ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
MODULE 5
Deflections
STRUCTURAL THEORY
Course Description: A professional course common to all
civil engineering students designated to provide
fundamental concepts, principles, and theories in the
theory of structures and structural analysis for internal
actions in structure and its deformations under load
ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM
MODULE 5 DEFLECTIONS
Deflections Deflection is the degree to which a structural element is
displaced under a load. It may refer to an angle or a
Overview distance.
In this module we will show how to determine the
elastic deflections of a beam using the method of The deflection distance of a member under a load is
directly related to the slope of the deflected shape of
double integration and two important geometrical
the member under that load and can be calculated
methods, namely, the moment-area theorems and by integrating the function that mathematically
the conjugate-beam method. Double integration is describes the slope of the member under that load.
used to obtain equations which define the slope and
the elastic curve. The geometric methods provide a It is often the case that the amount a beam deflects or
way to obtain the slope and deflection at specific rotates due to the applied transverse loads has a limit
points on the beam. Each of these methods has placed on it.
particular advantages or disadvantages, which will
be discussed when each method is presented. Common Methods in Determining Deflection
Learning Outcomes: 1. Double integration method
2. Moment area method
APPLY the methods of structural analysis for external 3. Conjugate Beam Method
and internal actions on various types of structural
systems due to static and moving loads. 1.1 Deflection Diagram & Elastic Curve
Learning Objectives
Student Upon completion of this module,
Learning you will be able to:
Objectives for Know the meaning of deflection
this Module Determine the deflection using
the following methods
a. Double Integration
Method
b. Moment area Method
c. Conjugate Beam
Method
d. Virtual Work Method
e. Castigliano’s Method
Learning Activities
Activities for Do the assignments and
this module problem sets
Take the quizzes 1.2. Elastic Beam Theory
Graded Assessment
Evidence to Completed all the
proceed assessment tasks in this
module
References
Printed National Structural Code of the
Sources Philippines, 5th ed. Association
of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines, Manila 2001 by
Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines
Structural Analysis, 4th Ed,
Prentice Hall 1999., N.J. By:
Hibbler, R.C.
Structural Analysis, By: Besavilla
Structural Analysis, By: Gillesania
If the material is homogenous and behaves in a linear • In all cases the associated positive v axis should be
elastic manner then Hooke’s law applies. directed upward.
Load or Moment Function
• For each region in which there is an x coordinate,
Where express the internal moment M as a function of x.
ρ = the radius of curvature at a specific point in the • Always assume that M acts in the positive direction
elastic curve when applying the equation of moment equilibrium to
M = internal moment in the beam where ρ is to be determine M = f(x).
determined
E = material’s modulus of elasticity Slope and Elastic Curve
I = beam’s moment of inertia about the neutral axis • Provided El is constant, apply the moment equation El
d2V/dx2:= M(x), which requires two integrations. For
The product EI is referred to as the flexural rigidity and it each integration it is important to include a constant of
is always positive quantity. integration. The constants are determined using the
boundary conditions for the supports and the continuity
conditions that apply to slope and displacement at
points where two functions meet.
• Once the integration constants are determined and
substituted back into the slope and deflection
equations, the slope and displacement at specific
points on the elastic curve can be determined. The
numerical values obtained can be checked
graphically by comparing them with the sketch of the
elastic curve.
• Positive values for slope are counterclockwise and
positive displacement is upward.
Examples
1. The beam is subjected to a load P at its end.
Determine the displacement at C. EI is
constant.
It should be pointed out
that assuming dv/dx = 0,
the original length of the
beam’s axis x and the arc
of its elastic curve will be
approximately the same. In
other words, ds is
approximately equal to dx.
This result implies that point
on the elastic curvewill only
displaced vertically and
not horizontally.
1.3. The Double Integration Method
Procedure for Analysis
Elastic Curve
• Draw an exaggerated view of the beam's elastic
curve. Recall that points of zero slope and zero
displacement occur at a fixed support, and zero
displacement occurs at pin and roller supports.
• Establish the x and v coordinate. axes. The x axis must
be parallel to the undeflected beam and its origin at
the left side of the beam, with a positive direction to
the right. -
• If several discontinuous loads are present, establish x
coordinates that are valid for each region of the beam
between the discontinuities.
2. The cantilevered beam shown is subjected to a
vertical load P at its end. Determine the
equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.
3. From the beam shown determine the slope at
supports , the maximum deflection of the
beam and the deflection at C. Take E = 10 GPa
and INA = 15(106) mm4
1.4. Moment Area Theorems
The angle between the tangents
Theorem 1: θB/A = The area under the M/EI diagram
between B and A
The vertical deviation
Theorem 2: tA/B = The moment area under the M/EI
diagram between B and A, this moment is computed
about A.
Procedure for Analysis
M/El Diagram
• Determine the support reactions and draw the
beam's M/EI diagram,
• If the beam is loaded with concentrated forces, the
M/EI diagram will consist of a series of straight line
segments, and the areas and their moments required
for the moment-area theorems will be relatively easy to
compute.
• If the loading consists of a series of concentrated
forces and distributed loads, it may be simpler to
compute the required M/E/ areas and their moments
by drawing the M/EI diagram in parts, using the method
of superposition as indicated in Sec. 4.5. In any case,
the M/E1 diagram will consist of parabolic or perhaps
higher-order curves, and it is suggested that the table
on the inside back cover be used to locate, the area
and centroid under each curve.
Elastic Curve
• Draw an exaggerated view of the beam's elastic
curve.. Recall that points of zero slope occur at fixed
supports and zero displacement occurs at all fixed, pin,
and roller supports.
• If it becomes difficult to draw the general shape of
the elastic 'curve, use the moment (or M/EI) diagram.
Realize that when the beam is subjected to a positive
moment the beam bends concave up, whereas
negative moment bends the beam concave down.
Furthermore, an inflection point or change in curvature
occurs where the moment in the beam (or Al/El) is zero.
• The displacement and slope to be determined should
be indicated on the' curve. Since the moment-area
theorems apply only between two tangents, -attention
should be given as to which tangents should be
constructed" that the angles or deviations between
them will lead to the solution of the problem. In this
regard, the tangents at the points of unknown slope
and displacement and at the supports should be
considered since the beam usually has zero
displacement and/or zero slope at the supports.
Moment-Area Theorems
• Apply Theorem I to determine the angle between two
tangents and Theorem 2 to determine vertical
deviations between these tangents.
• Realize that Theorem 2 in general will not yield the
displacement of a point on the elastic curve.. When
applied properly, it will only, give the vertical distance
or deviation of a tangent at point A on the elastic
curve from the tangent at B.
• After applying either Theorem I or Theorem 2, the
algebraic sign of the answer can be verified from the
angle or deviation as indicated on the elastic curve.
Examples
1. Determine the slope and deflection at points B
and C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E
= 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4
2. Determine the slope and deflection at points B
and C of the beam shown in the figure. Values
for the moment of inertia of each segment are
indicated in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa.
3. Determine the slope and deflection at points C
of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200
GPa and I = 250(106) mm4
1.5. Conjugate Beam Method
Or integrating
Conjugate Beam Supports
Example 2
Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is Determine the maximum deflection, the slope
numerically equal to the shear at the and deflection at points C of the beam shown in
corresponding point in the conjugate beam. the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4.
Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real
beam is numerically equal to the moment at the
corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
Example 1
Determine the slope and deflection at points B of
the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa
and I = 250(106) mm4.
Example 3 1.6. Method of Virtual Work: Beams & Frames
Determine the slope and deflection at points C of
the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa 1Δ = ∫
and I = 250(106) mm4
Where
1 = external virtual unit load on the beam or frame in
the direction of Δ
m = internal virtual moment in the beam or frame
expressed a s a function of x and caused by the
external virtual unit load
Δ = external displacement of the point caused by the
real loads acting on the beam or frame
M = internal moment in the beam or frame expressed
as a function of x and caused by the real loads
1θ = ∫
Procedure for Analysis
Place a unit load on the beam or frame at a
point and in the direction of the desired
displacement
If the slope is to be determined, place a unit
couple moment at the point
Establish appropriate x coordinates that are
valid within the regions of the beam or frame
where there is discontinuity of real or virtual
load
Example
1. Determine the displacement of point B of the
steel beam shown. Take E = 200 GPa and I =
500 (106) mm4.
Or
2. Determine the slope θ at point B of the steel
beam shown. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106)
mm4.
The negative sign indicates θB is opposite to the
direction of the virtual couple moment.
3. Determine the displacement at D of the steel
beam shown. Take E = 29(103 ) ksi and I = 800
in4.
The negative sign indicate that the deflection is upward
opposite to the 1 unit load.
4. Determine the horizontal displacement of point
C on the frame shown in figure. Take E = 29(103) Or
ksi and I = 600 in4 for both members.
1.7. Virtual Work Applied to Truss
1.8. Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams & Frames
∫
Where
Δ = external displacement of the point caused by the
Example real loads acting on the beam or frame.
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the
steel truss shown. The cross-sectional area of each P = External force applied to the beam or frame in the
member is A = 0.5 in2 and E = 29 (10)3 ksi. direction of Δ
M = internal moment in the beam or frame expressed
as a function of x and caused by both the force P and
the real loads on the beam
If the slope θ at a point is to be determined, we must
find the partial derivative of the internal moment M with
respect to an external couple moment M’ acting at the
point.
Procedure for Analysis
Place a force P on the beam of frame at a
point and in the direction of the desired
displacement
If the slope is to be determined place a couple
moment M’ at the point
It is assumed that both P and M’ have a
variable magnitude
Establish an appropriate x coordinates that are
valid within the regions of the beam or frame
where there is no discontinuity of force,
distributed load or couple moment
Examples
1. Determine the displacement of point B of the
beam shown. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 500(106)
mm4.
The negative sign indicates that the slope is opposite to
the direction of M’.
3. Determine the vertical displacement of point C
of the beam shown. Take E = 200 GPa and I =
150106) mm4.
Applying Castigliano’s Theorem
2. Determine the slope at point B of the beam
shown in figure. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106)
mm4.
1.9. Castigliano’s Theorem for Trusses
4. Determine the slope and vertical ∑
displacement at point C of the two
member frame shown. The support at A is Where
N = internal force in a member caused by both force P
fixed. Take E = 29(103) ksi and I = 600 in4.
and the loads on the truss.
L= length of the member
Examples
1. Determine the vertical displacement of joint C
of the truss shown. The cross sectional area of
each member is A = 400 mm 2 and E = 200 GPa.
2. Determine the horizontal displacement of joint
D of truss shown. Take E = 29(103) ksi. The cross
sectional area of each member is indicated in
the figure.