Electronic Principles and

Circuits / BEC303

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By

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Dr. Ramalingam. H.M,

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Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering
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Moodabidri-Karnataka
Module-1

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Transistor Biasing: Voltage Divider Bias, VDB Analysis, VDB Load line and Q point,

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Two supply Emitter Bias, Other types of Bias.
BJT AC models: Base Biased Amplifier, Emitter Biased Amplifier, Small Signal

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Operation, AC Beta, AC Resistance of the emitter diode, Two transistor models,
Analyzing an amplifier.
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Voltage Amplifiers: Voltage gain, Multistage Amplifiers.
CC and CB Amplifiers: CC Amplifier, Output Impedance, Cascading CE and CC,
Darlington Connections, Voltage regulation, The Common base Amplifier
Voltage-Divider Bias

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Voltage-divider bias. (a) Circuit; (b) voltage divider;
(c) simplified circuit
Accurate VDB Analysis
What is a well-designed VDB circuit? It is one in which the voltage divider appears stiff to the input resistance of the
base.

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(a) Thevenin resistance; (b) equivalent circuit; (c) input resistance of base
Accurate VDB Analysis

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VDB Load Line and Q Point

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Two-Supply Emitter Bias

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Other Types of Bias
Emitter-Feedback Bias

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(a) Base bias; (b) emitter feedback bias.
Other Types of Bias
Collector-Feedback Bias

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Other Types of Bias
Collector- and Emitter-Feedback Bias

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 Base-Biased Amplifier
A base-biased amplifier has instructional value because its basic ideas can be used to build more complicated amplifiers.

Coupling Capacitor

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Good coupling: XC < 0.1R
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A final point about coupling capacitors: Since dc voltage has a frequency of zero, the reactance of a
coupling capacitor is infinite at zero frequency. Therefore, we will use these two approximations for a capacitor:

1. For dc analysis, the capacitor is open.

2. For ac analysis, the capacitor is shorted.

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(a) Base bias; (b) base-biased amplifier

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DC and ac components. (a) Base current; (b) collector current; (c) collector voltage.
Base-Biased Amplifier

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Base-biased amplifier with waveforms

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Base-biased amplifier with waveforms

The voltage gain of an amplifier is defined as the ac output voltage divided by the ac input voltage. As a

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definition:

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Calculating Output Voltage

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Calculating Input Voltage
 Emitter-Biased Amplifier
The base-biased amplifier has an unstable Q point. For this reason, it is not used much as an amplifier. Instead, an emitter-
biased amplifier (either VDB or TSEB) with its stable Q point is preferred.

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Bypass Capacitor

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A bypass capacitor is similar to a coupling capacitor because it appears open to direct current and shorted to alternating
current. But it is not used to couple a signal between two points. Instead, it is used to create an ac ground.

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(a) Bypass capacitor; (b) point E is an ac ground.

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VDB amplifier with waveforms.

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A two-supply emitter bias (TSEB) amplifier

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Definition of small-signal operation
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Distortion when signal is too large.
 AC Beta

The current gain in all discussions up to this point has been dc current gain.

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This was defined as:

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AC current gain equals ratio of changes.
 AC Resistance of the Emitter Diode

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When a small ac voltage is across the emitter diode, it produces the ac

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emitter current shown. The size of this ac emitter current depends on the

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location of the Q point. Because of the curvature, we get more peak-to-
peak ac emitter current when the Q point is higher up the graph

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 Two Transistor Model

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Looking into the base of the transistor, the ac voltage source sees an input impedance zin(base). At low frequencies, this impedance
is purely resistive and defined as:

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 Analyzing an Amplifier
Amplifier analysis is complicated because both dc and ac sources are in the same circuit. To analyze amplifiers, we can
calculate the effect of the dc sources, and then the effect of the ac sources. When using the superposition theorem in this

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analysis, the effect of each source acting alone is added to get the total effect of all sources acting simultaneously.

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The DC Equivalent Circuit

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The simplest way to analyze an amplifier is to split the analysis into two parts: a dc analysis and an ac analysis. In the dc
analysis, we calculate the dc voltages and currents. To do this, we mentally open all capacitors. The circuit that remains is

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the dc equivalent circuit . Needed to calculate re’
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AC Effect of a DC Voltage Source
 Analyzing an Amplifier
AC Equivalent Circuit
After analyzing the dc equivalent circuit, the next step is to analyze the ac equivalent circuit. This is the circuit that
remains after you have mentally shorted all capacitors and dc voltage sources. The transistor can be replaced by either the

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model or the T model.

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Base-Biased Amplifier

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 Analyzing an Amplifier
VDB Amplifier

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 Analyzing an Amplifier
TSEB Amplifier

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 Analyzing an Amplifier
CE Amplifier

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Main Idea

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1. Short all coupling and bypass capacitors.
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2. Visualize all dc supply voltages as ac grounds.
3. Replace the transistor by its or T model.
4. Draw the ac equivalent circuit.
 Voltage Amplifiers: Voltage gain
Voltage gain was defined as the ac output voltage divided by the ac input voltage. With this definition, we can derive
another equation for voltage gain that is useful in troubleshooting.

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 Voltage Amplifiers: Voltage gain
The ac base current ib flows through the input impedance of the base ( re). With Ohm’s law, we can write:

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In the collector circuit, the current source pumps an ac current ic through the parallel connection of RC and RL.

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Therefore, the ac output voltage equals:

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 Voltage Amplifiers: Voltage gain
In Fig. b, the total ac load resistance seen by the collector is the parallel combination of RC and RL. This
total resistance is called the ac collector resistance, symbolized rc. As a definition:

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Derived from the T Model

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Figure c shows the ac equivalent circuit using the T model of the transistor. The input voltage vin appears across re.
With Ohm’s law, we can write:
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Voltage Amplifiers: Voltage gain

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CC Amplifier

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CC Amplifier
AC Emitter Resistance

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Voltage Gain

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 CC Amplifier

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AC equivalent circuits for emitter follower.

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Input Impedance of the Base Input Impedance of the Stage
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Output Impedance

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Input and output impedances
Output Impedance

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Output Impedance

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Ideal Action

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Output impedance of emitter follower.