Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology

Civil Engineering Department

CIV 0325 : PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Engr. Annthony R. Pantaleon

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Introduction to Transportation Engineering

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Ports and
✓ application of scientific principles Harbor
to the planning, design, operation Engineering
and management of transportation
system.

Transportation engineers are involve Highway Airport

in several transportation, including: Engineering Engineering
➢ Transportation planning
➢ Transportation design
➢ Transportation construction
➢ Transportation operations and
management
➢ Transportation infrastructure
maintenance Railway Traffic
Engineering Engineering
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Components of Transportation System

o PHYSICAL o HUMAN o OPERATING
ELEMENTS RESOURCES RULES
• Infrastructure • Vehicle Operators • Schedules
• Vehicles • Drivers • Crew assignment
• Equipment • Engineers • Connection patterns
• Control systems • Pilots • Cost/level of service
• Communication • Maintenance and trade off
systems construction • Contingency plans
• Location systems workers
• Managers and other
professionals
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Components of Transportation System

COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
INFRASTRUCTURE VEHICLES EQUIPMENT CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS LOCATION SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
‒ fixed parts of a ‒ elements of a ‒ facilitate ‒ involves the ‒ link traffic control ‒ identify individual
transportation system transportation transportation elements centers to vehicles in real
system, move process required to travelway time, using global
along the allocate right- equipment positioning systems
travelway of-way (GPSs)
o Travelways – conveyance • Automobiles • Maintenance • Air traffic • Traffic Signals • Emergency
o Terminals – for • Buses vehicles control • Air traffic vehicles
dispatching and storage, • Ships • Conveyor centers controllers
regulation of arrival and • Airplanes belts • Traffic signals • Pilots
departure of vehicles or • Travelway
cargo signs
o Stations – subset of
terminals, exit or entry
points
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Components of Transportation System

COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: OPERATING RULES
SCHEDULES CREW ASSIGNMENT CONNECTION PATTERNS COST/LEVEL OF CONTINGENCY
SERVICE TRADEOFF PLANS
‒ define the arrival and ‒ involves assigning ‒ refer to how service is ‒ involves tradeoff ‒ are implemented
departure times of operators to the organized over the between cost and when something
transportation vehicles at different vehicles transportation system or level of service goes wrong with the
the different network transportation
transportation terminals system
and stations.
• Allowed hours to • Hub and spoke
work
• Vehicle-driver
match
• Minimize cost
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Role of Transportation
Economic
The roles of transportation in
• The place, time, quality and utility of goods
society can be classified • Changes in location of activities
according to economic, social,
political and environmental roles. Social
The social role of transport has • Formation of settlements
caused people to live in • Size and pattern of settlements
• Growth of urban centers
permanent settlements and has
given chances of sustainable Political
developments. Regarding political • Administration of an area
role, large areas can now be very • Political choices in transport
easily governed with the help of
Environmental
good transportation system. The
environmental effects are usually • Safety
• Pollution
viewed negatively.
• Energy Consumption
Information from Prof TV Matthew’s lecture
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Urban Transportation Studies for Metro Manila

✓ Urban Transport Study for the Manila Metropolitan Area (UTSMMA, 1973)
✓ Metro Manila Transport, Land Use and Development Planning Project (MMETROPLAN, 1977)
✓ Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study (MMUTIS, 1999)
✓ Metro Manila Dream Plan (2014)
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Urban Transport Study for the Manila
Metropolitan Area (UTSMMA, 1973)
The project was implemented from March 1971 to September 1973 with the assistance
of the Government of Japan’s Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency (OTCA), the
precursor of today’s Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Being the first
comprehensive study for a metropolitan area that was yet to be formally consolidated
and called Metro Manila, UTSMMA set the stage for future transport studies for the
metropolis. Among the study’s main recommendations is one proposing for a mass
transit system restricted to railways.

A Rapid Transit Railway (RTR) network was recommended in the form of subways in
the inner area bound by EDSA, and elevated in the suburban areas. Brief descriptions
of the proposed lines are as follows:
• Line 1 (27.1 km) – from Construction Hill to Talon via central Quezon Boulevard,
Manila downtown and the International Airport
• Line 2 (36.0 km) – from Novaliches to Cainta via Manila downtown and Pasig
• Line 3 (24.3 km) – Along Highway 54 (C-4): half a circle route about 12 km from
Manila downtown
• Line 4 (30.1 km) – From Marikina to Zapote via Cubao, Manila downtown and the
Manila Bay area
• Line 5 (17.6 km) – From Meycauayan to Manila downtown running between Line
No. 2 and PNR
• PNR improvement (56.4 km) – From Bocaue to Muntinglupa via Tutuban Station

[Link]
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Metro Manila Transport, Land Use and
Development Planning Project
(MMETROPLAN, 1977)
It identified three main strategies to address issues on traffic congestion and public
transport requirements, namely:
•Cordon pricing, Bus lanes, and LRT

Short-term recommendations focused on bus and jeepney operations, recommending

that:
•Standard buses (non-airconditioned) be designed for more standing passengers
and charge a fare affordable by the poor;
•Premium buses (including Love Bus) be designed for seated passengers and charge
a higher fare; this may be used to cross-subsidize Standard bus operations;
•Metro Manila Transit Corporation (MMTC) bus operations should operate
missionary routes, which are generally unprofitable routes.
•In reference to private bus companies, the project states that “properly regulated
competition” provides best course of action for the foreseeable future;
•Jeepneys are suited for low demand but high frequency service

“Heavy Rapid Transit (HRT) would provide public transport passengers with much faster journey, but by 1990
would attract only 2.5% of motorists and would have negligible impact on traffic congestion. Partly because
of this and partly because of its very high capital cost, it would be hopelessly uneconomic: the annualized
capital costs would be higher than the estimated benefits in 1990…passenger flows are not high enough to
exploit its full capacity…and the large savings in time for public transport passengers are not given a
high value in Manila, and are not high enough to persuade motorists to change mode.

[Link]
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Metro Manila Transport, Land Use and Development Planning

Project (MMETROPLAN, 1977)
 Metro Manila
Module 1: INTRODUCTION Dream Plan (2014)
TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

It identified 3 major urban problems in Metro Manila

• Traffic congestions
• Natural disasters (flood, earthquake, typhoon, landslide,
etc.)
• Affordable housing, slum/squatter areas
Shift from radial/circumferential to ladder form
• High density residential areas in city center → suburban
• Development of peri-urban/suburban areas
• Development of subcenters
• Recovery of green space
• Redevelopment/retrofitting of city center areas
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
• The Metro Manila population is estimated at 12
CAPACITY EXCEEDANCE million but swells during the daytime, to about 15
million.

[Link] Metro Manila Dream Plan, JICA 2014 Comparison on the Left Side and Right Side Application of the Bus Lane Images from Google
commuters-find-light-at-the-end-of-the-mrt-3-tunnel/

[Link] Figures from 2020 Tom Tom Index from CBPRD Congress Report
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
INTER-OPERABILITY OF
EXISTING SYSTEMS

Constraints on Space/Land
Different Technical Poor Asset
Use, Technical, Financial, Varying Operators
Specifications Preservation/Maintenance
and Legal Matters

DPWH DGCS (Design, Guideline, Criteria, AASHTO Provisional Standards

and Standards

AREMA Manual for Railway

Engineering NSCP Volume 2
Source: JICA
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

LOSS/LACK OF MANPOWER
AND CONTRACTORS

[Link]

[Link] [Link]
there-not-right-skills-1588234 to-the-philippines-economy/ [Link]
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
SAFETY AND SECURITY

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
metro-manila-subway-along-flood-fault-lines

[Link]
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ALIGNMENT AND ROW
ISSUES

[Link]
proposed-mega-manila-subway-aligned-with-west-valley-fault/ [Link]
smphi-tro-mrt-lrt-common-station-denied

[Link]

[Link]
subway-
project?fbclid=IwAR3QT9r7AODcjqwm6juHh44iMguWf8KYLvGDY5HnMEAPvgAn9kPRM9Rxp4I
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

HIGH COSTS (DESIGN,

CONSTRUCTION, O&M)
[Link]
loan-milestone-malolos-clark-railway-project

[Link] [Link]
s-issues/2018/10/30/136927/dalian- for-mrt-3-om-with-use-of-china-made-trains/
mrt-3-trains-controversy-installation/

Cost and Capacity (PPHPD) for Railways [Link] [Link]

my/397806/psa-data-shows-subsidy-to-metro-rail- subway-project-may-face-higher-cost-delays-analysts
systems-reach-p8-billion-in-2012/story/
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTANGIBLE
CHALLENGES
Behavioral challenges
• Traffic in Metro Manila and other cities are often traced back to commuters and drivers
lack of discipline
• Most of the traffic management measures operate on a regulative level, one of the 3 pillars
supporting our institution (1. regulative 2. cultural-cognitive 3. normative)
• In 2017, 84% of Filipinos said they were planning to purchase their own car in the next 5
years. Available data from 2011 to 2018 from the Chamber of Automobile Manufacturers of
the Philippines Incorporated (CAMPI) showed that car sales shot up by 28.9% in 2015. The
main reason why people choose to private vehicle mode is that it offers departure-time
and destination-choice flexibility

Slide and information from Engr. J. Rodriguez

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTANGIBLE
CHALLENGES
• Mismatch between Design and Practice
• There will be problems when big vehicles that are intended as high-capacity modes
behave like a local mode, stopping everywhere to pick up and unload passengers.
Similarly, there are problems when an arterial road is used as a collector or local road
where vehicles can stop anywhere.

Summary from JICA Report on Project for Capacity Development on Transportation Planning and Database Management
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTANGIBLE
CHALLENGES
• Non Implementation of Plans
• Failure to implement plans over three decades have spawned severe traffic congestion,
heavy air and water pollution, lack of affordable housing and swaths of blighted zones.
These problems are compounded by the region’s vulnerability to natural hazards
(flooding, landslides, and earthquakes).
• Nearly all roads have reached saturation point – leaving little wiggle room for traffic
management to ease the situation.

Summary from JICA Report on Project for Capacity Development on Transportation Planning and Database Management
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering

Why Do These Issues Exists?

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
CONTINUOUS URBANIZATION

Among the causes of EDSA perennial difficulties, one of the major

factors is the
• concentration of major shopping malls and business districts
• high number of bus terminals

[Link]
[Link]?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Metro Manila Dream Plan, JICA 2014

Population Density of Selected Metropolitan Areas in The World, UNESCAP 2013
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE

According to the WEF-GCR 2015-2016, the quality of the Philippine rail

infrastructure network ranks 84th out of 140 countries

The lack of high-capacity mass transportation options results in more trips

using lower-capacity, road congesting, and environmentally-polluting forms
of transport and limited accessibility of business districts, commercial
areas, industrial zones, and educational institutions

Metro Manila Railway Lines

South Korea’s Railway Map Source: KORAIL WRT 2020, Philippine Railway Institute
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
HAZARDS
(FLOOD AND EARTHQUAKE)

[Link] Metro Manila Dream Plan, JICA 2014 Active Fault Lines, NSCP 2015
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
POLITICS AND POLICIES

[Link] [Link]
says-north-rail-project-scrapped 997/phl-china-drop-north-rail

[Link]

Operation and maintenance

of existing assets proved to
be difficult, particularly since
equipment and facilities
require highly specialized
parts and components, thus,
entailing longer lead times
between procurement and
delivery. Existing Commission
on Audit (COA) regulation,
however, only allows a three
month inventory of spare
parts.
- Excerpt from PDP 2017-2022
[Link]

[Link]
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering

On-going and Proposed Solutions and Improvement on the Transportation Sector

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING [Link]
offices-gearing-clark-transfer-within-
5-years/

NATIONAL SPATIAL
STRATEGY
Concept of GCR (Greater Capital Region)
Today, spatial structure in GCR is highly mono-centric with the
prominent feature of Metro Manila. Although developments are taking
place in Clark, Subic, Tarlac and other areas in the north and in
Batangas, Cavite and Laguna on the south, they are still initial stages
and implemented in a rather uncoordinated manner

[Link]

Metro Manila Dream Plan, JICA 2014 BCDA Facebook Page

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
ONGOING AND FUTURE RAILWAY
PROJECTS

[Link]
-opening-golden-age-infrastructure
Railways “Build BuildBuild” Program, 1st NREC – Usec. Batan

The Philippine government’s DOTr (Department of

Transportation) outlined the goals of the railway sector by

2022, namely increase the:

• route length of active railways (at least partially

operable or fully-operable) from 1,144 kilometers

to 1,900 kilometers

• number of stations from 59 to 169

Railways “Build BuildBuild”
Program, 1st NREC – Usec. Batan • number of coaches from 221 to 1,425

National Economic and Development Authority Board’s Committee on [Link] • number of passengers from one million to 3
Infrastructure (NEDA Infracom), Investment Coordination Committee-Cabinet
Committee (ICC-CC).
million
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
BALANCING THE INTERESTS OF
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS

[Link]
latest-news-features/80256/mrt-lrt-
common-station-area-b-a4362-20191217

[Link]
/826612243823415297/photo/2
[Link]
way-issues-for-phase-1-of-lrt1-cavite-extension-70-80-completed-
lrmc/story/

[Link]
[Link]
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ASSET RESTORATION AND SYSTEM
IMPROVEMENT

[Link]
[Link] [Link]

[Link]
[Link]
convenience-for-riders-operator
upgrade-for-better-service-and-capacity/

[Link]
to-reopen

[Link]
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
RAILWAY EDUCATION AND
TRAINING

[Link] [Link]
philippine-railways-institute

[Link]
universities-team-up-with-dotr-australian-govt-for-rail-
course/571850/ [Link]
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Philippine Transport Agencies/Offices
Department of
Transportation

Aviation Sector Maritime Sector Railway Sector Road Sector

Land
Civil Aviation
Philippine Ports Philippine National Transportation
Authority of the
Authority Railways Franchising and
Philippines
Regulatory Board

Manila Land
Philippine Coast Light Rail Transit
International Transportation
Guard Authority
Airport Authority Office

Clark International Office of

Cebu Ports
Airport Metro Rail Transit Transportation
Authority
Corporation Cooperatives

Civil Aeronautics Maritime Industry Philippine Railway Toll Regulatory

Board Authority Institute Board

Mactan Cebu Philippine

International Merchant Marine
Airport Authority Academy
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Types and Key Points of Transport Modes
Accessibility
Flexibility
Provides personal transport
ROAD TRANSPORT Generation of employment
• carries 80 per cent of the passenger Reasonable speed
transport and 60 per cent of the goods Good mode for urban travel
movement.
Cheap Mode
• Its role in passenger transport is confirmed
to short distances and in urban transport.
• In goods transport, its role is to collect and
distribute the goods and to carry the goods
over short and medium hauls Very poor safety record
• For long distance it deals with high value High environmental pollution
goods. High fuel consumption

from Principle of Transportation Engineering of People’s University

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Types and Key Points of Transport Modes
Accessibility
Energy efficient
Non-Polluting Passenger
RAIL TRANSPORT
• Railways carry long distance passenger Comfort
traffic and suburban passenger traffic. Cheap
• For goods movement, they are suited for
Can run on electricity
haulage of low rated (coal, ores, foodgrains,
fertilizers, etc.) over long distances.

Accessibility
Flexibility on Demand
Government Monopoly

from Principle of Transportation Engineering of People’s University

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Types and Key Points of Transport Modes

Very high speed
Passenger comfort
AIR TRANSPORT
• Air transport is suited for long distance Good safety record
passenger movement where speed of travel
is the main criterion. Low pollution

High energy
consumption
Cost

from Principle of Transportation Engineering of People’s University

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Types and Key Points of Transport Modes
Good energy
efficiency
WATER TRANSPORT Non-polluting
• Most international trade in goods takes place
Good record of safety
through overseas shipping. Coastal shipping
can handle goods movement along the coast Passenger comfort
of the country.
• Inland water transport takes place along
perennial rivers

Low speed
Limited operation

from Principle of Transportation Engineering of People’s University

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Highways Classification
Based on “traffic characteristics”

✓ constitute the majority of highways

2-Lane ✓ lane widths vary from 3.00m to 3.65m

✓ each traffic lane is intended to be used by traffic in one

direction and passing is accomplished on lanes not subject to
use by opposing traffic
4-Lane ✓ speed limit should be limited to 60kph or less
✓ should feature prominent road marking to separate opposing
streams

✓ has at least 2 full lanes for each direction of travel and a

Divided median of 1.20m to 1.80m (for rural areas)
✓ median, whenever feasible, should be 4.50m to 18.50m
Highways wide
✓ need not be of constant cross section
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Highways Classification
Based on “system classification”
Highway Classification Technical Specifications
National Roads ✓ RROW = 20.00m minimum
✓ Width of Travelled 2 Way Lane = 6.70m minimum
✓ Allowable grade = 6.0% maximum
Provincial Roads ✓ RROW = 15.00m minimum
✓ Width of Travelled Way = 6.10m minimum
City Roads ✓ Allowable grade = 6.0% maximum
Municipal Roads
Baranggay Roads ✓ RROW = 10.00m minimum
✓ Width of Travelled Way = 4.0m minimum
✓ Allowable grade = 10.0% maximum
Tourism Roads ✓ RROW = 2.10m minimum
✓ Width of Travelled Way = 6.10m minimum
✓ Allowable grade = 6.0% maximum
Farm to Market Road ✓ RROW = 6.00m minimum
✓ Width of Travelled Way = 4.00m minimum
✓ Allowable grade = 10.0% maximum
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Road Transportation Network

+Roads
+ The Philippine road network consists of:
• National Roads
• Provincial Roads
• City and Municipal Roads
• Barangay Roads
+ Road classification is based primarily on administrative responsibilities
which level of government built and funded the roads.
+ Construction is mostly by Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
+ Maintenance is mostly by the concerned Local Government Units (LGUs).
+ Farm-to-market roads are financed by the Department of Agrarian Reform and
the Department of Agriculture
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Road Transportation Network

+National Roads
+ National Primary –Contiguous length of significant road sections extending linearly
without any breaks or forks that connect major cities (at least around 100,000
population)
+ Pan-Philippine Highway (N1 - Asian Highway 26)
+ Nos. N1 to N49 for the "main" routes or corridors, i.e. those connecting 3 or more cities
+ Nos. N50 to N99 for other primary routes connecting two cities
+ National Secondary - Directly connect cities to National Primary Roads, major ports,
major airports, tourist centers, major government infrastructures, and to other cities
+ Nos. 100 to 999
+ National Tertiary - Other existing roads under DPWH which perform a local function
+ Expressway - are prefixed by the letter “E” for Expressway, in order to differentiate these
roads in road user’s mind from other types of road. The letter “E” implies a different
design and standard of road, and indicates to the public that a toll may be required
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Road Transport Network

ROAD NETWORK
is defined as a hierarchy in terms of road types and
according to the major functions the road will serve.
The main classification is whether the road is to be
used primarily for movement or for access.

By Howard the Duck - Own work, CC

BY-SA 4.0,
[Link]
[Link]?curid=39133956

Image from US FHWA

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Road Transport Network

• Majority of domestic passenger and freight traffic use the road
• 75% of government expenditure on transport infrastructure goes to road system (Abueva, 2004)
• Majority is comprised of concrete pavements that suffers wear and tear due to heavy overloaded
trucks and flood.
• Many of the roads has reached its capacity
• 14kph is the average travel speed and roughly 1/3 is wasted as idle time, this is due to traffic
congestions (Sigua 1997)
• Traffic congestion in Metro Manila has caused more than 101 billion pesos in losses (UP-NCTS 2000)
• Public transportation is predominantly road based consisting largely of jeepneys and buses for
primary and secondary routes and tricycle and pedicabs for feeder routes
• About 330 routes for bus and 600 for jeepneys
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

DPWH Road and Bridge Inventory

[Link]
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

A Glance Of Rail Transport In The Philippines

• Emergence of Tramline, “Tranvia” • Metro Rail Transit -

and “Ferrocarril” • Philippine National Line 3 (EDSA Line)
Railway
• Manila Railroad Company

• Emergence of Freight and • Light Rail Transit - Line 1 • Light Rail Transit - Line 2
Locomotives Baclaran-Monumento Line Santolan – Recto Line
• Manila Electric Company • Line 1 North Extension Project

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Railway Classification
LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT COMMUTER RAIL
• a form of urban rail public transportation that generally has a • transport service between a city center, and outer suburbs and
lower capacity and lower speed than heavy rail and metro commuter towns or other locations that draw large numbers of
systems, but higher capacity and higher speed than commuters—people who travel on a daily basis.
traditional street-running tram systems. • Trains operate following a schedule, at speeds varying from 50 to
Characteristics of light rail transit are as follows: 200 km/h (30 to 125 mph). Characteristics of commuter rail are as
• capability for operation in mixed traffic, generally follows:
resulting in a narrower car body and articulation in order • providing more seating and less standing room, for the longer
to operate in a traffic street environment distances involved
• can provide much higher speeds and passenger • having (in most cases) a lower frequency of service
volumes than a streetcar/tram • having scheduled services (i.e. trains run at specific times
• can be cheaper to construct by using the ability of LRVs rather than at specific intervals)
to turn tighter curves and climb steeper grades • serving lower-density areas, typically by connecting suburbs
to the city center
• sharing track or right-of-way with intercity or freight trains
• not fully grade separated (containing grade crossings with
crossing gates)
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Railway Classification
METRO / SUBWAY RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM HIGH-SPEED RAIL
• system of transportation that suspends, guides and propels • passenger rail transport that operates significantly faster than the
vehicles, predominantly trains, using magnetic levitation from normal speed of rail traffic. Specific definitions by the European
a very large number of magnets for lift and propulsion Union include 200 km/h (120 mph) for upgraded track and 250
• Each rapid transit system consists of one or more lines— km/h (160 mph) or faster for new track.
each line is a specific route with trains stopping at all or some • Compared to other modes of transport (air and road travel), HSR
of the line’s stations. leads to:
• minimum headway might be 90 seconds, which might be • Displaced usage from more environmentally damaging modes
limited to 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. of transport.
• Lower energy consumption per passenger kilometer
• Reduced land usage for a given capacity compared to
motorways
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Railway Classification
MAGLEV MONORAIL
• urban passenger transport systems, “operated on their own • rail-based transportation system based on a single rail, which acts
right of way and segregated from general road and as its sole support and its guideway
pedestrian traffic • guided and supported via interaction with the same single beam
• power needed for levitation is usually not a particularly large • require minimal space, both horizontally and vertically. Monorail
percentage of the overall consumption; most of the power vehicles are wider than the beam, and monorail systems are
used is needed to overcome air drag, as with any other high commonly elevated, requiring only a minimal footprint for support
speed train pillars.
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Existing
and
Planned
Rapid
Transit
Lines
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Existing
and
Planned
Rapid
Transit
Lines in
Metro
Manila

From Esquire Magazine. Alignment is based on the latest information during this graphic was made.
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

LRT1 CAVITE (SOUTH) LRT2 WEST EXTENSION

EXTENSION PROJECT PROJECT

• Approximately 11.7-km railway line from its tie in point at the • Approximately 17.593 km upon completion of the project
terminus of LRT Line 1 at the Baclaran Terminal to Niog • Design and construction of the 3.8-km Eastern extension of the
Station at Bacoor, Cavite, of which approximately 10.5 km will existing Line 2 from Santolan Station at Marcos Highway fronting
be elevated and 1.2 km will be at-grade. SM Marikina and terminating at Masinag Junction or the
• Eight (8) stations will be constructed with a provision for two intersection of Marcos Highway and Sumulong Highway
(2) additional stations.
• Intermodal facilities will also be installed at high-demand
stations, namely Niog, Zapote, and Dr. Santos Stations.

LRT1 Cavite Extension Route Alignment Source: LRMC LRT2 West Extension Route Alignment Source: EIA for LRT2 West
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

MRT4 PROJECT MAKATI INTRACITY

SUBWAY OR LINE 5

• Proposed to be a monorail rapid transit line to be built • Approximately to be 11-kilometer which is under-construction
in Metro Manila and Rizal with eleven stations and will have a • Underground rapid transit line to be located in Makati, Metro
right-of-way alignment along N. Domingo, Ortigas Avenue and Manila, that will link establishments across the city's business
Taytay Diversion Road, linking suburban Taytay, Rizal to district.
the Ortigas Center business district in eastern Metro Manila. • It will also have ten stations, with connections to the
existing MRT Line 3, the Pasig River Ferry Service, and the under-
construction Metro Manila Subway

MRT4 Proposed Route Alignment Source: ABS-CBN News Makati Intracity Route Alignment Source: The Philippine Star
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

LRT6 (6A, 6B+C) MRT7 PROJECT

PROJECT
• new mainline consists of 23.5 km long main line (6A), nine (9) • rapid transit line under construction with a length of 22.8
stations, passing through the less congested arterial road of kilometers long and 14 stations. The line runs in a northeast–
Molino–Paliparan Road, including the large-scale vacant southwest direction, beginning at San Jose del Monte, Bulacan up
properties in Bacoor and Dasmariñas, Cavite to the North Triangle Common Station in North Avenue, Quezon
• LRT6 PAVI proposal for 6A refers to the main line, 6B for City.
airport link to NAIA, 6C for a sour line near Paranaque- • a 13.09 km rail system connecting the MRT7 Tandang Sora
Muntinlupa border, and 6D for another spur line near PNR - Station to a spur line (NMIA Phase 5) traversing Katipunan
Alabang Station (under separate study by a Japanese firm) Avenue

LRT 6 Route Alignment Source: Seastems, 2018 MRT 7 Route Alignment Souce: PPP Center/Unofficial NMIA Master Plan Source: engnatividad
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
MEGA MANILA
MRT8 PROJECT/ EAST- SUBWAY PROJECT
WEST LINE
(MMSP) OR LINE 9
• 9-kilometer railway system connecting the areas of • 36-kilometer (22 mi) line underground rapid transit line
Manila and Quezon City via Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon currently under construction in Metro Manila
Avenue, and España Boulevard. • Designed to connect with the other urban rail transit services in
• Consequently, the route alignment for the MRT8 is similar to the region, including Line 1, Line 3, and Line 7 at the North
the MRT7 extension shown as Phase 2A on the unofficial Avenue Common station, which is also currently under
NMIA Master Plan. construction; the existing Line 2 and Metro Commuter Line; and
the planned Line 5 (Makati Subway) and Line 8 (PNR East-West
Railway).

Unofficial NMIA Master Plan Source: engnatividad of SMC MRT 7 Route Alignment Souce: PPP Center/Unofficial NMIA Master Plan Source: engnatividad
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

MRT10 PROJECT MRT11 PROJECT

• approximately 22.5 kilometer mostly elevated Light Railway • approximately 18 kilometers Metro Railway Transit System
Transit (LRT) System consisting of sixteen (16) stations along (MRTS) of elevated structure starting from Epifanio Delos
circumferential road C-5 connecting the Ninoy Aquino
Terminal Airport (NAIA) Terminal 3 to Quezon City, Santos Avenue (EDSA), Balintawak in Quezon City traversing
terminating at Commonwealth Avenue with possible along Quirino Highway, Novaliches and Zabarte Road in North
interchange with MRT7 at Tandang Sora Station and LRT Line Caloocan City up to Barangay Gaya-gaya in San Jose del Monte,
2 at Aurora Station. Trains will be stabled at the depot to be
built at the UP property in Diliman, Quezon City. Bulacan.

EASTWOOD CITY –
MRT3 SANTOLAN INTEGRATED PASAY
CONNECTION MONORAIL
• proposed monorail project connecting the Metro Rail Transit • Proposed monorail connecting the corner of EDSA and Taft
Line 3 (MRT-3) to Eastwood City, in a bid to ease traffic congestion Avenue to Diokno Boulevard as well as extend the EDSA-Tramo
and increase connectivity for commuters in the area. Infracorp is Flyover.
granted with the original proponent status (OPS) for the project
last May 2018.
• undergoing review at the National Economic and Development
Authority board’s investment coordination committee. The
project will then be subjected to the competitive Swiss challenge.
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

FORT BONIFACIO –
MAKATI SKYTRAIN
• proposed automated people mover line meant to serve the city
of Makati and Bonifacio Global City area in Taguig, Metro
Manila. The Fort Bonifacio–Makati Sky Train will connect the
MRT 3 Guadalupe Station to Uptown Bonifacio

Fort Bonifacio-Makati Skytrain Route Alignment Source: SYSTRA

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Existing
and
Planned
Rapid
Transit
Lines in
Luzon
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PNR NORTH LONG HAUL SUBIC-CLARK FREIGHT

PROJECT RAILWAY

• includes the Construction • a component of the PNR Luzon System Development

of a 37.6 km commuter Framework providing initial freight service between the
Subic Bay Freeport Zone and the Clark Freeport and Special
railway from Malolos to Economic Zone, linking Subic Port with Clark International
Tutuban with ten (10) Airport and other major economic hubs in Central Luzon,
stations. It will be especially New Clark City, and forming an integrated
logistics hub for the development of Central Luzon as a new
seamlessly integrated with growth center to decongest Metro Manila.
PNR Clark Phase 2 and
PNR Calamba, forming
one integrated commuter
railway system serving
commuters travelling to,
from, and within NCR,
Region III, and Region IV-
A.

PNR North/Clark Phase 1 Route Alignment Source: PhilGEPS

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PNR NORTH LONG HAUL

PROJECT

• The North Long Haul West is a

reconstruction of the old North Main Line
between New Clark City and La Union. The
line is expected to be around 159 km (99 mi)
long, shortened from the former length of
175 km (109 mi) due to changes in design.
• The North Long Haul East aims to revive the
failed Cagayan Valley Extension project that
was cancelled in the late 1960s. Branching
off the old main line at Tarlac City, the line
will continue towards the direction of San
Jose, Nueva Ecija from which the 10 km
(6.2 mi) Caraballo Tunnel will be built. After
the tunnel, the line continues northward
to Isabela and Cagayan until it terminates
at Tuguegarao. The line is expected to be
around 308 km (191 mi) long

PNR North Long Haul Route Alignment Source: PPP Center

 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
PNR SOUTH (PNR BICOL
PNR CALAMBA (LOS + PNR BATANGAS SPUR
BANOS) + PNR SORSOGON SPUR)
• a 56-km Segment • a 639-km railway system will run from Manila to Legazpi,
with nineteen (19) Albay and Matnog, Sorsogon, with a spur line to Batangas
station connecting City, Batangas. It is seen to reduce travel time from 13 hours to
the NSCR (Tutuban- just 6 hours, once completed. As of July 2020, the project is
Malolos Alignment). 18.56% complete, and the contract for the delivery of new
Forming the NSCR trains have already been signed. Partial operations of the
Alignment from railway line will commence in 2022.
Clark New City,
Clark International
Airport to Calamba.

PNR Calamba Route Alignment Source: JICA PNR South Route Alignment Source: PPP Center
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

On-going
and
Planned
Rapid
Transit
Lines in
VisMin
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

CEBU RAILWAY SYSTEM MINDANAO RAILWAY

SYSTEM

• was initially proposed to be a MRT system with the proposed • proposed inter-city rail system in Mindanao. The system will
route to be divided into several phases taking demand and be constructed as a network of at least 1,533 km long in its
construction cost into account. The draft spatial plan in 2015 present form, totaling 2,278 km (1,415 mi) of track, with the
includes the following MRT lines: center piece being a circumferential mainline that connects
some of the major cities of the island. An east-west radial
✓ MRT North Line (Danao City - Liloan) mainline shall also be built to the Zamboanga Peninsula, and
✓ MRT Central Line (Consolacion - Talisay City) a number of other radial lines will serve as branch lines.
✓ MRT South Line (Minglanilla - Carcar City)
✓ MRT Mactan Line (Cebu City - Lapu-Lapu City)

Proposal for Cebu Railway Lines Source: JICA Mindanao Rail Network Source: DOTr
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND
HARBORS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
+ taken from “The Study on the
Master Plan for the Strategic
Development of The National
Port System in the Republic of
the Philippines”
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND
HARBORS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
+ taken from “The Study on the
Master Plan for the Strategic
Development of The National
Port System in the Republic of
the Philippines”
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND
HARBORS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
+ taken from “The Study on the
Master Plan for the Strategic
Development of The National
Port System in the Republic of
the Philippines”
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND HARBORS

IN THE PHILIPPINES

+ taken from “The Study on the

Master Plan for the Strategic
Development of The National Port
System in the Republic of the
Philippines”
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND HARBORS IN THE PHILIPPINES

+Major Container Ports
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND HARBORS IN THE PHILIPPINES

+Major Container Ports
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND HARBORS IN THE PHILIPPINES

+Major Government Ports
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND HARBORS IN THE PHILIPPINES

+Major Government Ports
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND HARBORS IN THE PHILIPPINES

+Roll-on/Roll-off (RO/RO) Ports
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND HARBORS IN THE PHILIPPINES

+Major Private Ports (Private-Commercial)
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PORTS AND HARBORS IN THE PHILIPPINES

+Major Private Ports (Private-Commercial)
 Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

References
❖ [Link]
❖ History as a Tool for Sustainable Transport Planning in Cities - Aloc & Regidor, 2018
❖ Railway Engineering and Management - Profillidis, 2014
❖ Various Urban Transportation Plans and Studies by JICA
❖ Philippine Urbanization Report by World Bank
❖ Department of Transportation
❖ Department of Public Works and Highways
❖ Images from Google and Wikimedia Commons
❖ [Link]