Syllabus

Syllabus
Lecture Schedule – Theory
Lecture Schedule – Practical
 Introduction to Computers
What is Computer?
The term Computer is derived from the word “compute” which means
“to calculate”.
Computer is an electronic device which processes the given data to
derive the required and useful information. A computer performs five
major operations or functions:
∙ accepts data or instructions as input
∙ stores data and instruction
∙ processes data as per the instructions
∙ controls all operations inside a
computer
∙ gives results in the form of output
 Characteristics to Computers
The important characteristics of computers that make it powerful,
universally useful and indispensable are speed, accuracy, reliability,
storage capacity, versatility, automation and diligence.

∙ Speed: Computer performs routine tasks at a greater speed than

human beings. They can perform millions of calculations in fraction
of seconds.
∙ Accuracy: The accuracy of computers is consistently high enough by
avoiding avoids any errors. If it all there are errors, they are due to
errors in instructions given by the programmer.
∙ Reliability: The output generated by the computer is very reliable,
but it is reliable only when the data, which is passing as input to the
computer and the program, which gives instructions are correct and
reliable.
 Characteristics to Computers
∙ Storage Capacity: The computer has a provision to store large
volumes of data in the small storage devices, which have capacity to
store huge amounts of data and help the retrieval of data an easy task.
∙ Versatility: Computers are very versatile machines. Computers are
capable of performing almost any task, provided the task can be
reduced to a series of logical steps.
∙ Automation: Once the instructions fed into computer it works
automatically without any human intervention until the completion
of execution of program or meets logical instructions to terminate the
job.
∙ Diligent: A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration,
fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error. If
millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform
every calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this capability, it
 Introduction to Computers
A computer can be defined as an electronic device capable of processing the data and producing the
information.
The computer system essentially comprises three important parts –
• input device,
• central processing unit (CPU) and
• output device.
The CPU itself is made of three components namely,
• arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
• memory unit, and
• control unit.

On broad basis, a computer performs the following tasks:

Input: Sending the data and command to the computer is known as input.
Processing: Work done by the computer with the help of processing hardware and software to produce results is known
as processing.
Output: The result displayed by the computer is known as output.
Storage: A place to save result inside or outside the computer is known as storage.
 Anatomy of Computers

The following are the parts of a desktop computer.

Power Supply

When you plug your power cable into your computer, you are actually plugging into a socket in the power supply unit that
has been fitted inside your case. This component is responsible for converting the 240 volt AC mains power to low voltage
DC power needed by computer components. The power supply generates +3.3V, +5V, +12V, -5V. These voltages must be
constant, right up to the maximum current your system will draw under load.
Monitor - Commonly known as a "screen," the monitor gives you a visual display of what your computer is up to. Monitor
displays are divided into pixels. The higher the pixel count, the higher the "resolution." Resolutions are measured in Rows
x Columns. Common resolution settings are 640 x 480, 800 x 600, 1024 x 768, 1280 x 1024, etc.
 Mother board

The mainboard I which is sometimes called a motherboard. This is usually the largest circuit-board in the computer, and
every other component in the computer connects to it.
Central Processing Unit

An Intel CPU

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)is usually called either a CPU or just a Processor. The CPU is the brain of the system. It
executes all the program code from the operating system and the applications the user runs and processing of data. It sends
CPU commands to direct the actions of all the other components in the computer.
 Main Memory or Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory, is the short term
memory that the computer uses to keep track of what it's doing. If the
computer loses power, anything stored in RAM is lost.
 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
Input Devices
Input device is a hardware device that sends information to the computer.
Mouse

Mouse Mouse is a pointer [Link] mouse allows an individual to control a pointer in a graphical user interface (GUI).
Utilizing a mouse a user has the ability to perform various functions such as opening a program or file and does not
require the user to memorize commands.

A type of camera that stores the pictures or video it takes in electronic format instead of to film.
 Web Cam

A camera connected to a computer that allows anyone connected to the Internet to view still pictures or motion video
of a user.
Joystic
k

A computer joystick allows an individual to easily navigate an object in a game such as navigating a plane in a flight
simulator.
Keyboard

One of the main input devices used on a computer, a computer keyboard looks very similar to the keyboards of electric
typewriters, with some additional keys.
 Microphone

Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a microphone is a hardware peripheral that allows computer

users to input audio into their computers.
Scanner

Input device that allows a user to take an image and/or text and convert it into a digital file,
allowing the computer to read and/or display the scanned object
 Output Device
Any peripheral that receives and/or displays output from a computer. Below are some examples of different types of
output devices commonly found on a computer.
Monito
r also called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) or Video Display
A monitor is a video display screen. Monitor is
Terminal (VDT).
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors are built very similarly to older (tube) television sets. They are heavy, bulky, ,
take up a lot of desk space, and emit radiation.

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors are thin and flat. They are light, compact, take up very little desk space emit no
known radiation.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitor

 Printer

A printer is an output device responsible for taking computer data and generating a hard copy of that data.

Projector

Speakers
 Computer Generation

IC : Integrated Circuit; VLSI: Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit; ULSIC: Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuit;
CD: Compact Disc; DVD: Digital Video/ versatile Disc; HDD: hard disk drive; AI: Artificial Intelligence; COBOL:
Common Business Oriented Language; FORTRAN: Formula Translation; SQL: Structured Query Language;
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer; UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer; EDVAC:
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
 Classification of Computer
Classification of computer is depending upon its size of the computer, types of work
and design of computer.
 Classification of Computer
Classification of computer is depending upon its size of the computer, types of work
and design of computer.

❑ Super
▪ computer
The super computers are the most high performing system
▪ The actual Performance of a supercomputer is measured in FLOPS
(Floating Point Operations Per Second) instead of MIPS (Million
Instructions Per Second )
▪ Used in aeronautic, weather forecasting, missile launching, high
storage capacity, large in size, high speed.
▪ ‘Clip-4’ Worlds first super computer introduced in 1972.
▪ ‘PARAM’ India’s first super computer introduced in Pune by Vijay
Fig. Super
Bhatkar from C-DAC. computer
▪ ASHOKA (Advanced Super Computing Hub for Omics Knowledge in
Agriculture) is the first super computer in Agriculture in India.
❑ Mainframe
▪ Computer
It is commonly called as Big Iron
▪ Another giant in computers after the super computer is Mainframe
▪ It can also process millions of instruction per second (MIPS) and capable of accessing
billions of data
▪ Used in Network of companies, large in size, memory capacity high, high storage area, high
speed, needs air conditioned
▪ It is usually used by big organizations for bulk data processing such as statistics, census data
processing, transaction processing
❑ Mini
Computer
▪ These computers came into the market in mid 1960s and were sold at a much cheaper price
than the main frames
▪ Minicomputers are used by small businesses and industries
▪ They go by the term "Midrange Computers." These minicomputers frequently have several
users, just as mainframe computers. They are a bit slower than mainframe computers.
❑ Micro
▪ Computer
A microcomputer, sometimes referred to as a personal computer (PC)
▪ Here, motherboard houses the central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, memory in
the form of ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), I/O ports, and a bus
system of connecting wires.
▪ They are the most affordable.
Features of Microcomputers:
✔ They are extensively employed for personal
usage.
✔ They are smaller and comparably less
expensive.
✔ Multi-user functionality is not supported.
✔ It has a limited computational capacity.
✔ They are quite simple to use.
 Software
❑ Software is a set of programs to do some specific tasks.

❑ Program is a set of instructions.

❑ Process = program in execution at CPU

❑ System software
System software refers to the operating system and all utility programs that manage
computer resources at a low level.

• Operating system controls and manages the computing resources.

• Examples of operating system: Windows, Unix, MSDOS, Linux, Mac.

• Systems software includes compilers, loaders, linkers, and debuggers.

❑ Applications software comprises programs designed for an end user, such as
word processors, database systems, and spreadsheet programs.

• Application software makes computer popular and easy to use.

• Common application software: 1. Microsoft Word, WordPerfect

2. PowerPoint
3. Netscape, Internet Explorer
4. Photoshop, Photo-Paint
5. Quick Time
6. Dreamweaver
 Vaccines

Vaccines or Antivirus software is a computer program that detects,

prevents, and takes action to disarm or remove malicious software programs,
such as viruses and worms.
 Operating System (OS)
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and
computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the
basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk
drives and printers.

Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows

Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.

Following are some of important functions of an operating System

▪ Memory Management
▪ Processor Management
▪ Device Management
▪ File Management
▪ Security
▪ Control over system performance
▪ Job accounting
▪ Error detecting aids
▪ Coordination between other software
and users
Operating System (OS)
 Types of Operating System (OS)
❑ Batch operating: The users of a batch operating system do not interact with
the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like
punch cards and submits it to the computer operator.

The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −

• Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
• CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is
slower than the CPU.
• Difficult to provide the desired priority.

❑ Time-sharing operating systems:

Time-sharing is a technique enables many people, located at various
terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-
sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming.
Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is
termed as time-sharing.
 Types of Operating System (OS)
Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are as follows −
• Provides the advantage of quick response.
• Avoids duplication of software.
• Reduces CPU idle time.

❑ Distributed operating System:

Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-

time applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed
among the processors accordingly.

The processors communicate with one another through various

communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These
are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors
in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are
referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.
 Types of Operating System (OS)
The advantages of distributed systems are as follows −

• With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the
resources available at another.
• Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
• If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially
continue operating.
• Better service to the customers.
• Reduction of the load on the host computer.
• Reduction of delays in data processing.
❑ Network operating System
A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The
primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer
access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a
private network or to other networks.

Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003,

Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD
 Types of Operating System (OS)
❑ Network operating System

A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment.
The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated
information is termed as the response time. So in this method, the response time is
very less as compared to online processing.

Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of
a processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in
a dedicated application. A real-time operating system must have well-defined, fixed
time constraints, otherwise the system will fail. For example, Scientific experiments,
medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air
traffic control systems, etc.
Computer Memory – Doc File
Number System in Computer
MS Word
Web-browsing and Electronic mail
Internet: World Wide Web (WWW), Concepts
 Computer Viruses

• Computer virus is a small software program that is designed to spread from one
computer to another and to interfere with computer operation.

• A true virus is capable of self replication on a machine. Virus may spread between
files or disks.

• There are estimated 30,000 computer viruses in existence.

• Today almost 87% of all viruses are spread through the internet.

Symptoms of Virus Attack

1. Computer runs slower than usual
2. Computer no longer boots up
3. Screen sometimes flicker
4. Speaker beeps periodically
5. System crashes for no reason
6. Files/directories sometimes disappear
 Types Computer Viruses

1. Trojan Horse
1. Requires Windows to work
2. Once infected, runs in the background
2. Worm
3. Spread over network connection
4. Worms replicate
3. Macro
5. Specific to certain applications
6. Comprise a high percentage of the viruses
4. E-mail viruses
7. An e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-mail messages, and usually
replicates itself by automatically mailing itself to dozens of people in the
victim's e-mail address book.
8. Some e-mail viruses don't even require a double-click -- they launch when you
view the infected message in the preview pane of your e-mail software.
 Computer Language

❑ Computer language is group of instructions that are used to create computer

programs.

❑ Types of computer languages:

❑ Compiler is a translates
that translates a high-level
language into low-level
language.

• Compiler reads the whole

program and translates it
into machine language.

❑ Interpreter reads the

program line-by-line and
translates it into machine
language.
 Computer Language

❑ Low-Level language:
• Low-Level language is the only language which can be understood by the
computer.
• Low-level language is also known as Machine Language.
• The machine language contains only two symbols 1 & 0.
• A computer can directly understand the machine language.
❑ Assembly Language:
• Middle-level language is a computer language in which the instructions are
created using symbols such as letters, digits and special characters.
• Assembly language is an example of middle-level language. In assembly language,
we use predefined words called mnemonics.
 Computer Language

❑ High-Level language:
• High-level language is a computer language which can be understood by the users.
• The high-level language is very similar to human languages and has a set of
grammar rules that are used to make instructions more easily.
• Every high-level language has a set of predefined words known as Keywords.
• Languages like FORTRAN,C, C++, JAVA, Python, etc., are examples of high-level
languages
Principles of programming - Algorithm -
flowchart
 C Programming Language

❑ C Language:
• It is a high-level and procedural-oriented programming language.
• It is developed by Dennis M. Ritchie.
• Basic structure of C Program:
 C Programming Language -Data types

❑ Data types in C language:

Data
types

Primar Seconda User defined

y ry types
Example: Example Example:
1. Integer : 1. Structure
2. Float 1. Array 2. Union
3. Charact 2. Pointe 3. Enumerated data
er r type
4. Double
 C Programming Language -Data types

❑ Primary data type:

Type Keyword Size Example

Integer int 2 Bytes or 4 int i =5;
Bytes
Float float 4 Bytes float i = 5.2;
Double double 8 Bytes double i =
5.273878;
Character char 1 Byte char = ‘A’;
 C Programming Language –Variable & Constant

❑ Variable and Constant:

Variable Constant
Variables tell compiler that how It is a read only variable
many storage is required to
execute the program
Variables are written as: Constants are written as:
Data_type variable_name = value; const data_type variable_name =
value;
Example:
int i =5; Example:
(i is a variable of data type const int i =5;
integer having value = 5) (i is a constant of data type integer
having value = 5)
Value of the variable may change Value of the constant can not be
 C Programming Language – Operators

❑ Operators:
• An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform some specific
arithmetic and logical operations.
Operato
❑ Operators: rs

Arithmetic Relational Logical

operators operators operators
Example: Example:
Example:
1. Addition (+) 1. Equals to (==)
1. Logical AND (&&)
2. Subtraction (-) 2. Not equals to (!=)
2. Logical OR (!!)
3. Multiplication 3. Greater than (>)
3. Logical NOT(!)
(*) 4. Less than (<)
4. Division (/) 5. Greater than equals to
5. Modulo (%) (>=)
6. Increment (++) 6. Less than equals to
7. Decrement (--) (<=)
 C Programming Language – Operators

❑ Arithmetic operator: Let A = 10, B = 20

 C Programming Language – Operators

❑ Relational operator: Let A = 10, B = 20

Example: MS SQL SERVER, ORACLE
 E-Agriculture - Concepts, Design, and
Development
Definition: E-Agriculture refers to the integration of information and
communication technologies (ICT) into the agricultural sector to improve
production, marketing, and overall management.

❑ The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

was assigned the responsibility of organizing activities related to
the e-agriculture Action Line.

❑ FAO conducted an extensive survey on this subject and launched

the e-Agriculture Community of Practice in 2007 together with the
founding partners.

❑ The e-Agriculture Community is a global initiative to enhance

sustainable agricultural development and food security by
enhancing the use of ICT in the sector.
 Core Concepts of E-
Agriculture
Digital Transformation: Applying technology to transform traditional
farming into a data-driven, efficient system.

Stakeholders: Farmers, government agencies, agribusinesses,

researchers, NGOs, and consumers.

Components:
• Data Collection: Sensors, drones, IoT devices.
• Information Management: Cloud computing, data analytics.
• Communication Tools: Mobile apps, social media platforms.
• Decision Support Systems: AI, machine learning, and predictive
analytics.
 Key Technologies in E-
Agriculture
Internet of Things (IoT):
• Sensors for soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels.
• Automated irrigation systems.

Remote Sensing:
• Satellite imagery for crop monitoring.
• Drones for aerial surveillance.

Big Data and Analytics:

• Predictive models for weather forecasting and pest outbreaks.
• Crop yield estimation.

Mobile Applications:
• Platforms for market prices, weather updates, and best practices.
• E-commerce solutions for buying and selling inputs/products.
 Key Technologies in E-
Agriculture
Blockchain:
• Ensures transparency in supply chains.
• Verifies product authenticity and traceability.

Artificial Intelligence:
• Smart farming equipment (e.g., robotic harvesters).
• Precision agriculture tools for resource optimization.
 INDIAN GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

Several government initiatives in India focus on promoting e-

agriculture and rural development. Here are some notable
ones:

1. Digital India: Launched in 2015, Digital India aims to

transform India into a digitally empowered society and
knowledge economy. Under this initiative, various e-
agriculture projects are implemented to enhance farmer
access to digital platforms, information, and services.

2. National e-Governance Plan (NeGP): The NeGP includes

several e-governance initiatives aimed at improving
service delivery and governance in rural areas. E-
agriculture components focus on providing digital services
to farmers, including online crop registration, e-mandi
 INDIAN GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

3. e-NAM (National Agriculture Market): e-NAM is an

online trading platform for agricultural commodities that
enables farmers to sell their produce directly to buyers
across different states. It aims to promote transparency,
competition, and better price discovery in agricultural
markets.

4. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY):

PMKSY aims to enhance water use efficiency in agriculture
through various interventions such as micro-irrigation,
watershed development, and rain water harvesting. E-
agriculture components focus on promoting precision
irrigation technologies and monitoring water usage
through digital platforms.
 INDIAN GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

5. Soil Health Card Scheme: The Soil Health Card Scheme

provides soil health cards to farmers, containing
information about soil nutrient status and
recommendations for appropriate fertilizer use. Digital
platforms are used for soil testing, data management, and
dissemination of soil health information to farmers.

6. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): PMFBY

is a crop insurance scheme aimed at providingfinancial
support to farmers in case of crop loss due to natural
calamities. E-agriculture components involvethe use of
technology for crop yield assessment, weather forecasting,
and processing insurance claims
 Expert Systems in
Agriculture
• Now-a-days, expert system is widely used in agriculture exclusively
for diagnosing and managing pests.

• The involved human experts are very scarce, inconsistent in their

day-to-day decisions, unable to comprehend large amounts of data
quickly, subject to deliberate or inadvertent bias in their actions
and can deliberately avoid decision responsibilities.

• Human experts are not always available whereas the computer

based expert system can be used anywhere, any time.

• Expert system offers an environment where the good capabilities

of humans and the power of computers can be incorporated to
overcome many of the limitations.
 Expert Systems in
Agriculture
DEFINITION:

• An expert system is defined as “a computer program designed to

model the problem solving ability of a human expert” (Durkin,
1994).
• It is also defined as “a system that uses human knowledge
captured in a computer to solve problems that ordinarily
require human expertise”.

An intelligent computer program that uses knowledge and inference

procedures to solve problems that was difficult enough to acquire
 Expert Systems in
Agriculture
▪ It is a computer application that solves complicated problems that
would otherwise require extensive human expertise.
▪ To do so, it simulates the human reasoning process by applying
specific knowledge and interfaces.
▪ Expert system also uses human knowledge to solve problems that
normally would require human intelligence.
▪ It represents the expertise knowledge as data or rules within the
computer. These rules and data can be called upon when needed to
solve problems.
 Components of Expert
Systems
Expert systems typically have three components viz.,
1. Knowledge base: It contains the knowledge obtained from the
domain expert. Normally, the way of representing knowledge is
using rules.
2. Inference engine: The inference engine is the component that
manipulates the knowledge found in the knowledge base as
needed to arrive at a result or solution.
3. User interface: The user interface is the component that allows
the user to query the system and receive the results of those
queries.
Architecture of Expert
Systems
 Examples of Expert
Systems
1. Mango Expert System:

• Prasad et al. (2006) formulated an expert system viz.,

AMRAPALIKA for diagnosing 14 different pests including eight
diseases and six insects in Indian mango variety.

• The expert system is developed for important diseases like

Powdery mildew, Black spot, Anthracnose, Red rust, Die back,
Bacterial spot, Sooty mould and Malformation and insects like
Shoot-borer, Red ants, White ants, Mealy bug, Mites and Fruit
fly.
 Examples of Expert
Systems
2. Rice Expert System:
In India, Sarma et al. (2010) developed an expert system in order to
diagnose and manage the diseases occurring in rice crop.
3. Tomato Expert System:
• A web based tomato crop expert information system was
developed by Babu et al. (2010) in India.
• This tomato crop information expert system deals with different
varieties of tomato crop, identification of various diseases and
pests generally occurs to tomato crop based on the symptoms.
 Examples of Expert
Systems
3. Rapeseed-MustardExpert System:
• Vinod et al. (2008) developed an image based rapeseed-mustard
disease expert
• system in India.
• The diagnosis and control measures of economically important
diseases like Alternaria blight, white rust and white rot , downy
mildew complex, powdery mildew, white rot of rapeseed-mustard
were effectively performed by using this expert system.
 Advantages of Expert
System
The significant advantages of the mentioned expert systems of
different crops are given below:
• The system can be used by extension personnel, researchers and
farmers to identify crop diseases and enable to proceed their
management.
• User can easily identify the disease on the basis of photographs of
symptoms and text descriptions of disease.
• The user friendly software developed using windowing
environment, thus provides enough facilities to identify the disease
and to suggest the remedy conveniently.
 Advantages of Expert
System
• Provide consistent answers for repetitive decisions, processes and
tasks.
• Hold and maintain significant levels of information.
• Reduce employee training costs.
• Centralize the decision making process.
• Create efficiencies and reduce the time needed to solve problems.
• Combine multiple human expert intelligences.
• Reduce the amount of human errors.
• Review transactions that human experts may overlook.
 Limitations of Expert
System
Various limitations in the Expert Systems of different crops are listed
out below:
• Many farmers in the country are illiterate and knowledge of
computers in rural
areas is still unreached.
• It needs to be expanded and updated to accommodate new diseases
and ailments
of important crops in the locality.
• There is a need to include other disease diagnosis techniques such
as, laboratory
 Limitations of Expert
System
Various limitations in the Expert Systems of different crops are listed
out below:
• If the picture used in expert system is poor quality, the confusion in
diagnosis of the problem will be happened and ultimately decision
making will not be done properly. Therefore, the picture quality is
required to be enriched.
• Since the computer is lack of common sense, the programmer
should develop the expert system in efficient way. If he or she does
mistake, everything will be collapsed.
• The expert systems are to be demonstrated to village area through