THC MICRO –Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

Module 2: Transportation

Overview

This module explores the global transportation industry, defined as the movement of people
and goods from one place to another. It traces the history of aviation—from ancient Chinese kites
to the Wright brothers and the pioneering role of Philippine Airlines. Additionally, it covers surface
transportation, including the evolution and decline of railways, the accessibility of motor coaches,
and the logistics of the car rental industry.

A Reflective assessment and a short quiz will be conducted to check your knowledge and
progress.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, you will be able to
1. Identify Historical Milestones: Recognize key figures like the Montgolfier brothers, the
Wright brothers, and the impact of the world's first airline, D.E.L.A.G..
2. Differentiate Flight Types: Distinguish between non-stop, direct, and connecting flights, as
well as various ticket itineraries like round-trip and open-jaw.
3. Explain the differences between Full-Service Carriers, Regional Carriers, and Low Cost
Carriers (LCCs).
4. Describe how airlines use centralized "hubs" to manage passenger flow from outlying
"spokes".
5. Categorize aircraft by engine type and purpose, and identify the features of First, Business,
and Economy classes.

Let’s Explore!

Transport or Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another.
The term is derived from the Latin words:
/trans/ - ACROSS
/portare/ - TO CARRY

Transportation is further subdivided into:

 Air
 Road
 Rail
 Water
 Others
Short History AIR TRANSPORTATION
 Humanity’s desire to fly possibly first found expression in CHINA, where human flight
tied to kites is recorded (as a punishment)
 Chinese kite flying is 2500 years old. 6th -century Emperor, Kao Yang, during an early
purge, used an aerodynamic experiment to kill his enemies.
 ICARUS is a character in Greek mythology. He is the son of Daedalus and is commonly
known for his attempt to escape Crete by flight, which ended in a fall to his death.
 The first generally recognized human flight took place in:
Paris in 1783, a hot air balloon traveled 5 miles invented by the Montgolfier brothers,
Joseph-Michel (1740 - 1810) and Jacques-Etienne (1745 - '99)
 Americans who are generally credited with inventing and building the world’s first
successful airplane making it the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air
human flight on December 17, 1903 near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Wilbur and Orville Wright
 D.E.L.A.G (Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft)
or the German Airship Transport Corporation was the world’s first airline. It was founded
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on November 16, 1909 with government assistance.

MEN AND WOMEN OF AVIATION

CHARLES LINDBERG

 Made the first solo crossing of the Atlantic;

 This feat sparked the interest of aviation

AMELIA EARHART
Lost in an attempt in 1937 to make the longest circumnavigation in the world.

The first countries in Europe to embrace Air Transport were:

 Finland
 France
 UK
 Germany
 The Netherlands
Some of the first countries in Asia to embrace Air Transport were:
 India
 Hong Kong
 Indonesia
 Malaysia
 The Philippines
The first country in ASIA to embrace Air Transport is:

Philippines
The Philippine Airlines (PAL) was founded on February 28, 1941, making it Asia’s oldest
carrier still operating under its current name.
The airline was founded by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano Sr., hailed as one of
the Philippines’ leading industrialists at the time.

The airlines’ first flight was made on March 15, 1941 with a single Beech Model 18 NPC 54
aircraft, which started its daily services between Manila (Nielsen Field) and Baguio.

Notably Philippine Airlines leased Japan airlines their first aircraft, A DC-3 named “Kinsei”

On July 31, 1946 a chartered Philippine Airline DC-4 ferried 40 American servicemen to
Oakland, California from Nielsen Airport in Makati city with stops in, Guam, Wake Island,
Johnston Atoll, and Honolulu Hawaii making PAL the first Asian airline to cross the Pacific
Ocean.

The Aviation System

Aviation is the term used to describe the industry that builds and flies aircraft.

Aircraft Manufacturing
Civil Aviation
- Major Carriers – domestic and international
- Regional Carriers (commuters)
- Supplemental Carriers (Charters)
- Cargo
General Aviation
- Private Planes
- Pleasure flying, land surveying
- Flying Instruction
- Agricultural use
- Cargo
- Corporate Jets
- Air Taxi Services

Military Aviation

Airport Operations
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Aviation Support Industries

It is further divided into two:

Civil Aviation
the industry that flies the public from place to place.

Military Aviation
aircraft flown by a nation’s air force and other branches in the military.

Civil Aviation, in turn can be divided into:

Domestic service
a flight must start and end within the borders of the same country.

International service
the flight starts in one country and ends in another.

Air Service and Routes

Scheduled service
is an air transportation that operates regularly at set, advertised times no matter how many people
are booked on the flight.

Chartered service
When you charter a flight, you’re renting an aircraft for your exclusive use, based on your
schedule. With the aircraft under your control, you decide the flight times and destinations. You
choose who accompanies you. Essentially, a chartered flight becomes your personal journey.

Types of Charter Flights

When it comes to charter flights, you have several options depending on your needs. Here
are the main types of flight charters:

Private Jet Charter

Insijets specializes in private jet charters, meaning you rent the entire aircraft, not just a
seat.
Public Charter
Operated by tour companies, these flights are offered seasonally to popular destinations.
Cargo
These flights transport goods and luggage exclusively.
Affinity
Similar to private jet charters, but passengers pay for individual seats on a shared aircraft.
Privately – owned jets
In some cases, business travelers usually senior executives fly on a corporate jet that their
company owns.

Fractional ownership
the plane has multiple owners who have set an amount of flight hours they can use.

Flight Types and Routes

NON – STOP FLIGHT
traveler goes from Point A to Point B on the same aircraft with no stop in between.

DIRECT FLIGHT
traveler goes from Point A to Point B on the same aircraft but that aircraft stops at an airport in
between. The flight will still have one flight number.

CONNECTING FLIGHT
traveler, to get to his destination, must change plane once, twice or even more times. Each flight
will have different flight numbers.

Red eye flight is a light during the night, always the cheapest flight.

Another way to look at flights – from the traveler’s ticketing point of view:
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ONE-WAY FLIGHT ITINERARY

the traveler goes to point A to Point B.

ROUND TRIP FLIGHT ITINERARY

the traveler flies from Point A to Point B, stays a while and then returns from B to A.

OPEN-JAW FLIGHT ITINERARY

traveler flies from Point A to Point B then travels by ground transportation from B to C, then
returns by air from C to A.

CIRCLE FLIGHT ITINERARY

A traveler has two or more extended stopovers and returns to the originating city.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF AIRLINES

MAJOR/FULL – SERVICE CARRIERS

 Servicing both domestic and international (including long-haul) flights

 Usually offers several classes of service

REGIONAL - CARRIERS
 Also known as feeder airlines because their flights feed passengers from small cities into
big city airports and help fill the large planes of the major airlines
LOW COST CARRIERS (LCCs)
 Emerged after the liberalization of Civil Aviation in North America and Europe in 1970’s
 Cheap, point-to-point services without any “frills.”
 They offer basic services
 Passengers have the option to pay for extras such as food on board, in-flight entertainment
and checked (in) baggage

AIRLINE HUBS AND SPOKES

HUBS
are airline’s centralized operation units, usually near major population centers, both domestic and
international to serve as convergence airports for their route systems.

FORTRESS HUBS are airline-dominated airports where airline administrative centers are usually
located.

SPOKES
Airlines flying smaller planes feed passengers from outlying towns into hub cities forming the
spoke of the hub.
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Airline Criteria for Choosing a Hub

 Central location in the area

 Market size, large local population
 Positive competitive environment
 Potential for generating new passenger and freight revenue
 Airport facilities
 Good operating conditions

AIRLINE CODES

 Each airline has a code of either two letters or a combination of letters and numbers
 Are relatively easy to learn because most but not all have some relation to the name of the
airline
 Except those international airlines they came along after the logical codes were given out

CITY CODES
Airports have two names:

 the name of the airport (usually honoring a local hero or the politician in office when the
airport was built)
 IATA 3-letter identifiers
-International Air Transport Association
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-IATA codes are three-letter codes used by the International Air Transport
Association (IATA) to identify airports, airlines, and other entities in the aviation
industry. These codes are used primarily for ticketing, scheduling, and other
administrative purposes.
-Airport codes are the most common type of IATA code. They consist of three
letters, with the first two letters representing the country and the third letter
representing the airport. For example, LAX is the IATA code for Los Angeles
International Airport in the United States.
-Other types of IATA codes include aircraft type codes, which are used to identify
different types of aircraft, and city codes, which are used to identify cities and other
geographic locations.

Types of Aircraft

 Engine Type
 Purpose
 Body Width

ENGINE
TURBOPROPS (PROPELLER DRIVEN BY JET ENGINE) OR CONVENTIONAL TURBINE
JET ENGINE

 Seating capacity between 19 to 70 seats

 Short range
 Less carrying capacity
 Less runway requirements
 Commonly cruise at just above 500 km/hr

JET ENGINE

 Seating capacity between 40 – 855 (Airbus A380 – 800)

 Larger aircrafts are for long – haul flights

PURPOSE/MISSION

 SHORT HAUL – 750 miles and up to 3 hours flying time

 MEDIUM HAUL – 751 – 2,500 miles and 3 – 6 hours flying time
 LONG HAUL – over 2,500 miles and 6 – 13 hours flying time
 ULTRA-LONG HAUL – 14 hours and above

The longest non-stop passenger service is between Singapore and Newark (NJ) in an all-business
class configuration by Singapore Airlines

BODY WIDTH

 Narrow-body aircraft
 Wide-body aircraft
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CLASSES of SERVICE
FIRST CLASS

 is in the compartment at the front of the plane.

It usually features, among other things:

 wider seats;
 greater pitch;
 more recline;
 more elaborate meals;
 complimentary alcoholic beverages;
 and free movies.

BUSINESS CLASS

 usually sandwiched between the first and the coach class.

 business class represents a kind of service that’s almost as good as that found in the first
class.

ECONOMY CLASS

 the more standard level of service

 also known as the coach class

It features:

 narrower seats;
 less pitch and recline;
 simple meals or snacks or even no food service at all, except perhaps a bag of pretzels and
soft drink.

RAILWAYS, MOTORCOACHES and CAR RENTALS

Historical Timeline of Railways

Ancient Systems
600 B.C. - Diolkos paved track way which transported boats across the Isthmus of
Corinth in Greece
Pre – Steam
Reisszug (1515), a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Castle in Austria – the oldest
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operational railway in the world.

1500’s – wooden rails
1700’s – metal railways
1900’s 1920’s – Golden Age of Railways

Downward Demand
1930's – Pre World War II – Growth in car ownership and intercity bus services

1980 – Decline of rail service

Two factors:

 The Airline Industry

 Railways financial structure – higher fixed cost of railways

Foreign Rail Service

In many countries, railways are still a major form of transportation. Most of these railways are
owned and operated by the government.

Other Factors besides government subsidies account for the survival of passenger trains:

 Private Car Ownership – lower compared to US and Canada

 Price of Gasoline – gasoline is much more expensive in Europe
 Proximity of major cities in Europe – European capitals are far apart from major
population centers
 Reliability of rail service
 Price of Air Travel – rail travel is almost always less expensive

Kinds of Rail Travel

According to Mancini (2013), there are four kinds of rail travel, and these are the following:
1. Transportation Rail – This type of rail travel caters to passengers
commuting either short – (e.g., from home to school or work) or long
distance travels (e.g., continental travel).

2. High Speed – This kind of rail travel is through high speed trains that
provide the fastest way to get from place to place. It is also known as
bullet trains, like Japan’s Shinkansen, Amtrak of USA, and TGV of
France.

3. Specialty Train- This is also known as “scenic railways”. It offers

super deluxe services that are usually owned privately. This type of
train is considered an attraction itself. Examples of specialty trains
are Orient Express and Africa’s Blue Train.

4. Local Train – This type of train is also referred to as commuter train.

It is often located in the city or metro such as subways, streetcars, and
monorails.

Other types of train include:

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1. Monorail – This type of train tends to be used commonly in

airports. It is on a single beam or rail.

2. Cable-propelled- This type of train includes aerial tramways,

gondolas, and cable cars that are popular tourist transport.

3. Narrow-gauge railway – This type of train utilizes a

narrower track gauge that is used mainly for tourism.

Major International Rail Transportation System

A significant development in rail transportation also took place
in Europe, specially in London, England and Paris, France, through the Chunnel or Channel Tunnel
(Cook et al., 2010)
Other developments that enhanced rail service are:
1. Eurail – This is the most extensive railway
system for travel in Europe. Eurail allows
tourists to travel within EU countries using a
one entry pass. A Eurail Pass is an all in one
train ticket, giving the passengers flexible
access to most of the trains across Europe
([Link])

2. TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse) is France's

premier high-speed rail service. The
international TGV service connect France
with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Italy,
and Spain ([Link])
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3. National Railroad Passenger Corporation,

Amtrak – it is simply known as “Amtrak”. It
is a corporation striving to deliver a high
quality, safe, and on time rail passenger
service in the United States
([Link])

4. Shinkansen-Japan's high speed trains (bullet

trains)Running at speeds of up to 320 km/h,
the shinkansen is known for punctuality
(most trains depart on time to the second),
comfort (relatively silent cars with spacious,
always forward-facing seats), safety (no fatal
accidents in its history) and efficiency.
Thanks to various rail passes, the shinkansen
can also be a cost-effective means of
travel.([Link])

Rail Transport as an Attraction

Apart from becoming one of the most

efficient and convenient modes of
transports, some trains are designed to
offer a luxurious and sophisticated rail
experience. These are known as “luxury
trains” or “luxrail”.
Blue train is a luxury rail or “luxrail” in
Africa. This superb “hotel on wheel”
travel between Pretoria and Cape Town.
It offers a memorable experience to its
passengers by providing elegant lounges,
fine dining, and luxury suites. It can also
be rented to celebrate momentous occasions such as engagement, wedding, graduation,
honeymoons, and birthdays ([Link]

In Mexico, the Copper Canyon

train is captivating train ride that
allows its passengers to experience
spectacular scenery. The ride on
this first class train takes about 4
hours (https://
[Link]).

The Light Rail Transit (LRT) System Line 1 is considered to be the first LRT system in Southeast
Asia. This 15 kilometer stretch elevated railways system from Taft Avenue to Rizal Avenue, with
passenger stations between Baclaran in Pasay City and Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan
([Link])
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Motorcoach
Commonly known as the “bus” has played a major role in the surface travel industry throughout
the world.

It is the most widespread and the least expensive form of public transportation.

Origin of Motorcoaches
Descendant of a horse-drawn stagecoach in the 1890’s.

Motorcoach as a Travel Product

Hop on – Hop Off Buses

Buses travel near major landmarks around the town or city
Pre-recorded or live commentary about the landscape is provided through small headphones worn
by each passenger.
Users may leave the bus and board again without limit (hop-on, hop-off) at special bus stops on a
circular route.

Car Rentals
The evolution of the car rental industry is essentially the story of the Hertz Company, started in
1918 when the 22-year old entrepreneur Walter Jacobs opened the first operation in Chicago with
Model T Fords.

Car Rental Process

Qualifications:

 Valid (international) Driver’s License

 Be of a certain age

Usually 21 – 65 years old

 Major Credit Card If no credit card – must be cash qualified (deposit)

 Personally responsible
 e.g. employer’s name and address

Rates
vary according to the size of the car and do not include gasoline, taxes, or charges for extra
services.

REGULAR RATE – a standard charge for the day, usually with an added amount for kilometers
driven;

SPECIAL RATE – a discount rate for weekends or holidays – can also include an unlimited
kilometer plan

CORPORATE RATE – a discount rate for employees of companies with high rental volume

Makes and Models

SUBCOMPACT
A small car (e.g. Nissan Sentra)

COMPACT
An average-sized car (e.g. Chevrolet Cavalier

STANDARD
A full-sized car (e.g. Subaru Legacy)

DELUXE
A large luxury car that usually comes equipped with many extras (e.g. Lincoln Town Car
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CAR RENTAL EXTRA SERVICES

DROP OFF – allow the clients to drop-off the car at any location owned by the company

GAS – gasoline charges when cars are returned with less than a full tank

INSURANCE – clients are liable for a specified initial amount of damage to the car. Car rental
firms offer insurance to cover the liability

TAXI, LIMOUSINE AND TRANSPORT NETWORK VEHICLE SERVICES

Taxi, Limousine and TNVS play an important role in public transportation. They are called:
ON-DEMAND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
They don’t operate on a regular schedule, rather, passengers arrange them individually for
service.

CRUISE SHIPS
-are large passenger ships used mainly for vacationing
-Cruise ships are designed for the purpose of providing passengers with a holiday including
accommodation and entertainment prioritising onboard amenities and comfort

History
Pioneering Voyages: King Charles IV of Sweden launched the first personal cruise in 1821,
followed by the first commercial Irish cruise in 1824.
Expansion: By 1838, Peninsular and Orient steamlaunched long-distance services to the Far East,
while Cunard began American routes in 1840.
Tourism Growth: In 1866, Thomas Cook organized the first steamship excursion to the USA,
popularizing international travel.
The Modern Era: The 20th century saw the rise of legendary liners like the Titanic (1912) and the
Queen Mary (1934), the latter hosting over 3,000 people with a focus on luxury and safety.

Types of Cruise
Volume CruiseSince the introduction of the first cruise in 1821, numbers of cruises came in the
cruise industry. Some of them are still operating in the industry while others which were not
attracting clients discarded from the industry. Thus, the following typology is based on sales,
marketing and working conditions of the cruises:

As the name indicates, volume cruises concentrate on volume turnover. That is why these are called
mass market cruises. 65 percent of all cruises are volume/mass market cruises. These cruises are
very popular in the Caribbean sea, Asia Pacific and South East Asia.
In such cruises, accommodation and other services are comparable to the star hotel. Generally, these
cruises emphasized two things i.e. Turnover and short-term passenger itinerary. These are further
divided into three sub-categorized:
1. Short term cruises – Normally two to five days.
2. Standard cruises – For one-week duration.
3. Large cruises – Duration is from the week to two weeks.

Premium Cruises
Premium cruises are the second largest segment of cruise industry accounting for mere than 40
percent of all cruise revenues. The duration of this cruise varies from one week to three months.
Due to this, these are known as upscale cruises. Their product and services are equivalent to its
class resort, and hotel. Royal cruise, Star Cruises, Princess Cruises, Panama Canal Cruises are
offering premium cruise service.

Luxury Cruises
Luxury cruises occupied a meager percentage of the cruise market. It may be due to its high-quality
product and services and it focuses on long-haul itineraries for exotic destinations. These cruises
are meant for elite people. The duration of itinerary may range from 6 months to 12 months.
In spite of high prices, these cruises are more popular among the tourists and honeymooners. Luxury
cruises are operated by the Royal Caribbean cruises, Crystal Cruises, and Star cruises etc.
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Specialty Cruises
These cruises are launched to cater the demands of specific interest passengers, such as newly
married couple, whale watching, oceanography, scuba diving. The quality of products and services
is comparatively low as other cruises. The duration of these cruises is very less but depending on
the package.

Presently, there is more than 150 cruise ship with 90,000 cabins world over. The largest cruise lines
is Royal Caribbean cruises liner (RCCL) with nine ships and have a capacity of 15,000 births. The
Star Cruises is the 2nd largest cruise lines having five ships with 7000 births capacity. Followed by
Deluxe cruise lines, Crystal Cruises, Radisson seven seas cruises, Seabourn cruises, Silversea cruise
and princes cruises etc.

Types of Cruise Tour Itineraries

Cruise tour itineraries are broadly categorized in the following types:
1. Short duration itineraries
2. Medium-haul – Short and long duration itineraries (7 night, 10 nights and above)
3. Long haul – Medium duration itineraries (7 months)
4. Transatlantic and Round the world itineraries ( 6 to 12 months)

Assessment Activity:

References: