Comprehensive Python Notes for AKUCS HSSC Computer Science
3.1 Introduction to Programming
3.1.1 Program and Programming Language - Program: A set of instructions written to perform a specific
task. - Programming Language: A formal language to write programs (e.g., Python, C, Java).
3.1.2 Syntax vs Semantics - Syntax: Rules to write correct code. Example: print("Hello") . -
Semantics: Meaning of the code. Example: print(5 + 2) prints 7.
3.1.3 Types of Programming Languages - Low-level: Machine Language (binary), Assembly Language
(mnemonics). - High-level: Procedural (step-by-step, e.g., Python), Structured (functions & loops, e.g., C),
Object-oriented (objects, e.g., Java).
3.1.4 Assembler, Compiler, Interpreter - Assembler: Assembly -> Machine code - Compiler: Entire
program -> Machine code - Interpreter: Line by line execution
3.1.5 Python Language & Applications - Python: High-level, interpreted, general-purpose. - Applications:
Web dev, data analysis, machine learning, bioinformatics.
3.1.6 Python IDE - Integrated environment to write, test, debug code. Examples: IDLE, PyCharm, VS
Code, Thonny.
3.1.7 Comments in Python - Single-line: # comment - Multi-line: """ comment """
3.2 Turtle Graphics
3.2.1 Define Turtle Graphics - Draw shapes and graphics using a virtual turtle.
3.2.2 Using Turtle Library
import turtle
t = [Link]()
3.2.3 Functions - Movement: forward() , backward() , right() , left() - Screen: bgcolor() ,
title() , clear() , reset() , stamp() - Attributes: pensize() , fillcolor() , color() ,
shape() , speed() - Shapes: circle() , dot()
Example:
for _ in range(4):
[Link](100)
[Link](90)
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3.3 Libraries
3.3.1 Purpose: Pre-written code for faster development. 3.3.2 Installing:
pip install library_name 3.3.3 Example with datetime:
import datetime
now = [Link]()
print([Link]('%A'), [Link]('%B'), [Link]('%Y'))
3.4 Constants and Variables
3.4.1 Data Types: int, float, str, char, bool 3.4.2 Variable vs Constant: Variable changes, Constant fixed
(e.g., PI = 3.14 ) 3.4.3 Local vs Global: Local inside function, Global accessible anywhere 3.4.4
Naming Rules: Start with letter/_ , no spaces, no special chars 3.4.5 Example:
x = 10
y = 3.14
name = 'Alice'
is_human = True
z = int(y) # explicit
a = 5 + 3.2 # implicit
3.5 Input/Output
• input() takes user input
• print() displays output
• eval() converts string input to expression
x = eval(input('Enter number: '))
print('Value:', x)
3.6 Operators
• Assignment: =
• Arithmetic: + - * / % **
• Comparison: == != > < >= <=
• Logical: and or not
• Membership: in, not in
• Bitwise: & | ^ ~ << >>
Example:
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a = 5
b = 3
print(a + b, a > b, a & b, a > 0 and b < 5)
3.7 Selection Statements
• if , if-else , if-elif-else , nested if , pass
x = 10
if x > 5:
print('x > 5')
if x < 5:
print('x < 5')
else:
print('x >= 5')
marks = 75
if marks >= 90:
print('Grade A')
elif marks >= 70:
print('Grade B')
else:
print('Grade C')
if age >= 18:
if has_id:
print('Entry allowed')
if age < 18:
pass
3.8 Loops
• For loop: fixed repetitions
• While loop: until condition false
• Nested loops: loop inside loop
• Break, Continue, Exit
for i in range(5):
if i == 3: break
print(i)
for i in range(5):
if i == 3: continue
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print(i)
import sys
[Link]()