Day 2:

• Fire Protection & Fighting

• HAZCOM
 • Fire can be
responsible for
• Loss of jobs
• Loss of businesses
• Loss of life
• Serious damage to the
environment.
• Many companies go out of
business following a
serious fire.

.
 • Most fires start because of :
• Smoking-Electricity –Welding-
Paint locker.
• Poor housekeeping is the
greatest single cause of fire in
workplaces.
• Poorly maintained machines
may cause fires
• Inadequate safeguarding of
heating and lighting systems
• fires are often the result of not
following instructions, using or
judgment or not following fire
safety rules.

.
How Fires Start ?
Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation
or burning of a fuel. It needs three elements to occur:

Oxygen

Heat
Fuel
Source

.
 How Fires Start ?
• FUEL
• Fuel can be any combustible material - solid, liquid or gas. Most solids and liquids become a
vapor or gas before they will burn.
• OXYGEN
• The air we breathe is about 21 percent oxygen. Fire only needs an atmosphere with at least
16 percent oxygen.
• HEAT
• Heat is the energy necessary to increase the temperature of the fuel to a point where
sufficient vapors are given off for ignition to occur.

.
 Fire Tetrahedron
• In recent years a fourth side has
been added to the Fire Triangle.
This figure is called the Fire
Tetrahedron
• fourth side called chemical chain
reaction
• Which responsible for fire
continuous and flaming

10

.
 Fire Prevention
• Keep Fuel and heat source isolated

Oxygen
Heat
Fuel
Source
Oxygen

Oxygen Oxygen

.
 Fire products

•FLAME
•SMOKE
•FIRE GASES
•HEAT
.
 SMOKE
CARBON MONOXIDE
CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON PARTICLES
SULFUR DIOXIDE
WATER VAPOR
LIGHT HYDROGEN CYANIDE
OTHER GASES

FLAME
The Four products
of Combustion : FLAMMABLE
Heat, Light, Smoke, HEAT VAPORS
& the Fire Gases
FUEL
OXYGEN OXYGEN

.
 Fire spread
Once a fire has started and
there is sufficient fuel and
oxygen to sustain it, there
are three ways in which it
can spread through a
facilities: conduction,
convection or radiation.

.
 Fire spread
(1) conduction.
Heat transferred by direct
contact from one body to
another
(2) convection.
heat is transferred by a
circulating medium either a gas
or a liquid
(3) radiation.
is a form of energy traveling
through space or materials as
an electromagnetic wave such
as light, radio waves or X-rays.

.
 Fire spread

Heat can be conducted

through walls by direct
contact with pipes or
ducts.

.
 Fire spread

An example of
convection.

Upward travel of
Hot Gases as with
an open stairwell.

.
 Fire spread
Radiated heat is one of
the major causes of fire
spread to exposures.

.
 Fire Classification
• Do you know the different types of fire?
• Do you know the US Classification?

.
Fire Classification
• Solids Class A Electrical Equipment Class C
• Tires Appliances
• Wood Switches
• Paper Panel boxes...
• Material…
• Liquids Class B Metals Class D
• Diesel
Aluminum
• Oil Sodium
• Solvents
Magnesium...
• Grease
• Paints...

Remember that it is the vapors of these fuels which burn.

.
 Fire Prevention
• Class A - Ordinary combustibles:
• Keep storage and working areas free of trash& Place oily rags in covered containers.
• Class B - Flammable liquids or gases:
• Don't refuel gasoline-powered equipment in a confined space, especially in the presence of
an open flame such as a furnace or water heater.
• Don't refuel gasoline-powered equipment while it's hot.
• Keep flammable liquids stored in tightly closed, self-closing, spill-proof containers. Pour from
storage drums only what you'll need.
• Store flammable liquids away from spark-producing sources.
• Use flammable liquids only in well-ventilated areas.

.
 Fire Prevention
• Class C - Electrical equipment:
• Look for old wiring, worn insulation and broken electrical fittings. Report any hazardous
condition to your supervisor.

• Prevent motors from overheating by keeping them clean and in good working order. A spark
from a rough-running motor can ignite the oil and dust in it.

• Investigate any appliance or electrical equipment that smells strange. Unusual odors can be
the first sign of fire.

.
 Fire Fighting
Starvation
Prevents more fuel from feeding it
Smothering
Stops oxygen to reach fire
Cooling
Lower the temperature
Chemistry
Interrupts combustion process

After fire always cool down the area!

.
How to Extinguish a Small Fire ?

• Class A - Ordinary combustibles:

• Extinguish ordinary combustibles by cooling the material
below its ignition temperature
• Use pressurized water, foam or multi-purpose(ABC-rated)
dry chemical extinguishers.
• DO NOT USE carbon dioxide on Class A fires.

.
How to Extinguish a Small Fire ?

• Class B - Flammable liquids or gases:

• Extinguish flammable liquids, greases or gases by
removing the oxygen, preventing the vapors from reaching
the ignition source or inhibiting the chemical chain
reaction.
• Foam, carbon dioxide, multi-purpose dry chemical.

.
How to Extinguish a Small Fire ?

• Class C - Electrical equipment:

• Extinguish energized electrical equipment by using an
extinguishing agent that is not capable of conducting
electrical currents.
• Carbon dioxide, multi-purpose dry chemical fire
extinguishers may be used to fight Class C fires.
• DO NOT USE water extinguishers on energized electrical
equipment.

.
Fire Extinguishers
• Extinguishing agent :
• Product which is contained in the extinguisher and which
creates the action of fire extinction.
• Load/Capacity :
• Mass or volume of extinguishing agent effectively
contained in the extinguisher.
• Servicing
• All fire extinguishers must be regularly serviced.

.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ANATOMY

Discharge Pressure gauge

lever
(Not found on CO2
Discharge locking
pin and seal Extinguishers)

Discharge
hose Data plate

Discharge
nozzle Body

Discharge
orifice
Fire Extinguishers
• ABC multi purpose dry powder extinguishers
• For class “A” “B” “C” fires.
• Almost always RED in color.
• Have a long narrow hose
• Different weights are available

Function :
Interferes with the chemistry of the fire.

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Fire Extinguishers
• Carbon dioxide CO2 extinguishers
• For class “B” “C” fires
• Have a LARGE "tapered" nozzle (horn)
• Are HEAVY (15-85 lbs.)
• These are all high-pressure cylinders.
• No pressure gauge

Function :
Extinguishes small fires in an enclosed space by excluding air.

Ventilate any space in which CO2 has been used!

. 30
Fire Extinguishers
• Foam extinguishers
• For class “B” and sometimes “A” fires.

Function :
Float a continuous blanket over the
surface of fire to prevent the
inflammable vapors from escaping.

Foam blanket must completely cover the fuel.

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HOW TO OPERATE EXTINGUISHER

P Pull the pin

A Aim low at the base of flames

(Do not aim high at the flames)

S Squeeze the handle

S Sweep side to side

warning
• REMEMBER:
• Should your path of escape be threatened,
• Should the extinguisher run out of agent,
• Should the extinguisher prove to be ineffective,
• Should you no longer be able to safely fight the fire,
• ...THEN LEAVE THE AREA IMMEDIATELY!

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Using a Fire Extinguisher
• Know the limits of the extinguishers
• Know the type of fire which may be tackled
• Know how to handle the extinguisher
• Know when to quit and escape!
 Fire Fighting
• Procedure
• Raise the alarm.
• Select the suitable fire extinguisher and try it
before going close to fire.
• Check wind direction (use the wind to protect
yourself).
• Fight fire at flames base.
• Do not waste fire extinguisher.
• Never turn back after extinguishing a fire.
• Cool the area with water.

Ask your self: Can I handle it? Where can fire extend?

.
Emergency Procedures
In the Event of Fire
• Pull nearest alarm station
• Immediately exit the building

If you hear an alarm

DO NOT
assume it is a drill,
your life may depend on it!
Hazard Communications

Your “Right to Know”

Hazard Communications
The 3 Stages of the Program

 Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)

 Labeling and Marking Systems
 Employee Training
Hazard Communications

Safety Data Sheets

 Safety Data Sheets:
Your Rights

 Your employer must have an

SDS for every hazardous
substance you use as part of
your job.
Most Hazardous Chemical In Rig
Site
Hazard Communications
Safety Data Sheets
• Section 1: Identification • Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
• Section 2: Hazard(s) Identification • Section 10: Stability and Reactivity
• Section 11: Toxicological Information
• Section 3: Composition/Information
on Ingredients • Section 12: Ecological Information (non-
mandatory)
• Section 4: First-Aid Measures
• Section 13: Disposal Considerations (non-
• Section 5: Fire-Fighting Measures mandatory)
• Section 6: Accidental Release • Section 14: Transport Information (non-
Measures mandatory)

• Section 7: Handling and Storage • Section 15: Regulatory Information (non-

mandatory)
• Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal • Section 16: Other Information
Protection
 Chemical Exposure
Severity & Duration
• “Acute” effects usually occur rapidly as a result of
short-term exposures, and are of short duration
• “Chronic” effects generally occur as a result of long-
term exposure, and are of long duration
 Corrosive
• Visible destruction, or irreversible damage to body
tissue
• Acids
• Caustics (or bases)

Caustics
Acids pH Scale (or bases)

1 7 14
Hazard Communications

Labeling and Marking

Systems
Hazard Communications
Labeling and Marking Systems

 NFPA Diamonds
 HMIS Labels (Health Management Information
System)
 Uniform Laboratory Hazard Signage System
1- NFPA Diamonds
 Blue = Health
 Red = Flammability
 Yellow = Instability
 White = Special hazard
information
Cont. NFPA Diamonds

 4= Deadly Hazard
 3= Severe Hazard
 2= Moderate Hazard
 1= Slight Hazard
 0= No Hazard
2-HMIS Labels
 Same color code/numerical
rating system as the NFPA
diamonds
Cont. HMIS Labels
 Blue = Health
 Red = Flammability
 Yellow = Instability
 White = Personal Protective
Equipment or special protection
information
 Numerical Rating of 0-4
Cont. HMIS Labels

You should never have any unlabeled

containers in your workplace!
3-Uniform Laboratory Signage
 Located on laboratory and
chemical storage area doors
 Pictographs depict worst
hazards present in lab or area
 Labels, Tags and Markings
• The employer must ensure that each container of
hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled,
tagged or marked with the following:
• Identity of the hazardous chemical
• Appropriate hazard warnings
• This above labeling information is required of the
manufacturer so the employer must ensure that the
original labels from the manufacturer are on all
containers and remain legible
The employer does not need to
affix new labels to comply
with the standard if
existing labels already covey
the required information
 Container Labeling Exemption for
Portable Containers
• The employer is not required to label portable
containers into which hazardous chemicals are
transferred from labeled containers, and which are
intended only for the immediate use by the
employee who performs the transfer
This Unlabeled container
does not
meet the labeling
exemption requirement
Hazard Communications

Employee Training
Hazard Communications
Employee Training
Training is required:
 Within the first 30 days of employment
 Whenever new hazards are introduced
 Annually
Hazard Communications
Employee Training
 The training must cover:
 Requirements of regulations
 Location and availability of SDSs
 Hazardous chemicals used in the workplace
 Method to detect release
 Physical and health hazards
 Measures for personal protection
Hazard Communications

BE SAFE,
NOT SORRY!