 120° is an obtuse angle.

Grade 6 Example

Find the missing angle in a straight line:

One angle is 65°

Straight line = 180°

180 − 65 = 115°

3. Symmetry
A shape has symmetry if it can be folded into two equal halves.

Grade 4 Example
A square has 4 lines of symmetry.

Grade 5 Example

A rectangle has 2 lines of symmetry.

Grade 6 Example

A circle has many lines of symmetry.

4. Perimeter
Perimeter is the distance around a shape.

Grade 4 Example

A square has side 6 cm.

Perimeter = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 24 cm

Grade 5 Example

A rectangle is 12 cm long and 5 cm wide.

Perimeter = 12 + 12 + 5 + 5 = 34 cm

Grade 6 Example

A triangle has sides 8 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm.

Perimeter = 8 + 10 + 12 = 30 cm
5. Area
Area is the space inside a shape.

Grade 4 Example

A square has side 5 cm.

Area = 5 × 5 = 25 cm²

Grade 5 Example

A rectangle has length 8 cm and width 6 cm.

Area = 8 × 6 = 48 cm²

Grade 6 Example

A rectangular field is 25 m long and 18 m wide.

Area = 25 × 18 = 450 m²

6. Real-Life Geometry
● Tiles on the floor use area

● Fencing a park uses perimeter

● Buildings use angles and shapes

● Rangoli designs show symmetry

What Students Learn
● How to identify and classify shapes

● How to measure and compare angles

● How symmetry works

● How to calculate area and perimeter

● How geometry is used in real life

Introduction to algebraic thinking through patterns & early equations

1. What is Algebraic Thinking?

Algebraic thinking means finding rules, seeing patterns, and using letters or boxes to
stand for unknown numbers.

Instead of just finding answers, students learn to find relationships.

2. Patterns Build Algebra

Patterns are the beginning of algebra.

Grade 4 Examples

1. 2, 4, 6, 8, ___
Rule: Add 2
Next number = 10

2. 5, 10, 15, 20, ___

Rule: Add 5
 3. 3, 6, 9, 12, ___
Rule: Multiply by 1 more group of 3

Grade 5 Examples

1. 4, 8, 16, 32, ___

Rule: Multiply by 2

2. 100, 90, 80, 70, ___

Rule: Subtract 10

3. 2, 6, 12, 20, ___

Rule: Add 4, then 6, then 8

Grade 6 Examples

1. 3, 7, 11, 15, ___

Rule: Add 4

2. 5, 15, 45, ___

Rule: Multiply by 3

3. 1, 4, 9, 16, ___
Rule: Square numbers

3. Using Boxes and Letters

A box or a letter stands for an unknown number.

Grade 4 Examples

□ + 7 = 15
□ = 15 − 7
□=8
Grade 5 Examples

x + 18 = 45
x = 45 − 18
x = 27

Grade 6 Examples

3y = 36
y = 36 ÷ 3
y = 12

4. Simple Equations
An equation is a math sentence that shows two sides are equal.

Grade 4 Example

10 + □ = 25
□ = 25 − 10 = 15

Grade 5 Example

4 × x = 32
x = 32 ÷ 4 = 8

Grade 6 Example

5x + 10 = 40
5x = 40 − 10
5x = 30
x=6

5. Word Problems with Algebra

Grade 4

A number plus 6 is 20.

What is the number?

□ + 6 = 20
□ = 14

Grade 5

A number multiplied by 5 gives 45.

Find the number.

5x = 45
x=9

Grade 6

A number multiplied by 3 and then increased by 8 gives 29.

Find the number.

3x + 8 = 29
3x = 21
x=7
What Students Learn
● How to spot and describe patterns

● How to use symbols for unknowns

● How to build and solve equations

● How algebra connects to real problems

● How to think logically and step-by-step

Multi-step word problem solving & logical reasoning

1. What is a Multi-Step Word Problem?

A multi-step problem needs more than one calculation to find the answer.
Students must decide what to do first, next, and last.

2. Grade 4 Examples

Example 1

A box has 6 packets.

Each packet has 8 biscuits.
15 biscuits are eaten.
How many biscuits are left?

Step 1: Total biscuits

6 × 8 = 48

Step 2: Biscuits left

48 − 15 = 33

Example 2

Ravi buys 3 notebooks for ₹25 each.

He gives ₹100.
How much change does he get?

Step 1: Total cost

25 × 3 = 75
Step 2: Change
100 − 75 = 25

3. Grade 5 Examples

Example 1

A school has 24 classrooms.

Each classroom has 35 students.
125 students go home early.
How many students remain?

Step 1: Total students

24 × 35 = 840

Step 2: Students remaining

840 − 125 = 715

Example 2

A shop sells 48 boxes.

Each box has 12 pencils.
The shopkeeper sells 320 pencils.
How many pencils are left?

Step 1: Total pencils

48 × 12 = 576

Step 2: Pencils left

576 − 320 = 256

4. Grade 6 Examples

Example 1
A factory produces 125 toys each day.
It works for 24 days.
3,250 toys are sold.
How many toys are left?

Step 1: Total toys made

125 × 24 = 3000

Step 2: Toys left

3000 − 3250

This shows more toys were sold than made, so the data is incorrect.
Students learn to check logic.

Example 2

A school buys 48 boxes of chalk.

Each box has 120 pieces.
The school uses 3,750 pieces.
How many pieces remain?

Step 1: Total chalk pieces

48 × 120 = 5760

Step 2: Chalk remaining

5760 − 3750 = 2010

5. Logical Reasoning Problems

Grade 4

Which number is missing?

3, 6, 9, ___, 15
Rule: Add 3
Missing number = 12

Grade 5

If 4 apples cost ₹20,

how much do 10 apples cost?
One apple costs ₹5
10 apples = 10 × 5 = ₹50

Grade 6

If 6 workers build 12 rooms in 4 days,

how many rooms will 6 workers build in 8 days?

Double the days → double the work

12 × 2 = 24 rooms

6. Why These Skills Matter

Multi-step problems teach students to:

● Think logically

● Plan their steps

● Check their answers

● Solve real-life situations

What Students Master

● How to break big problems into small steps

● How to use more than one operation

● How to think clearly and logically

● How to solve real-world math problems

Measurement, units, conversions & real-world applications

1. Understanding Measurement
Measurement is the process of finding length, weight, capacity, time, and area using standard
units.

● Length: meter (m), centimeter (cm), kilometer (km)

● Weight/Mass: gram (g), kilogram (kg), tonne (t)

● Capacity: milliliter (ml), liter (l)

● Time: seconds (s), minutes (min), hours (h)

● Area: square units (cm², m²)

2. Converting Units
Length Conversions

● 1 m = 100 cm

● 1 km = 1000 m

● 1 cm = 10 mm

Example – Grade 4
A pencil is 24 cm long. How many mm?
24 × 10 = 240 mm

Example – Grade 5
A road is 5 km long. How many meters?
5 × 1000 = 5000 m
Example – Grade 6
A rope is 3.5 km long. How many meters?
3.5 × 1000 = 3500 m

Weight Conversions

● 1 kg = 1000 g

● 1 tonne = 1000 kg

Example – Grade 4
A bag weighs 3 kg. How many grams?
3 × 1000 = 3000 g

Example – Grade 5
A truck carries 2.5 tonnes of sugar. How many kilograms?
2.5 × 1000 = 2500 kg

Example – Grade 6
A warehouse stores 12,500 kg of rice. How many tonnes?
12,500 ÷ 1000 = 12.5 t

Capacity Conversions

● 1 l = 1000 ml

Grade 4 Example
A bottle contains 2 l of juice. How many ml?
2 × 1000 = 2000 ml

Grade 5 Example
A tank has 3.75 l of water. How many ml?
3.75 × 1000 = 3750 ml

Grade 6 Example
A swimming pool holds 2500 l. How many kiloliters (kL)?
2500 ÷ 1000 = 2.5 kL
Time Conversions

● 1 h = 60 min

● 1 min = 60 s

Grade 4 Example
A movie lasts 2 hours. How many minutes?
2 × 60 = 120 min

Grade 5 Example
A class is 135 minutes. How many hours and minutes?
135 ÷ 60 = 2 h 15 min

Grade 6 Example
A train travels 4 h 45 min. How many minutes?
4 × 60 + 45 = 240 + 45 = 285 min

3. Area and Perimeter Conversions

● 1 m² = 10000 cm²

● 1 km² = 1,000,000 m²

Grade 4 Example
A square has side 5 m. Find area in cm².
Area = 5 × 5 = 25 m²
25 × 10000 = 250,000 cm²

Grade 5 Example
A rectangle is 12 m × 8 m. Find area in m².
Area = 12 × 8 = 96 m²

Grade 6 Example
A field is 2 km × 0.5 km. Find area in m².
2 km = 2000 m, 0.5 km = 500 m
Area = 2000 × 500 = 1,000,000 m²
4. Real-World Applications
1. Shopping – Converting kg and g, buying correct quantity

2. Cooking – Measuring liters and milliliters

3. Construction – Measuring area, length, and perimeter

4. Travel – Converting km to m, time to minutes

5. Shipping & Warehousing – Weight and capacity calculations

5. Multi-Step Application Example (Grade 6)

A tank holds 2.5 kL of water. Each container can hold 5 L.
How many containers are needed?

Step 1: Convert kL to L
2.5 × 1000 = 2500 L

Step 2: Divide by container size

2500 ÷ 5 = 500 containers

What Students Master

● Converting units quickly and accurately

● Using measurements in real-life situations

● Applying area, perimeter, and capacity calculations

● Developing logical and stepwise reasoning

Preparing for middle school math with Common Core +2 coverage

1. Advanced Number Sense & Place Value

Grade 4 Examples

1. Write 4,385 in expanded form:

4,385 = 4000 + 300 + 80 + 5

2. Compare 3,462 and 3,426

3,462 > 3,426

Grade 5 Examples

1. Round 7,489 to the nearest hundred

7,489 ≈ 7,500

2. Find the difference between 23,567 and 18,492

23,567 − 18,492 = 5,075

Grade 6 Examples

1. Multiply 3,245 × 24 using place value

3,245 × 24 = (3,245 × 20) + (3,245 × 4) = 64,900 + 12,980 =
77,880

2. Divide 9,876 ÷ 12 using long division = 823 remainder 0

2. Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages

Grade 4
 1. Add 3⁄4 + 2⁄4 = 5⁄4 = 1 1⁄4

2. Convert 0.5 to fraction = 1⁄2

Grade 5

1. Multiply 3⁄5 × 10 = 6

2. 45% of 200 = 0.45 × 200 = 90

Grade 6

1. Divide 7⁄8 ÷ 1⁄4 = 7⁄2 = 3 1⁄2

2. Convert 0.625 to fraction = 625⁄1000 = 5⁄8

3. Algebraic Thinking & Early Equations

Grade 4

□ + 7 = 15 → □ = 8
Patterns: 2, 4, 6, ___ → next = 8
Grade 5

x × 5 = 45 → x = 9
2x + 3 = 11 → 2x = 8 → x = 4

Grade 6

3y − 7 = 14 → 3y = 21 → y = 7
Equation from word problem: “A number multiplied by 4 and added
to 5 gives 29. Find the number.”
4x + 5 = 29 → 4x = 24 → x = 6

4. Geometry Foundations & Measurement

Grade 4

● Area of square = side², perimeter = 4 × side

 ● Identify right, acute, obtuse angles

Grade 5

● Area of rectangle = length × width

● Area of triangle = ½ × base × height

● Symmetry lines in shapes

Grade 6

● Area of trapezium = ½ × (sum of parallel sides) × height

● Volume of cuboid = length × width × height

● Conversion: cm² ↔ m², m³ ↔ liters

5. Multiplication, Division, LCM, GCD, and Number Theory

Grade 4

● LCM of 4 and 6 = 12

● GCD of 12 and 18 = 6
Grade 5

● Prime factorization: 48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

● Solve word problems with LCM/GCD

Grade 6

● Multi-step problems:
Two bells ring every 12 and 18 minutes. When will they ring
together?
LCM(12,18) = 36 minutes

6. Multi-Step Word Problems & Logical Reasoning

Grade 4

A box has 6 packets of 8 biscuits. 15 biscuits are eaten. How many

remain?
6 × 8 = 48 → 48 − 15 = 33 biscuits

Grade 5
A school has 24 classrooms, each with 35 students. 125 go home. How
many remain?
24 × 35 = 840 → 840 − 125 = 715

Grade 6

A factory produces 125 toys/day for 24 days. 3,250 toys are sold. How
many left?
125 × 24 = 3,000 → 3,000 − 3,250 = −250 (check logic!)

. Data, Probability & Real-World Math

Grade 4

● Collect data on favorite fruits.

● Draw pictograms and bar graphs.

Grade 5
 ● Find mean, median, mode from data

● Probability: Chance of rolling a 3 on a die = 1/6

Grade 6

● Interpret line graphs, histograms

● Solve probability problems with multiple outcomes

8. Real-Life Math Applications

● Shopping: Addition, subtraction, percentages

● Travel: Time, distance, speed

● Cooking: Fractions, measurements, conversions

● Construction: Area, perimeter, volume

9. Skills Students Master
● Strong number sense and operations fluency

● Early algebraic reasoning

● Fraction, decimal, and percentage mastery

● Geometry and measurement understanding

● Multi-step problem solving and logical reasoning

● Real-world math applications

🌟 Grades 7–8
Mastery of algebra foundations: expressions, equations & inequalities

1. Algebraic Expressions
An expression is a combination of numbers, variables, and operations.
It does not have an equal sign.

Grade 7 Examples

1. Simplify: 3x + 5x
3x + 5x = 8x
 2. Simplify: 7a − 3a + 5
7a − 3a + 5 = 4a + 5

3. Expand: 2(x + 3)
2(x + 3) = 2x + 6

Grade 8 Examples

1. Expand and simplify: 3(2x + 4) + 5x

3 × 2x + 3 × 4 + 5x = 6x + 12 + 5x = 11x + 12

2. Factor: 12x + 18
12x + 18 = 6(2x + 3)

3. Combine like terms: 5a + 3b − 2a + 7b

5a − 2a + 3b + 7b = 3a + 10b

2. Linear Equations
An equation is a math sentence with an equal sign.
Goal: Find the unknown variable.

Grade 7 Examples

1. x + 7 = 15 → x = 15 − 7 = 8

2. 3y − 5 = 16 → 3y = 16 + 5 = 21 → y = 21 ÷ 3 = 7

3. 2(a + 3) = 14 → a + 3 = 7 → a = 4
Grade 8 Examples

1. 5x − 7 = 3x + 9
5x − 3x = 9 + 7 → 2x = 16 → x = 8

2. 4(2y − 3) = 20
8y − 12 = 20 → 8y = 32 → y = 4

3. (x/3) + 5 = 9
x/3 = 4 → x = 12

3. Inequalities
An inequality shows that one quantity is greater or smaller than another.

● Greater than: >

● Less than: <

● Greater than or equal to: ≥

● Less than or equal to: ≤

Grade 7 Examples

1. x + 5 > 12 → x > 12 − 5 → x > 7

2. 3y ≤ 18 → y ≤ 18 ÷ 3 → y ≤ 6

Grade 8 Examples

1. 5x − 2 < 18 → 5x < 20 → x < 4

 2. 2(3y + 1) ≥ 14 → 6y + 2 ≥ 14 → 6y ≥ 12 → y ≥ 2

3. −3x + 7 ≤ 1 → −3x ≤ −6 → x ≥ 2
(Remember: When multiplying/dividing by a negative number, inequality sign flips)

4. Word Problems Using Equations and Inequalities

Grade 7

● A number increased by 9 equals 20. Find the number.

x + 9 = 20 → x = 11

● A box contains x pencils. After giving 5 pencils, the total becomes at least 12.
x − 5 ≥ 12 → x ≥ 17

Grade 8

● The sum of two numbers is 45. One number is 3 more than the other. Find both.
x + (x + 3) = 45 → 2x + 3 = 45 → 2x = 42 → x = 21
Other number = x + 3 = 24

● A rectangle has length 2x + 5 and width x − 1. Its perimeter must not exceed 40.
2[(2x + 5) + (x − 1)] ≤ 40 → 2(3x + 4) ≤ 40 → 6x + 8 ≤ 40 → 6x ≤ 32 → x ≤ 32/6 ≈ 5.33

5. Key Skills Students Master

● Simplifying and factoring expressions

● Solving linear equations and inequalities

● Translating word problems into algebra

● Understanding rules for inequalities

● Developing logical reasoning and stepwise thinking

Geometry & coordinate geometry for visual and analytical reasoning

1. Understanding Geometry
Geometry deals with shapes, sizes, positions, and properties of figures.
Coordinate geometry connects geometry with numbers on a grid.

Key skills:

● Identify shapes and their properties

● Work with angles and lines

● Calculate perimeter, area, and volume

● Solve problems using coordinates

2. Shapes and Properties

Grade 7 Examples

1. Triangle Types

● Equilateral: all sides equal, all angles 60°

● Isosceles: 2 sides equal, 2 angles equal

● Scalene: all sides different, all angles different

Example:
A triangle has sides 5 cm, 5 cm, 8 cm → Isosceles

2. Quadrilaterals

● Square, Rectangle, Rhombus, Parallelogram, Trapezium

Example:
A rectangle has opposite sides equal and 4 right angles.

Grade 8 Examples
 1. Advanced Properties

● Sum of interior angles of n-sided polygon = (n − 2) × 180°

● Sum of exterior angles of any polygon = 360°

Example:
A pentagon (5 sides): (5 − 2) × 180 = 540° interior angles

2. Symmetry

● Identify line symmetry and rotational symmetry

Example:
A regular hexagon has 6 lines of symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 6

3. Angles and Lines

Grade 7

● Complementary angles: sum = 90°

● Supplementary angles: sum = 180°

● Vertical angles: opposite angles when two lines intersect, equal

Example:
Two intersecting lines form angles 40° and ___? → 40° vertical angle = 40°, adjacent
angle = 140° (supplementary)

Grade 8
 ● Angle properties in polygons: interior + exterior angles

● Parallel lines and transversal: alternate, corresponding, and co-interior angles

Example:
Two parallel lines cut by a transversal: alternate angles = 65° → other alternate = 65°

4. Perimeter, Area, and Volume

Grade 7 Examples

1. Square with side 7 cm → Perimeter = 4 × 7 = 28 cm, Area = 7 × 7 = 49 cm²

2. Rectangle with length 12 m, width 8 m → Perimeter = 2(12 + 8) = 40 m, Area =

12 × 8 = 96 m²

Grade 8 Examples

1. Triangle with base 10 m, height 6 m → Area = ½ × 10 × 6 = 30 m²

2. Cuboid with length 8 m, width 5 m, height 3 m → Volume = 8 × 5 × 3 = 120 m³

3. Cylinder with radius 7 cm, height 10 cm → Volume = πr²h = 3.14 × 49 × 10 ≈

1538.6 cm³

6. Real-World Applications
● Architecture and interior design → area, perimeter, symmetry

● Maps and navigation → coordinate geometry for positioning

● Engineering → measurement, volume, and shapes

● Graphs → representing data visually

7. Skills Students Master

 ● Visualize and analyze shapes

● Apply formulas for perimeter, area, and volume

● Plot and interpret points on the coordinate plane

● Calculate distance, midpoint, and slope

● Solve real-world problems using geometry and coordinates

Advanced arithmetic: percentages, ratios, powers & rational numbers

1. Percentages
Percentages express a part of a whole out of 100.

Grade 7 Examples

1. Find 25% of 200

25% × 200 = (25/100) × 200 = 50

2. A class has 40 students, 15 are girls. What percent are girls?

(15/40) × 100 = 37.5%

3. Increase 80 by 20%
20% of 80 = 16 → 80 + 16 = 96

Grade 8 Examples

1. Decrease 250 by 15%

15% of 250 = 37.5 → 250 − 37.5 = 212.5

2. A product costs $480 after 20% discount. Find original price.

Let original price = x
x − 0.2x = 480 → 0.8x = 480 → x = 600

3. Compound percentage problem:

A sum of $100 grows by 10% per year. After 2 years:
Year 1: 100 + 10% = 110
Year 2: 110 + 10% = 121

2. Ratios & Proportions

Ratios compare two quantities. Proportion shows equality of two
ratios.
Grade 7 Examples

1. Divide 60 in the ratio 2:3

Total parts = 2+3=5 → Each part = 60 ÷ 5 = 12
2 parts = 24, 3 parts = 36 → 24:36

2. Ratio of boys to girls is 4:5, 36 girls. How many boys?

5 parts = 36 → 1 part = 36 ÷ 5 = 7.2 → Boys = 4 × 7.2 = 28.8 ≈ 29

Grade 8 Examples

1. A map scale shows 1:50,000. Distance on map = 8 cm. Actual

distance?
8 × 50,000 = 400,000 cm = 4 km

2. Mix juice and water in ratio 3:5. Total = 64 L. How much juice?
3+5=8 parts → 1 part = 64 ÷ 8 = 8 → Juice = 3 × 8 = 24 L

3. Solve proportion: x/6 = 3/4 → x = 6 × 3/4 = 4.5

3. Powers & Exponents

Powers represent repeated multiplication: aⁿ = a × a × … × a (n times)

Grade 7 Examples
 1. 2³ = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8

2. 5² × 5³ = 5^(2+3) = 5⁵ = 3125

3. (3²)³ = 3^(2×3) = 3⁶ = 729

Grade 8 Examples

1. Simplify: 2⁵ ÷ 2² = 2^(5−2) = 2³ = 8

2. Simplify: (x²y³)² = x^(2×2)y^(3×2) = x⁴y⁶

3. Negative exponent: 3^−2 = 1/3² = 1/9

4. Fractional exponent: 16^(1/2) = √16 = 4

4. Rational Numbers
Rational numbers are numbers that can be expressed as p/q, where q
≠ 0.

Grade 7 Examples

1. Add: 3/4 + 5/6 → LCM = 12 → 9/12 + 10/12 = 19/12

 2. Subtract: 7/8 − 1/3 → LCM = 24 → 21/24 − 8/24 = 13/24

Grade 8 Examples

1. Multiply: 2/3 × 3/5 = 2/5

2. Divide: 7/8 ÷ 2/5 = 7/8 × 5/2 = 35/16

3. Solve: (x/5) + 3/4 = 7/2

x/5 = 7/2 − 3/4 = 14/4 − 3/4 = 11/4 → x = 5 × 11/4 = 55/4 = 13
3/4

5. Real-World Applications
● Percentages → Discounts, Taxes, Profit/Loss

● Ratios → Recipes, Map scales, Mixing solutions

● Powers → Area/Volume calculations, Growth problems

 ● Rational numbers → Sharing, Averaging, Proportional
calculations

6. Skills Students Master

● Compute percentages, increases, and decreases

● Solve ratio and proportion problems

● Apply powers and exponents rules

● Work confidently with fractions and rational numbers

● Apply arithmetic to real-world situations