INTRODUCTION
Basic Electronics Engineering
Instructor:
Er. Shiva Hari Acharya
Assistant Professor
Head of Department
ELX and BCA
NCIT
Course outline
• Chapters:
1. Semiconductor Diode……………………………………6hrs
2. Bipolar Junction Transistor………………………………6hrs
3. Operational Amplifier and Oscillators………………5hrs
4. Digital Electronics…………………………………………..5hrs
5. Communication System………………………………....4hrs
6. Electronic Instruments and their Applications in Civil Engineering
…………………………………..4hrs
Text books:
• Bogart, T. F. Electronic Devices and [Link] Delhi: Pearson
Education.2004.
• Morris, M. M. Digital logic and Computer Design. New Delhi: Prentice
Hall. 1995.
• Lathi, B. P. Modern Analog and Digital Communication [Link]
Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.
References:
• Mehata, V. K. Principles of electronics (5th ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand and Co.
Ltd. 1993.
• Coughlin, Robert F. & Desicoll, Fredrick F. Operational Amplifiers and Linear
• Integrated Circuits (4th ed.). New Delhi: Prentice Hall. 1996.
• Bhandari, D. P. Basic Electronics Engineering, Kathmandu: Sukunda Pustak
Bhawan. 2012.
Introduction to Electronics
• Electronics is derived from a Greek word “electron” meaning ‘the
study of behavior of an electron under different conditions of
externally applied fields’.
• According to IRE:
“that field of science and engineering which deals with the
study, design and use of devices which depends on the conduction of
electricity through a vacuum, gas or semiconductor”.
• Previously, Electronics was considered as an integral part of electrical
engineering.
• But due to tremendous advancement in this field, it has achieved its
own field in science and technology.
Modern trends in Electronics
• Use of vacuum tubes became obsolete in 1960’s.
• Use of BJT and FET.
• Use of Ics (Integrated Circuits).
• IC Technology started with SSI with the invention of IC chip in 1961.
• Evolution includes: SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI and ULSI.
• Now we have a technology which can fabricate about 1 million or
more components in a single chip.
• Today’s microprocessor is 1000 times faster, has large memory, 1000
times more reliable, consumes negligible power, occupies 1/30000
the volume and costs 1/10000 as compared to the first stage
electronic computer.
• Silicon based technology.
Generations in IC Technology
Name Signification Year No. of Transistors No. of Logic Gates
SSI Small Scale Integration 1964 1-10 1-12
MSI Medium Scale Integration 1968 10-500 13-99
LSI Large Scale Integration 1971 500-20000 100-9999
VLSI Very Large Scale Integration 1980 20000-10000000 10000-99999
ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration 1984 ≥10000000 ≥100000
Applications of Electronics
[Link] and Entertainment:
Line communication : Telegraphy, Telephony, Telex
Wireless communication : Radio Broadcasting, TV
Broadcasting, Satellite communication.
Entertainment Stereo amplifier, CD/DVD player, Stereo tape,
Pianos, Toys, Video games.
[Link] and Control Application
• It helps in precise measurement and testing of number of quantities.
• Instruments like CRO/LED , pulse/signal generator, digital multimeter,
power supplies are used in every industries which apply electronics.
• Motor speed control, power rectifier, inverters, choppers, SCRs are
being used.
3. Defense
• RADAR-- Radio detection and ranging
-- Capable of detecting and finding exact location of enemy’s
aircrafts.
• Invention of RADAR made the use of electronics in defense purpose.
• Other equipments used in defense: aeroplanes, ships, anti-aircraft
guns, guided missiles,etc.
4. Computer Aided Design and Electronic Circuits
• Designers use computers to design any electronic circuit or a building.
• They use many simulators and optimize various parameters.
5. Medicine
• Almost hospitals use electronic devices in diagnosis and treatment of
various disesses.
• Eg: ECG: used for finding the condition of heart.
X-Ray: to take pictures of internal structure of bone and also for
the treatment of some disesses.
Ultrasound Scanner: to take pictures of internal organs.
MRI: used to find the tumors in the body and other defects too.
Energy band diagram
Energy band:
• Large number of discrete but closely spaced energy levels are called
energy bands.
• Electrical properties of any solid material is determined by two bands.
• Two bands: Conduction band and Valance band.
• Energy
• Conduction Band
Forbidden energy gap
• Valence band
•
•
• Valence band consists of valence electrons.
• Conduction band is occupied by free electrons.
• When an electron in the valence band acquires enough energy to
move in to the conduction band, it is called a free electron.
• It can move through out the crystal. It provides electric current.
• The energy space or energy gap between valence band and
conduction band is called forbidden energy gap.
• Solid materials are classified according to energy band diagram.
• They are:
Insulator
Conductor
Semiconductor
Insulator
• Conduction band and valence bsnd are separated by a wide energy
gap (->15eV).
• Large amount of energy required to free the electrons by moving
them from V.B. to C.B.
• At room temp., valence electrons of insulator donot have enough
energy to jump into C.B., so insulator cannot conduct current
• The energy band diagram of Insulator is as shown
in the figure:
• Also referred as dielectric material.
• Eg: Glass, Rubber
Conductor
• Conduction band and valence band are overlapped.
i.e. No forbidden energy gap
• Overlapping of bands indicates that a large
amount of electrons are available for conduction.
• . Application of a small voltage results in a large
amount of current
• Also known as metal.
• Eg: Copper, Silver, Aluminium
Semiconductor
• Electrical properties lie between those of insulator and conductor.
• At room temp., semiconductor has:
-> Partially filled conduction band
-> Partially filled valence band and
-> A very narrow energy gap (->1eV).
• A narrow energy gap means a small amount
of energy is required to free electrons.
• At 0K, it behaves as perfect insulator because conduction band is
vacant and valence band is completely filled.
• Conductivity increases with the increase in temperature.
• Eg: Si, Ge
Fermi level
• The Fermi level is the maximum energy level which is occupied by an
electron at absolute zero temperature (0K).
• Fermi level lies at the middle of forbidden energy gap.
• At higher temperature, some electrons are excited into the higher
energy states. Then Fermi level corresponds to the entire of gravity of
conduction electrons and holes weighed according to their energies.