A-level Mathematics

Module 03

Quadratic function
Content

Name………………………………………..............…1 Name………………………………………..............…1
Factorisation of quadratics
 Questions 1

1.1 h. 3𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 14 = 0
Factorise the following quadratics: i. 16𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 9 = 0
a. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 b. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 18 j. 18 + 𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 = 0
2
c. 𝑥 + 22𝑥 + 121 d. 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
e. 𝑦 2 − 13𝑦 + 42 f. 𝑥 2 + 51𝑥 + 144 1.5
2
g. 𝑥 − 121 h. 𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 66 Solve the following equations:
a. 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 2 = 37 − 𝑥
1.2 2 1
b. − 𝑥+2 = 1
Basic number sets

𝑥+1
Solve the following equations using factorisation: 𝑥 2 −4 1
a. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0 b. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 40 = 0 c. 𝑥+2
− 𝑥+1 = 𝑥 − 3
2
c. 𝑝 + 21𝑝 + 38 = 0 d. 𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 54 = 0 d.
4𝑥−2 2
+ 𝑥+1 = 1
1−2𝑥
e. 𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 = −65 f. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 42 1 1
g. 2
𝑥 + 1100𝑥 + 100000 = 0 e. + =1
3−2𝑥 4𝑥−6
h. 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6 = 0 i. 𝑥 2 − 18 = 0
1.6
1.3 Factorise the following expressions
Factorise the following quadratics: a. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 b. 𝑥 2 + 2 3𝑥 + 3
a. 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 b. 2𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 + 11
2
c. 7𝑥 − 19𝑥 − 6 d. −𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 36 1.7
e. 2𝑥 2 − 2 f. 3𝑥 2 − 3 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 30. Find the coordinates of the point(s) where the
graph meets the 𝑥-axis.
1.4
Solve the following equations using factorisation: 1.8
a. −5𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 + 15 = 0 In a scientific experiment, the temperature, 𝑇 𝑜 𝐶, is modelled by the
b. 32𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 + 13 = 0 equation 𝑇 = −2ℎ2 + 13ℎ − 20, where ℎ is the
c. 5𝑎2 + 12𝑎 = 9 time in hours from the start of the experiment. Find both times at
d. 8𝑥 2 + 22𝑥 + 15 = 0 which the temperature is 0𝑜 𝐶.
e. 2𝑥 2 − 6 = 0
f. 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 = 0
g. 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3 = 0
Completing the square
 Questions 2

2.1
Solve the following equations, leaving your answer in surd form where
appropriate:
a. 𝑥 + 4 2 = 25 b. 5𝑥 − 3 2 = 21

2.2
Rewrite the following expressions in the form of a completed square:
a. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 b. 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 10
Basic number sets

2
c. 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 10 d. 𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 15
e. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛 f. 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 7

2.3
Solve the following equations by completing the square:
a. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 16 = 0 b. 𝑝2 − 10𝑝 = 200
c. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 d. 9𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 = 16
2
e. 𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 8 = 0 f. 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0
2
g. 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 54 = 0 h. 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + = 0
5
i. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 j. 3 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0
k. 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 33 = 0 l. 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 10 = 0
m. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 n. 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 24 = 0
o. 𝑥 2 + 22𝑥 + 118 = 0 p. 𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 54 = 0
q. 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 2 = 0 r. 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 2 = 0
s. 𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 3 = 0 t. 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 − 32 = 0

2.4
By completing the square show that the expression 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 14 is
positive for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅.

2.5
By completing the square, show that the solutions to 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
−𝑏± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
are found at 𝑥 = 2𝑎
The quadratic formula
 Questions 3

3.1
Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula, giving your
answer in surd form where necessary.
a. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = −2 b. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 44 = 0
2
c. 𝑥 − 14𝑥 + 42 = 0 d. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 = 0
e. 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5 = 0 f. 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1 = 0
2
g. 𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 5 = 0 h. 28 − −2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0
i. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 35 = 0 j. 34 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0
Basic number sets

2
k. 4𝑥 − 36𝑥 + 81 = 0 l. 3𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 21 = 0
m. 5𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 9 = 0 n. 10𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
5 1 35
o. 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + = 0 p. 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − = 0
6 6 2
2
q. 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 0.25 = 0 r. 25𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 7 = 0
2
s. 60𝑥 − 5 = −100𝑥 − 3
t. 2𝑥 𝑥 − 4 = 7 − 3𝑥

3.2
a. Multiply out 𝑥 − 2 + 5 𝑥 − 2 − 5
b. Solve the equation 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1 = 0 using the quadratic
formula.
c. How does your answer to (b) relate to the expressions given in
(a)?

3.3
The roots of the equation 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 13 = 0 can be written in the
form 𝑥 = 𝐴 ± 𝐵 where 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑍. Find 𝐴 and 𝐵.
Quadratic graphs
 Questions 4

4.1 4.3
State the number of distinct real roots for each of the following Express 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10 in the form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑞 2 + 𝑟, where
quadratic functions: 𝑞 and 𝑟 are constants. Using your answer state whether 𝑓(𝑥) has any
a. b. real roots and give the equations of any lines of symmetry of the graph
of 𝑓(𝑥).

4.4
Use the discriminant to determine the number of real roots of each of
Basic number sets

the following functions.

a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 13 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2
c. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5
c. d. d. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 − 𝑥 2
e. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9
f. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 35 − 𝑥 2
g. 𝑓 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 − 66𝑥 + 121
h. 𝑓 𝑥 = −100𝑥 2 − 100𝑥 − 100

4.5
For each of the following functions determine the coordinates of the
vertex.
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5
4.2 c. 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 6 can be expressed in the form d. 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
7 2 25 e. 𝑓 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5
𝑓 𝑥 =− 𝑥+ + .
2 4
a. Does this function have any real roots? Explain your answer. f. 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 − 35
b. State the coordinates of the vertex of 𝑓 𝑥 .
 4.6
Sketch the following functions clearly indicating the coordinates of
their roots, their intersection with the 𝑦-axis and their vertex.
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 7
c. 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2
d. 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 12
e. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
f. 𝑓 𝑥 = −3𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 20

4.7A
For each of the following functions:
I. Work out the formula of the inverse of the function.
II. State the two possible largest domains of 𝑓(𝑥) for
which the inverse will also be a function.
Questions 2

III. State the range of the function.

IV. Evaluate 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥). Consider both possible
domains of 𝑓 𝑥 .
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3
c. 𝑓 𝑥 = 29𝑥 − 10 − 10𝑥 2
d. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 5 − 𝑥2

4.8A
For each of the following examples:
I. Determine the formula of 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑔𝑓 𝑥
II. Work out the roots of 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑔𝑓 𝑥
III. Work out the coordinates of the intersections between
𝑓𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑔𝑓 𝑥
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 9 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1
2
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 6 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 3 − 𝑥
2 𝑥
c. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 + 2
Quadratic simultaneous equations
 Questions 5

5.11 5.14
Solve the following sets of simultaneous equations: a. Solve the simultaneous equations 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 10 and
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 10 = 0
a. ቊ 2 b ቊ b. Explain what your answer to (a) means geometrically.
𝑦 =𝑥 −𝑥+1 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑥+𝑦 =3 𝑔+ℎ =1
c. ቊ d. ቊ 5.15
𝑥2 + 𝑦 = 3 𝑔2 − ℎ = 5
Without drawing the graphs, determine if the following pairs of
3𝑔 + 2ℎ = 13 10𝑚 = 7𝑛 + 17 curves/lines have two, one or no points of intersection.
e. ቊ f. ቊ
ℎ + 2𝑔2 = 20 𝑚 = 𝑛2
Basic number sets

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 7 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 = 6 𝑥𝑦 = 6 b. 2 2
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑥 = 9 and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3
g. ቊ h. ቊ
𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 7 = 0 2𝑦 − 𝑥 + 4 = 0 c. 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
i. ቊ j. ቊ 5.16
𝑦+𝑥+8=0 5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3
Show that the curve with the equation 𝑥𝑦 = 20 and the line with the
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 50 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 18𝑥 = 347
k. ቊ l. ቊ equation 𝑦 = 8 + 𝑥 intersect at 𝐴 2, 10 and 𝐵 −10, −2 .
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7

5.12 5.17
In each of the following cases determine the coordinates of the points The equations of three straight lines and a parabola are:
of intersection between 𝑓(𝑥) and ℎ 𝑥 : 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 4 = 0
1 3 𝑦 + 11𝑥 − 27 = 0
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8; ℎ 𝑥 =4+ 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦+3=0
2 2
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6; ℎ 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 10 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 + 35
c. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1; ℎ 𝑥 =𝑥+5 One of the lines intersects the curve at two points, one misses the
curve, and one is a tangent to the curve. Investigate the nature of the
5.13 relationship between each of these lines and the curve and calculate
In each of the following cases find the coordinates of the points of any real points of intersection.
intersection between the following graphs:
a. 𝑦 2 = 5𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 5.18
b. 𝑦 2 = 6𝑥 + 7 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 Prove that the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 9 does not intersect the parabola 𝑦 =
c. 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 2 and 2 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6
d. 𝑦 2 = −1 − 5𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
 5.19
The sum of the first 𝑛 terms of two sequences of numbers are given by
formulae 𝑆1 = 2𝑛 + 14 and 2𝑆2 = 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 . For which value of 𝑛
does 𝑆1 = 𝑆2 ?

5.20
A framer has 600 𝑚 of fencing. He wants to use it to make a
rectangular pen of area 16875 𝑚2 . Calculate the possible dimensions
of his pen.

5.21
The equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 represents a circle of radius 5 units. Prove
that the line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 25 is a tangent to this circle and find the
coordinates of the point where the tangent touches the circle.
Questions 2

5.22
An ellipse has the equation 4𝑦 2 + 9𝑥 2 = 36. Show that the line
−8±12 6 9±24 6
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 intersects this elipse at points 25
, 25 .
Quadratic inequalities
 Questions 5

5.1 3𝑥 𝑥−1 2𝑥 3𝑥+3

d. 𝑥−2
<1 e. 𝑥+1
≥2 f. 𝑥−1
≤ 𝑥 2−1
Solve the inequalities:
a. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 ≥ 0 b. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 < 0
5.4
c. 6 − 5𝑥 > 6𝑥 2 d. 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 24 ≤ 5𝑥 + 3
Solve the following sets of simultaneous inequalities:
e. 36 − 4𝑥 2 ≤ 0 f. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3 > 0
g. 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 3 > 0 h. 6 ≥ 5𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 4 3 − 𝑥 ≥ 13 − 5𝑥
𝑥−1
>
3−4𝑥
+𝑥
i. 2𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 25 ≤ 0 j. 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 < 0 a. ቊ b. ቐ 3 3
7𝑥 + 6 ≥ 3𝑥 2 2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 5 ≥ 0
k. 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 24 ≤ 0 l. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 24 ≥ 0
Basic number sets

m. 4𝑥 2 < 9 n. 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 > 0 𝑥2 − 2 ≥ 0 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0
c. ቊ 2 d. ቊ
o. 3𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 − 14 < 0 p. 13𝑥 − 26𝑥 2 > 0 −𝑥 + 𝑥 + 20 > 0 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 5 > 0
q. −3 + 13𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 ≤ 0 r. 6𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 8 ≥ 0
s. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0 t. 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 7 > 0 5.5
u. −9 − 𝑥 2 > 0 v. 4𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 4 < 0 Find the set of values of 𝑘 for which 𝑘𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 has two distinct
w. 5𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 12 ≤ 0 x. 6𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 − 7 ≥ 0 real solutions.

5.2 5.6
Find the area bound by the following sets on inequalities: Find the set of values for 𝑘 which gives the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
𝑦 < 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥+𝑦 ≤4 no real roots. Give your answer in set notation.
a. ቊ b. ቊ
𝑦 > 𝑥2 𝑦 > 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4
5.7
𝑦 > 𝑥2 𝑦 − 2 ≤ 𝑥2 A girl is five years older than her brother. The product of their ages is
c. ቊ d. ൝ 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ −3 2𝑥 − 𝑦 < 2 greater than 50. What ages could the sister be?
𝑦 − 4𝑥 ≤ 17 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 20 < 0
5.8
e. ቐ𝑦 ≤ 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 15 f. ൞ 𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 6 < 0
The length of a rectangle, 5𝑏 − 1 𝑐𝑚, is greater than its width,
𝑥≤4 𝑦 > 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 24
2𝑏 + 9 𝑐𝑚. The area of this rectangle is less than 456 𝑐𝑚2 . Find the
possible values of 𝑏.
5.3
Find the values of 𝑥 which will satisfy the following inequalities, giving 5.9
your answer in set notation: The sum, 𝑆, of the first 𝑛 positive integers is given by the formula 2𝑆 =
1 3 1
a. 𝑥
>5 b. 7>𝑥 c. 𝑥−1
<2 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 . What are the possible values of 𝑛 for values of 𝑆 between
21 and 820?
 5.10
The ages of two children sum to 10 and the product of their ages is
greater than 16. Find all possible values of the children’s ages.
Questions 2
Section title
Answers

Questions 1 Questions 1 Questions 1