MODULE 5
Integration
I|General Points (vi) cosec'x dx =-cot
x+c
() As far as Physics is concerned we only need simple = sec x + C
formulae in integration and their applications. In (vi) [secx ttan x dx =-cosec x+c
Mathematics you will study integration in detail. So, in
Physics you need not to go in detailof integration.
(i0 fcosec x cot x dx
(ii) In simple words, integration is the reverse process of Note
ofa-frac=x*c or fá=x*c
differentiation. Differentiation is breaking of
something into parts. Integration is summing it up. ic
(ii) Symbol of integration is f(&)- dx or | f(t) dt.
(iv) As we said above that integration is reverse process of 2+1
differentiation. So, let us take an example.
d Example1 Integrate the following functions with respet
(sin x) = cos x ..) to x.
dx
So, (cos x)- dx = sin x ..(i) (a) [(5x*+3x-2 dk
(cos x) dx = sin x + C .(i) Sol. (a) f(5x° +3* -2 dx =s[x* da +3fxák
Here, cisaconstant, called constant of integration. 3x2
--2x + c
The value of this constant depends upon different 2
conditions given in the problem. For one set of
conditions its value may be 1 For another set of
=-4coS x -2 In x +c
conditions it may be So, in general we write it only c.
4 Example 2 Find the value of (2 cos x + 6x') dk.
Now if we differentiate right hand side of equation (ü) or
(ii), result is cos x in both cases. Sol.(2 cos x + ó') dx=2f (cos xldt + ó[u²) dx
So, the general solution of (cos x) dx is (sin x + ) not -2|sinx]+ 3
+c=2 sinx+ 2x + c
only sin X.
List of Simple Formulas Special Type of Function in Integration
If we have the following types of functions in
n+1
+C (n-1) integration,
X
=log, x +C or In x + c (i) (sin (2x +4)-dx
(ii)sinx dx =-coS X + C
(im)
(iv)cos x dx = sin x+c
(v) e'dx =e* +c
(vi) sec'x dx = tan x +c Then we will divide by the
as usual. In differentiation coefficient of x and then
we have multiplied by theintegrate
Basic Mathematics 29
coefficient of x. For example result of the above integrations
are as under.
+C 124
3
(6x-2)3 +C The correct option is (b).
18
(i) sin (2x + 4) dx (2x + 4) + c Area Under a Curve and Definite Integration
Suppose we have a function y=fx) and the graph betweenx
(ii) and y corresponding to the above function is as shown in
(-6x -2) +c figure.
lnl-6x-2+c
-6
y= f%)
Definite Integral
When afunction is integrated between a lower limit and an
upper limit, it is called a definite integral. dx
K
d X
Iff)=f),
dx then[fk)dx is called indefinite integral and
Now, we wish to find area of the graph between x =aand
[r)dx is called definite integral. X =b, then let us take a small element (or strip) at a general
point x of thickness dx. At coordinate x, value of
Here, a and bare called lower and upper limits of the variable y-coordinate is y which will be given by the function.
X.
Nowarea of smallshown element = ydx =fx)dx
After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated If we sum up all areas between x =aand x=b, then
between upper and lower limits as explained below : |f(x)dx=shaded area between curve and x-axis.
Jr)dx =|f()1 =fb)-fla) Example5 Given y =3x. Find area of the graph between
Note In indefinite integral we get a function with constant of X=1andx =2.
integration. In definite integration we get a value without Sol.
constant of integration.
/4
Example 3 Find| = [(sin x + cos x) dx.
R/4
Sol. I= |(sin x + cos x) dx =|- cos X + sinx4
X
Graph corresponding to the given equation y =3x is as
Ans. shown in figure. Area of graph between x =1andx=2
will be:
5
Example 4 The integralxdx is equal to 1
1
125 124
(a) (b) (d) 45
3
5
=(2) -(1)']=(8-1)
1
=7 units
Miscellaneous Examples 1
(d) 1
(c)e 2x +3
Ex. 1 Solve the integral l=sin? xdx. (a)x3 X
() cosx
(e) cos (4x +3)
| sinx1-cos 2x
2 Sol. (a) [x°dk - 4 n+1
Lo
(sin 2n- sin 0)
2 -4-Inx+c
2
Ex. 2 Solve
(a) (ax² + bx + d) dk
-1 +C
() (cos x dx 2 -2+1
-/2 e1 n9loye
Sol. (a) ((ax²,+ bx + c) dx = dx
2
In (2x +3) +C
X
2
a(3)3 b(g)2 sin (4x +3) +C
3 2
+c3)-0 =9a+
+3c (e) cos (4x +3) dk =:ba 4
(b) fe'dr =e',-et-ese-!
-1
odol
n/2
(c) cos x dx = sin
-R/2 x|2= Sin, dx
Ex, 3 sin2y 1
Integrate the following with =+
respect to x. 2 2x2
MODULE 5 Exercise
1. Integrate the following
functions with respect to t
(a) [(o+-20) dt
(b) [(4 cos t + t) dt
dt
3
(6t-1)
2. Integrate the following
functions Answers
(b) da/6
sinx dx 1. (a) t -t+c (b)
4sint + 3C (c). 1
(d) cos xdk 6(2% - 4°
(d Inßt-1)+c
6 2. (4)4 (0) 3 -1 (c) In(2.5) (d)
3. Calculate the area enclosed 3.
19 0 (e)-1
under the curve f(x) =x 3
between the limits X =2 and x =3.
See hints on page
42.