COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector:
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Qualification:
COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING NC II
Unit of Competency:
PERFORM COMPUTER OPERATIONS
Module Title:
Performing Computer Operations

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

AUTHORITY
New Lucena Polytechnic College,
New Lucena, Iloilo
 HOW TO USE THIS LEARNER’S GUIDE
Welcome to the learner’s guide for the module: Performing Computer Operations.
This learner’s guide contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency “Perform Computer Operations contains the knowledge,
skills and attitudes required for a COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING. It is one of the
common Modules at National Certificate Level (NC II).
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete
each learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcomes there are Information
Sheets, Resources Sheet and Reference Materials for further reading to help you better
understand the required activities. Follow these activities on your own and answer the self-
check at the end of each learning outcomes.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered on the learner’s guide
because you have:
 Been working for some time.
 Already completed training on this area.

If you can demonstrate to your Instructor that you are competent in a particular skill, you
don’t have to do the same training again. If you feel you have some skills, talk to your
instructor about having them formally recognized. If you gave qualification or certificates of
your competency from previous training, show it to your Instructor. If the skill you acquired
are still relevant to the Module, they may become part of the evidence you can present to
RPL.

At the end of this learner’s guide is a learner diary, use this diary to record important dates
jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing further details to
your Instructors or Assessors. A Record of Achievement is also provided for your Instructor
to complete once you have completed the Module.

This Module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency in the Perform
Computer Operations. This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge
and skills in this particular trade, with minimum supervision or help from your Instructor.
With the aid of this material you will acquire the competency independently and at your own
pace.

 Talk to your Instructor and agree on how you will both organize the Training of
this unit. Read through the learning guide carefully. It is divided into sections,
which cover all the skills, and knowledge you need to successfully complete in
this module.
 Work through all the information to complete the activities in each section. Read
Information Sheets and complete the Self-check. Suggested references are
included to supplement the materials provided in this module.
 Most probably your Instructor will be your supervision manager. He/she is there
to support you and show you the correct way to do the things. Ask for help.
 Your Instructor will tell you about the important things you need to consider when
you are completing the activities and it is important that you listen and take notes.
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  You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job.
Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you
will improve both your speed, memory and also your confidence.
 Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance.
 Use the Self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own
progress.
 When you are ready, ask your Instructor to watch you perform the activities
outline in the learning guide.
 As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress.
Your Instructor keeps feedback/ pre-assessment reports for this reason. When
you have successfully completed each element, ask your Instructor to mark on
the reports that you are ready for the assessment.
 When you have completed this module (several modules) and feel confident that
you have had sufficient practice. Your Instructor will arrange an appointment with
registered Assessor to assess you. The results of your assessment will be
recorded in your Competency Achievement Record.

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Qualification INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY-COMPUTER
HARDWARE SERVICING

Unit of Competency : OPERATE A PERSONAL COMPUTER

Module Title : OPERATING A PERSONAL COMPUTER

INTRODUCTION :

This module contains information and practices in Starting the Computer. It includes
instructions on how to operate a personal computer

You need to complete this module before you can operate Email and search the web
using browser, because PC Operation NC II. Requires greater level of physical control
(skills). Practices in this module will help you develop your skills in Email and search the web
using browser.

Learning Outcomes :

1. Plan and prepare for task to be taken undertaken

2. Input data into computer
3. Access information using computer
4. Produce output/ data using computer system
5. Use basic functions of a www-browser to locate information
6. Maintain computer equipment and systems

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Assessment Criteria:

1. Requirements of task are determined in accordance with the required output.

2. Appropriate hardware and software are selected according to task assigned
and required outcome.
3. Task is planned to ensure that OH & S guidelines and procedures are
followed.
4. Client -specific guidelines and procedures are followed.
5. Required data security guidelines are applied in accordance with existing
procedures
6. Data are entered into the computer using appropriate program/application in
accordance with company procedures.
7. Accuracy of information is checked and information is saved in accordance
with standard operating procedures.
8. Inputted data is stored in storage media according to requirements.
9. Work is performed within ergonomic guidelines.
10. Correct program/application is selected based on job requirements.
11. Program/application containing the information required is accessed
according to company procedures.
12. Desktop icons are correctly selected, opened and closed for navigation
purposes.
13. Keyboard techniques are carried out in line with OH & S requirements for safe
use of keyboards.
14. Entered data are processed using appropriate software commands.
15. Data are printed out as required using computer hardware /peripheral devices
in accordance with standard operating procedures.
16. Files and data are transferred between compatible systems using computer
software, hardware/peripheral devices in accordance with standard operating
procedures.
17. Information requirements for internet search are established.
18. Browser is launched.
19. Search engine is loaded.
20. Appropriate search criteria/or URL of site is entered.
21. Relevant links are followed to locate required information.
22. Useful pages are bookmarked or printed as required.
23. Procedures for ensuring security of data, including regular back-ups and virus
checks are implemented in accordance with standard operating procedures.
24. Basic file maintenance procedures are implemented in line with the standards
operating procedures.

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Qualification: Information Technology-Computer Hardware
Servicing

Module Title: Performing Computer Operations

Learning Outcome # 1 Plan and prepare for task to be taken

undertaken

Assessment Criteria:

1. Requirements of task are determined in accordance with the required output.

2. Appropriate hardware and software are selected according to task assigned
and required outcome.
3. Task is planned to ensure that OH & S guidelines and procedures are
followed.
4. Client -specific guidelines and procedures are followed.
5. Required data security guidelines are applied in accordance with existing
procedures.

Definition of Terms :

1. BIOS (basic input/output system) Software that includes the initialization programs
stored on ROM (read-only memory) chips. Used during the startup routine to check
out the system and prepare to run the hardware.
2. byte A group of 8 bits that represents 1 character of information (for instance,
pressing one key on the keyboard). A byte is the standard unit for measuring
memory in a microprocessor. Memory size is measured in terms of kilobytes (KB) or
megabytes (MB). 1 KB of RAM is 1024 bytes; 1 MB is approximately one million
bytes.

3. CPU (central processing unit) The part of a computer that controls the arithmetic and
logical operations and decoding and executing instructions.

4. floppy disk drive Low-capacity magnetic removable storage drive.

5. form factor The standard physical configuration of a typical device such as a

motherboard or a 3.5-inch hard disk drive.

6. IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) The most common standard for interfacing hard
disk and CD-ROM drives in the PC environment. Much of the actual work of
controlling the hard disk drive is handled by the system BIOS. This reduces
hardware cost but introduces an overall system performance penalty during I/O
(input/output) operations.

7. integrated circuit (IC) An electronic device consisting of many miniature transistors

and other circuit elements (resistors, capacitors, and so forth).

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 8. keyboard A primary input device much like a typewriter, used for entering text and
command function shortcuts into a computer.

9. motherboard Also known as a PWB or printed wiring board, it is the large circuit
board found inside the computer. For all practical purposes, it is the computer. It
contains the following items: chip set, data bus, address bus, expansion slots, clock,
battery, and memory.

10. mouse Device used with graphical environments to point and select objects on the
system's monitor. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes.

11. operating system The program that controls a PC and makes it possible for users
to run their own applications. The operating system provides the built-in routines that
allow the computer to recognize commands, manage files, connect devices, and
perform I/O (input/output) operations.

12. peripheral An external device connected to a computer such as a printer, scanner,

modem, or joystick.

13. power The strength or force actually put forth by electricity. Electrical power is
measured in watts, which is measured by multiplying voltage by current.

14. power supply Takes alternating current (AC) power from a local source (a wall
outlet) and converts it to direct current (DC) for on-board electronics use.

15. printer A peripheral device that transfers computer output to paper or other form of
hard copy.

16. RAM (random access memory) The main memory where a computer temporarily
stores data.

17. ROM (read-only memory) Computer memory that contains instructions that do not
need to be changed, such as operating system startup instructions. The computer
can access data from ROM but cannot put new data into it.

18. serial Transmission of one bit at a time over a single wire.

19. system bus Supports the CPU (central processing unit), RAM (random access
memory), and other motherboard components that provide the controlling element to
the computer. It is responsible for coordinating the operation of the individual system
components and central to the communications system of a computer. Also called
the control bus.

20. USB (universal serial bus) A new external expansion bus that is popular for use with
low-speed mass storage devices such as Zip drives, modems, and printers.

Resources:
1. Instructional Slide Shows

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2. CD ROM on Operate Word Processing Application

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LEARNING EXPERIECES:

Learning Outcome: # 1- Plan and prepare for task to be taken undertaken

Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read the attached information
sheet disscussing the importance of
Plan and prepare for task to be
taken undertaken Determines the
function of each part of the
systemboard.
2. After reading the information sheet,
you are giong to demosstrate the
proper assembly of the system unit.
3. if you are ready ask the instructor  If you are competent proceed to the
for assesment next activity.

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What is a Computer?

A computer is defined as an electronic device that accepts input, processes data,

stores data, and produces output.
A computer system includes a computer, peripheral devices and software. The
physical components of a computer are referred to as hardware. The design and
construction of a particular computer is referred to as its architecture or
configuration. The technical details about its component are called specifications.
The computer itself takes care of the processing function, but it needs additional
components called peripherals to accomplish its input, output, and storage
functions.
Computer Hardware

Hardware is the computer’s machinery –the parts you can see and touch, like the
monitor all the electronic devices and circuits inside it.

Computer Software
Software refers to the intangible components of a computer system, particularly the
programs, or lists of instructions that the computer needs to perform a specific tasks.

Peripherals. These are devices that can be added to a computer system to enhance its
usefulness.
An external peripheral device must have a corresponding port and cable that connect it to the
back of the computer. Inside the computer, each port connects to a controller card sometimes
called an expansion or interface card.

A parallel port transmits data eight bits at a time. A serial port transmits data one bit at a time.
A USB port, short for Universal Serial Bus, is a high speed technology that
facilitates the connection of external devices, such as joysticks, scanners,
keyboards, video conferencing cameras, speakers, modems, and printers, to a computer.

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OVERVIEW OF PERSONAL COMPUTER

In this unit, we expand on the material in the preceding unit with an explanation of the
Input/Process/Output (I/P/O) model and see how it can be used to help us understand the
functional design of the personal computer (PC). We go on to define the hardware
components that a computer professional can expect to encounter every day—the computer
parts that you actually touch.

COMPUTER PARTS:

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Before You Begin

If possible, while you work through this unit, have a PC at hand with its case open. Take a
look at each piece of hardware and try to identify its function as you go over this material.

SYSTEMS BACK PANEL CONNECTIONS

DOS

All versions of DOS had several things in common. First, they were built for a specific class
of CPU and computer: The original version of DOS was designed to provide operating
system services for the original IBM PC. That machine shipped with either one or two floppy
drives and had a port for a cassette drive in the back. The original release of the PC did not
include support for adding a hard drive to the system. As Intel processors increased in power
and as the PC became a more advanced platform, DOS was extended to take advantage of
the new features and capabilities.

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DOS Boot Sequence and Files

MS-DOS includes three core programs that are required to make a drive or floppy disk
bootable and load the operating system into memory:

 [Link]. The interface between the hardware and the operating system code
 [Link]. The main operating system code
 [Link]. The interface between the user and the operating system code

MS-DOS used two optional startup files to process custom commands required by the user,
hardware devices, or applications. These files were the following:

 [Link]. Loads extra hardware and device drivers not built into [Link]
 [Link]. Loads TSR programs selected by the user and sets up
environment variables such as TEMP and PATH

Windows uses a boot process that is quite similar to DOS (we look at it later), and some
versions can actually use the [Link] and [Link] files. Booting the system
is a term that originated in the early days of computer operations, coming from the saying
"pulling yourself up by the bootstraps." Here is a summary of the steps involved and how the
core files described work.

1. When power is first applied to the system, the computer performs the POST, a series
of self-checks stored in permanent read-only memory. The POST code includes
instructions that cause the machine to locate and invoke an operating system if it
exists.
2. The ROM BIOS (read-only memory basic input/output system) on the motherboard
looks for an operating system. It checks for the presence of [Link] and
[Link]. The locations to be checked are defined in the CMOS (complementary
metal-oxide semiconductor) and usually involve first searching the A (floppy disk)
drive and then the C drive.
3. The operating system processes the [Link] file (if present on the boot drive).
[Link] contains information to configure the system environment, including
special memory management overlays and hardware drivers.
4. [Link] is loaded.
5. The operating system processes the [Link] file (if present).
[Link] loads programs and user-defined settings.
6. If no programs (such as Windows) are invoked by [Link],
[Link] presents the active-drive prompt and waits for a command.

The process of starting from a no-power condition is called a cold boot. Occasionally, a
system might require a reset—for instance, when the computer locks up or runs out of
memory. Resetting can be accomplished without turning off the computer by pressing the
Ctrl, Alt, and Del keys at the same time. This is called a warm boot.

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JOB SHEET NO.1

TITLE: STARTING UP A COMPUTER

PROGRAM: PERFORM COMPUTER OPERATION

Objective: Given the correct tools and equipment assemble

the entire system without damage and distortion. This job
must be completed in a time period of 5 minutes following
the steps and procedures.

Instruction: The purpose of this Instruction sheet is to afford

you the opportunity to perform this job during your
training program. Follow this sequence to complete this
job starting up a Computer

Tools and Equipments

1. Computer System and Peripherals

2. Windows Operating System

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Procedure in starting up a Computer

Like all electronic devices, the computer has an ON-OFF switch to bring power into
it. You will find either a pushbutton switch located on the front of the CPU housing,
or a toggle switch located on the back of the CPU housing.

Steps in starting up a Computer:

1. Check the computer parts and peripherals if they are connected then set the
advance computer stabilizer (POWERPLUS) switch ON.

Power Switch
1 – ON
0 - OFF

2. Turn on peripherals (like printers, speakers, and monitor).

Switch ON Switch ON Switch ON

3. Turn ON Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Switch ON (CPU)

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SYSTEM STARTUP

In the first portion of this procedure, you will start the system up and observe its operations under
normal conditions. Each time a PC system is started, it automatically performs a series of self tests
and initialization steps on itself. These steps may take up to 60 seconds to perform. For this
procedure, the system should be fully operational. If an error is detected by the startup routine, the
system should display an error message on the screen, or through a set of beep tones. If the system
is functioning normally, windows desktop should appear on the screen.

When the PC is turned ON, the entire system is reset to a predetermined starting condition. From this
state, the system begins carrying out software instructions from the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
program. This small program is permanently stored in the ROM memory IC located on the system
board. The information stored in this IC is all the intelligence that the system has to begin with. During
the execution of the BIOS program, three major operations are performed. First, the BIOS performs a
series of tests on the system to verify that its hardware is working properly. These built-in tests are
called POSTs for Power-On Self-Tests. If anything in the system is malfunctioning, these tests will
cause an ERROR message to be displayed on the monitor’s screen and/or a tone to be produced
from the speaker. Second, the BIOS program places starting values in the system’s various intelligent
devices. These devices regulate the operation of the different portions of the computer’s hardware.
This process is called “Initialization.” Finally, the BIOS checks the system’s disk drives for a special
program called the “Boot Record.” The Boot Record program contains information that allows the
system to load a much more powerful control program, called the Disk Operating System into RAM
memory. Once the Operating System has been loaded into the computer’s memory, the BIOS gives it
control over the system. From this point, the Operating System will oversee the operation of the
system. Traditionally, the BIOS program searches for the boot record in floppy disk drive A. If the
record is not found there, then it will they search for it in the first hard disk drive (drive C). If the “boot”
program is found, the system will load the operating system and “beep” at you and display the DOS
“prompt” (A:\ > or C:\ >) on the screen. In DOS and Windows 3.x systems, the computer is now
waiting for you to do something, such as using it to run programs from the other two software
categories. Windows units do not stop at a DOS prompt or command line. Instead, the GUI is loaded
and the user begins operation from the Desktop display. The steps outlined in PROCEDURE 1 describe
the normal events of a cold bootup procedure. In a warm boot situation, only steps 5 through 9 are
executed.

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 PROCEDURE 1
COLD BOOT
1. When power is applied, the power supply fan should work.
2. The keyboard lights should flash as the rest of the system components are being
reset.
3. A BIOS message should be visible on the monitor.
4. A memory test should be visible on the monitor.
5. The floppy-disk drive access light should come ON briefly.
6. The hard-disk drive access light should come ON briefly.
7. An audible beep should be heard.
8. The floppy-disk drive access light should come ON briefly, before switching to the
hard drive.
9. The operating system should be visible on the monitor.

PROCEDURE 2

Refer to transparency master 1 to perform this procedure.

System Check Out

1. Verify that the system is connected to a 220-Vac power outlet.
2. Verify that the monitor’s power cable is connected to a 220-Vac outlet, or to the
monitor power connection on the back of the unit.
3. Verify that the video signal cable is connected to the 15-pin D-type connector at the
rear of the unit.
4. Verify that the keyboard is plugged into the round 5-pin DIN connector or Personal
System/2 – PS/2 (mini DIN) at the rear of the unit.
5. Check to see that the mouse is connected to the rear of the unit.
6. Turn the system on and let it runs for a few seconds.
7. Record the order of events that occur in Table 1-1.
8. Turn the system OFF and properly shut down.

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Qualification: Information Technology-Computer Hardware
Service

Module Title: Performing Computer Operations

Learning Outcome # 2 Input data into computer

Assessment Criteria:
1. Data are entered into the computer using appropriate program/application in
accordance with company procedures.
2. Accuracy of information is checked and information is saved in accordance with
standard operating procedures.
3. Inputted data is stored in storage media according to requirements.
4. Work is performed within ergonomic guidelines.

Definition of Terms :

1. BIOS (basic input/output system) Software that includes the initialization programs
stored on ROM (read-only memory) chips. Used during the startup routine to check
out the system and prepare to run the hardware.
2. byte A group of 8 bits that represents 1 character of information (for instance,
pressing one key on the keyboard). A byte is the standard unit for measuring
memory in a microprocessor. Memory size is measured in terms of kilobytes (KB) or
megabytes (MB). 1 KB of RAM is 1024 bytes; 1 MB is approximately one million
bytes.

3. CPU (central processing unit) The part of a computer that controls the arithmetic and
logical operations and decoding and executing instructions.

4. floppy disk drive Low-capacity magnetic removable storage drive.

5. form factor The standard physical configuration of a typical device such as a

motherboard or a 3.5-inch hard disk drive.

6. IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) The most common standard for interfacing hard
disk and CD-ROM drives in the PC environment. Much of the actual work of
controlling the hard disk drive is handled by the system BIOS. This reduces
hardware cost but introduces an overall system performance penalty during I/O
(input/output) operations.

7. integrated circuit (IC) An electronic device consisting of many miniature transistors

and other circuit elements (resistors, capacitors, and so forth).

8. keyboard A primary input device much like a typewriter, used for entering text and
command function shortcuts into a computer

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 9. motherboard Also known as a PWB or printed wiring board, it is the large circuit
board found inside the computer. For all practical purposes, it is the computer. It
contains the following items: chip set, data bus, address bus, expansion slots, clock,
battery, and memory.

10. mouse Device used with graphical environments to point and select objects on the
system's monitor. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes.

11. operating system The program that controls a PC and makes it possible for users
to run their own applications. The operating system provides the built-in routines that
allow the computer to recognize commands, manage files, connect devices, and
perform I/O (input/output) operations.

12. peripheral An external device connected to a computer such as a printer, scanner,

modem, or joystick.

13. power The strength or force actually put forth by electricity. Electrical power is
measured in watts, which is measured by multiplying voltage by current.

14. power supply Takes alternating current (AC) power from a local source (a wall
outlet) and converts it to direct current (DC) for on-board electronics use.

15. printer A peripheral device that transfers computer output to paper or other form of
hard copy.

16. RAM (random access memory) The main memory where a computer temporarily
stores data.

17. ROM (read-only memory) Computer memory that contains instructions that do not
need to be changed, such as operating system startup instructions. The computer
can access data from ROM but cannot put new data into it.

18. serial Transmission of one bit at a time over a single wire.

19. system bus Supports the CPU (central processing unit), RAM (random access
memory), and other motherboard components that provide the controlling element to
the computer. It is responsible for coordinating the operation of the individual system
components and central to the communications system of a computer. Also called
the control bus.

20. USB (universal serial bus) A new external expansion bus that is popular for use with
low-speed mass storage devices such as Zip drives, modems, and printers.

Resources:
1. Instructional Slide Shows
2. CD ROM on Operate Word Processing Application

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 Date Document No.
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LEARNING EXPERIECES:

Learning Outcome: # 1- Input data into computer

Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read the attached information
sheet disscussing the importance of
Inputting data into computer.
2. After reading the information sheet,
you are giong to demosstrate the
proper assembly of the system unit.
3. if you are ready ask the instructor  If you are competent proceed to the
for assesment next activity.

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THREE STAGES OF COMPUTING

A modern computer looks like a complicated device. On one level this is true, and it
is the beneficiary of much development in electronics technology. It is constructed of many
hardware components connected with what seem to be miles of interwoven wires. Despite
this apparent complexity, however, a computer, just like a calculator, handles information in
three stages: input, processing, and output (see Figure 1). Each piece of hardware can be
classified as working in one (and sometimes two) of these three stages. We can also use
these three stages to classify any aspect of a computer's operation or the function of any of
its components. During the troubleshooting phase of a repair job, it is often useful to
categorize a problem according to which of the three stages it occurs in.

Figure 1: The three stages of computing

Input

Input is the first stage of computing, referring to any means that moves data (information)
from the outside world into the processor—or from one component of the computer to
another.

Processing

Processing is the second stage of computing. This is the actual manipulation of data by the
computer.

Output

Output is the third stage of computing. All the input and processing in the world won't do us
any good unless we can get the information back from the computer in a comprehensible
and usable form.

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Input, Processing, and Output

Whenever you sit down at a computer and run an application—whether it is a game,

spreadsheet, database, or word processor—you are an active part of the input, processing,
and output operation of that computer. The following table provides some examples.

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

As you might expect, the components of a computer reflect the function of the machine—
specifically, the three stages of computing, as outlined in 1.1.1 The three stages of
computing.” Let's examine the components.

Input

The following table lists some examples of devices that are used to put information into a
computer.

Device Description
Keyboard The primary input device for a
computer, allowing users to type
information just as they once did on
a typewriter.
Mouse Used with graphical interface
environments to point to and select
objects on the system's monitor.
Can be purchased in a variety of
sizes, shapes, and configurations.
Scanner Converts printed or photographic
information to digital information that
can be used by the computer.
Works similar to the scanning
process of a photocopy machine.

Microphone Works like the microphone on a

tape recorder. Allows input of voice
or music to be converted to digital
information and saved to a file.

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 CD-ROM/DVD Compact disc–read only memory:
drive stores large amounts of data on a
CD that can be read by a computer.

Processing

The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart and brain of the computer. This one
component, or "chip," is responsible for all primary number crunching and data
management. It is truly the centerpiece of any computer. It is so important that whole
generations of computer technology are based and measured on each "new and improved"
version of the CPU.

When we refer to the CPU, we are usually speaking of the processor. However, the CPU
requires several other components that support it with the management of data to operate.
These components, when working in harmony, make up the primary elements of the PC we
know today. The following table lists these fundamental support components.

Motherboard The large circuit board found inside

the computer. Without it, a computer
is just a metal box. The
motherboard contains all the
remaining items in this table; for all
practical purposes, it is the
computer.
Chip set A group of computer chips or
integrated circuits (ICs) that, when
working together, manage and
control the com- puter system. This
set includes the CPU and other
chips that control the flow of data
throughout the system.

Data bus A group of parallel conductors

(circuit traces) found on the
motherboard and used by the CPU
to send and receive data from all the
devices in the computer.

A group of parallel conductors

Address bus (circuit traces) found on the
motherboard and used by the CPU
to "address" memory locations.
Determines which information is
sent to, or received from, the data
bus.

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 Expansion slots Specialized sockets that allow
additional devices called expansion
cards or, less commonly, circuit
boards, to be attached to the
motherboard. Used to expand or
customize a computer, they are
extensions of the computer's bus
system.
Clock Establishes the maximum speed at
which the processor can execute
commands. Not to be confused with
the clock that keeps the date and
time.

Battery Protects unique information about

the setup of the computer against
loss when electrical power fails or is
turned off. Also maintains the
external date and time (not to be
confused with the CPU's clock).

Memory Stores temporary information (in the

form of data bits) that the CPU and
software need to keep running.

Output

The following table lists some common devices, known as peripherals, used exclusively for
output.

Printer Generates a "hard copy" of

information. Includes dot matrix, ink
jet, and laser varieties.

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 Monitor The primary output device. Visually
displays text and graphics.

Plotter Similar to a printer, but uses pens to

draw an image. Most often used
with graphics or drawing programs
for very large drawings.

Speakers Reproduce sound. Optional high-

quality speakers can be added to
provide improved output from
games and multimedia software.

Input and Output

Some devices handle both input and output functions. These devices are called input/output
(I/O) devices, a term you will encounter quite often.

Floppy disk Mechanism for reading and writing

drive to low-capacity, removable,
magnetic disks. Used to store and
easily transport information.

Hard High-capacity internal (and sometimes

disk external) magnetic disks for storing data and
drive program files. Also called fixed disks.

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 Modem Converts computer data to information that
can be transmitted over telephone wires and
cable lines. Allows communication between
computers over long and short distances.

Network An expansion card that allows several

card computers to connect to each other and share
information and programs. Also called
network interface card (NIC).

CD Also called CD-R. You can copy data to a CD

recorder with this device, but you can only write to a
section of the disc once. Variations on this
type of device include compact disc–
rewritable (CD-RW) drives. These drives
allow you to read, write, and overwrite a
special CD-ROM-type disc.
Tape Large-capacity, magnetic, data storage
drive devices. Ideal for backup and retrieval of large
amounts of data. Works like a tape recorder
and saves information in a linear format.

Basic Features and Functions of OS

The Operating System. Just as the processor is the nucleus of the computer system,
the operating system is the nucleus of all software activity. Windows XP, Windows
2000/ME, Mac OS X, Unix, and Linux are popular operating systems for personal
computers. The operating system is actually a family of system software programs
that monitor and control all I/O and processing activities within a computer system.
One of the operating system programs, often called the kernel, loads other operating
system and application programs to RAM, the PC's main internal memory, as they
are needed. The kernel is loaded to RAM on system start-up and remains resident -
available in RAM - until the system is turned off.

Through the 1980s, the most popular microcomputer operating system, MS_DOS,
was strictly text-based, command driven software that required strict adherence to
command syntax. For example, if a user wished to issue a command to copy a word
processing document from one disk to another a command will be entered as:
C:\>copy c:\[Link] a:\[Link].

All modern operating systems have adopted the (Graphical User Interface (GUI)
concept. GUI users interact with the operating system and other software packages
by using a pointing device, a mouse on a desktop PCs or a track pad on notebook
PCs, and a keyboard to issue commands. Rather than enter a command directly,
options displayed on the screen are chosen. The equivalent of a syntax-sensitive
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operating system command is entered by pointing to and choosing one or more
options from menus or by pointing to and choosing a graphics image, called an icon.
An icon is a picture that represents a processing activity or a file.

How the keys are organized

The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on function:

Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number,
punctuation, and symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.

Control keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to
perform certain actions. The most frequently used control keys are CTRL, ALT, the
Windows logo key , and ESC.

Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are
labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys differs
from program to program.

Navigation keys. These keys are used for moving around in documents or
webpages and editing text. They include the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP,
PAGE DOWN, DELETE, and INSERT.

Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly. The
keys are grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator or adding
machine.

The following illustration shows how these keys are arranged on a typical keyboard.
Your keyboard layout may differ.

Typing text

Whenever you need to type something in a program, e-mail message, or text box,
you'll see a blinking vertical line. That's the cursor, also called the insertion point. It
shows where the text that you type will begin. You can move the cursor by clicking in
the desired location with the mouse, or by using the navigation keys (see the "Using
navigation keys" section of this article).

In addition to letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and symbols, the typing keys
also include SHIFT, CAPS LOCK, the TAB key, ENTER, the SPACEBAR, and
BACKSPACE.

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Key name How to use it

SHIFT Press SHIFT in combination with a letter to type an

uppercase letter. Press SHIFT in combination with
another key to type the symbol shown on the upper part
of that key.

CAPS Press CAPS LOCK once to type all letters as

LOCK uppercase. Press CAPS LOCK again to turn this
function off. Your keyboard may have a light indicating
whether CAPS LOCK is on.

TAB Press the TAB key to move the cursor several spaces
forward. You can also press the TAB key to move to the
next text box on a form.

ENTER Press ENTER to move the cursor to the beginning of the

next line. In a dialog box, press ENTER to select the
highlighted button.

SPACEBA Press the SPACEBAR to move the cursor one space

R forward.

BACKSPA Press BACKSPACE to delete the character before the

CE cursor, or the selected text.

Using keyboard shortcuts

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Keyboard shortcuts are ways to perform actions by using your keyboard. They're
called shortcuts because they help you work faster. In fact, almost any action or
command you can perform with a mouse can be performed faster using one or more
keys on your keyboard.

In Help topics, a plus sign (+) between two or more keys indicates that those keys
should be pressed in combination. For example, CTRL+A means to press and hold
CTRL and then press A. CTRL+SHIFT+A means to press and hold CTRL and SHIFT
and then press A.

Find program shortcuts

You can do things in most programs by using the keyboard. To see which
commands have keyboard shortcuts, open a menu. The shortcuts (if available) are
shown next to the menu items.

Choose menus, commands, and options

You can open menus and choose commands and other options using your
keyboard. When you press ALT in a program with menus, one letter in each of the
menu names becomes underlined. Press an underlined letter to open the
corresponding menu. Press the underlined letter in a menu item to choose that
command.

This trick works in dialog boxes too. Whenever you see an underlined letter attached
to an option in a dialog box, it means you can press ALT plus that letter to choose
that option.

Useful shortcuts

The following table lists some of the most useful keyboard shortcuts.

Press this To do this

Windows logo Open the Start menu

key

ALT+TAB Switch between open programs or windows

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ALT+F4 Close the active item, or exit the active program

CTRL+S Save the current file or document (works in most

programs)

CTRL+C Copy the selected item

CTRL+X Cut the selected item

CTRL+V Paste the selected item

CTRL+Z Undo an action

CTRL+A Select all items in a document or window

F1 Display Help for a program or Windows

Windows logo Display Windows Help and Support

key +F1

ESC Cancel the current task

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Application key Open a menu of commands related to a selection in a
program. Equivalent to right-clicking the selection.

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Using navigation keys

The navigation keys allow you to move the cursor, move around in documents and
WebPages, and edit text. The following table lists some common functions of these keys.

Press this To do this

LEFT ARROW, Move the cursor or selection one space or line

RIGHT ARROW, UP in the direction of the arrow, or scroll a
ARROW, or DOWN webpage in the direction of the arrow
ARROW

HOME Move the cursor to the beginning of a line or

move to the top of a webpage

END Move the cursor to the end of a line or move to

the bottom of a webpage

CTRL+HOME Move to the top of a document

CTRL+END Move to the bottom of a document

PAGE UP Move the cursor or page up one screen

PAGE DOWN Move the cursor or page down one screen

DELETE Delete the character after the cursor, or the

selected text; in Windows, delete the selected
item and move it to the Recycle Bin

INSERT Turn Insert mode off or on. When Insert mode

is on, text that you type is inserted at the

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 cursor. When Insert mode is off, text that you
type replaces existing characters.

Using the numeric keypad

The numeric keypad arranges the numerals 0 though 9, the arithmetic operators +
(addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), and / (division), and the decimal point as
they would appear on a calculator or adding machine. These characters are
duplicated elsewhere on the keyboard, of course, but the keypad arrangement
allows you to rapidly enter numerical data or mathematical operations with one hand.

To use the numeric keypad to enter numbers, press NUM LOCK. Most keyboards
have a light that indicates whether NUM LOCK is on or off. When NUM LOCK is off,
the numeric keypad functions as a second set of navigation keys (these functions
are printed on the keys next to the numerals or symbols).

You can use your numeric keypad to perform simple calculations with Calculator.

Operate Calculator with the numeric keypad

1. Open Calculator by clicking the Start button , clicking All Programs,

clicking Accessories, and then clicking Calculator.
2. Check your keyboard light to see if NUM LOCK is on. If it isn't, press NUM
LOCK.

3. Using the numeric keypad, type the first number in the calculation.

4. On the keypad, type + to add, - to subtract, * to multiply, or / to divide.

5. Type the next number in the calculation.

6. Press ENTER to complete the calculation.

Three odd keys

So far, we've discussed almost every key you're likely to use. But for the truly
inquisitive, let's explore the three most mysterious keys on the keyboard: PRINT
SCREEN, SCROLL LOCK, and PAUSE/BREAK.

PRINT SCREEN (or PRT SCN)

A long time ago, this key actually did what it says—it sent the current screen of text
to your printer. Nowadays, pressing PRINT SCREEN captures an image of your
entire screen (a "screen shot") and copies it to the Clipboard in your computer's
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memory. From there you can paste it (CTRL+V) into Microsoft Paint or another
program and, if you want, print it from that program.

More obscure is SYS RQ, which shares the key with PRINT SCREEN on some
keyboards. Historically, SYS RQ was designed to be a "system request," but this
command is not enabled in Windows.

Press ALT+PRINT SCREEN to capture an image of just the active window, instead
of the entire screen.

SCROLL LOCK (or SCR LK)

In most programs, pressing SCROLL LOCK has no effect. In a few programs, pressing
SCROLL LOCK changes the behavior of the arrow keys and the PAGE UP and PAGE
DOWN keys; pressing these keys causes the document to scroll without changing the
position of the cursor or selection. Your keyboard might have a light indicating whether
SCROLL LOCK is on.

PAUSE/BREAK

This key is rarely used. In some older programs, pressing this key pauses the program or, in
combination with CTRL, stops it from running.

Other keys

Some modern keyboards come with "hot keys" or buttons that give you quick, one-press
access to programs, files, or commands. Other models have volume controls, scroll wheels,
zoom wheels, and other gadgets. For details about these features, check the information
that came with your keyboard or computer, or go to the manufacturer's website.

Tips for using your keyboard safely

Using your keyboard properly can help avoid soreness or injury to your wrists, hands, and
arms, particularly if you use your computer for long periods of time. Here are some tips to
help you avoid problems:

Place your keyboard at elbow level. Your upper arms should be relaxed at your sides.

Center your keyboard in front of you. If your keyboard has a numeric keypad, you can use
the spacebar as the centering point.

Type with your hands and wrists floating above the keyboard, so that you can use your
whole arm to reach for distant keys instead of stretching your fingers.

Avoid resting your palms or wrists on any type of surface while typing. If your keyboard has
a palm rest, use it only during breaks from typing.

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 While typing, use a light touch and keep your wrists straight.

When you're not typing, relax your arms and hands.

Take short breaks from computer use every 15 to 20 minutes.

Just as you would use your hands to interact with objects in the physical world, you can use
your mouse to interact with items on your computer screen. You can move objects, open
them, change them, throw them away, and perform other actions, all by pointing and clicking
with your mouse.

Basic parts

A mouse typically has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary
button (usually the right button). The primary button is the one you will use most often. Most
mice also include a scroll wheel between the buttons to help you scroll through documents
and webpages more easily. On some mice, the scroll wheel can be pressed to act as a third
button. Advanced mice might have additional buttons that can perform other functions.

Holding and moving the mouse

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Place your mouse beside your keyboard on a clean, smooth surface, such as a mouse pad.
Hold the mouse gently with your index finger resting on the primary button and your thumb
resting on the side. To move the mouse, slide it slowly in any direction. Don't twist it—keep
the front of the mouse aimed away from you. As you move the mouse, a pointer (see
picture) on your screen moves in the same direction. If you run out of room to move your
mouse on your desk or mouse pad, just pick up the mouse and bring it back closer to you.

Pointing, clicking, and dragging

Pointing to an item on the screen means moving your mouse so the pointer appears to be
touching the item. When you point to something, a small box often appears that describes
the item. For example, when you point to the Recycle Bin on the desktop, a box appears
with this information: "Contains the files and folders that you have deleted."

The pointer can change depending on what you're pointing to. For example, when you point
to a link in your web browser, the pointer changes from an arrow to a hand with a pointing
finger .

Most mouse actions combine pointing with pressing one of the mouse buttons. There are
four basic ways to use your mouse buttons: clicking, double-clicking, right-clicking, and
dragging.

Clicking (single-clicking)

To click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the primary
button (usually the left button).

Clicking is most often used to select (mark) an item or open a menu. This is sometimes
called single-clicking or left-clicking.

Double-clicking

To double-click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then click twice quickly. If the
two clicks are spaced too far apart, they might be interpreted as two individual clicks rather
than as one double-click.

Double-clicking is most often used to open items on your desktop. For example, you can
start a program or open a folder by double-clicking its icon on the desktop.

Right-clicking
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To right-click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the
secondary button (usually the right button).

Right-clicking an item usually displays a list of things you can do with the item. For example,
when you right-click the Recycle Bin on your desktop, Windows displays a menu allowing
you to open it, empty it, delete it, or see its properties. If you're ever unsure of what to do
with something, right-click it.

Dragging

You can move items around your screen by dragging them. To drag an object, point to the
object on the screen, press and hold the primary button, move the object to a new location,
and then release the primary button.

Dragging (sometimes called dragging and dropping) is most often used to move files and
folders to a different location and to move windows and icons around on your screen.

Using the scroll wheel

If your mouse has a scroll wheel, you can use it to scroll through documents and webpages.
To scroll down, roll the wheel backward (toward you). To scroll up, roll the wheel forward
(away from you).

Customizing your mouse

You can change your mouse settings to suit your personal preferences. For example, you
can change how fast your mouse pointer moves around the screen, or change the pointer's
appearance. If you're left-handed, you can switch the primary button to be the right button.
For more information, see Change mouse settings.

Tips for using your mouse safely

Holding and moving your mouse properly can help you avoid soreness or injury to your
wrists, hands, and arms, particularly if you use your computer for long periods of time. Here
are some tips to help you avoid problems:

 Place your mouse at elbow level. Your upper arms should fall relaxed at your sides.
 Don't squeeze or grip your mouse tightly. Hold it lightly.

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 Move the mouse by pivoting your arm at your elbow. Avoid bending your wrist up,
down, or to the sides.

 Use a light touch when clicking a mouse button.

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 Self-Check 1

Check your mastery of learning outcome 1 by completing question below

1. What is the purpose of the central processing unit (CPU)?
______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

2. Describe the three stages of computing and the role of each.

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

3. Match term associated on determining hardware and software.

______ 1. The main memory where a computer temporarily stores data. A. motherboar
d
______ 2. Low-capacity magnetic removable storage drive. B. keyboard
______ 3. A primary input device much like a typewriter, used for entering C. floppy disk
text and command function shortcuts into a computer drive
______ 4. D. RAM
it is the large circuit board found inside the computer. For all (random
practical purposes, it is the computer. It contains the following access
items: chip set, data bus, address bus, expansion slots, clock, memory)
battery, and memory.
______ 5. E. IDE
Device used with graphical environments to point and select (Integrated
objects on the system's monitor. They come in a variety of Device
shapes and sizes. Electronics)
______ 6. The most common standard for interfacing hard disk and CD- F. mouse
ROM drives in the PC environment. Much of the actual work of
controlling the hard disk drive is handled by the system BIOS.
This reduces hardware cost but introduces an overall system
performance penalty during I/O (input/output) operations.
______ 7. Computer memory that contains instructions that do not need to G. integrated
be changed, such as operating system startup instructions. The circuit (IC)
computer can access data from ROM but cannot put new data
into it.
______ 8. An electronic device consisting of many miniature transistors H. ROM (read-
and other circuit elements (resistors, capacitors, and so forth). only
memory)
______ 9. An external device connected to a computer such as a printer, I. printer
scanner, modem, or joystick
______ 10. J. peripheral
A peripheral device that transfers computer output to paper or
other form of hard copy.

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1. What is the purpose of the central processing unit (CPU)?

The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart and brain of the computer. This one
component or "chip" does all the number crunching and data management.

2. Describe the three stages of computing and the role of each.

The three stages of computing are input, processing, and output. Input receives
data from outside the current process, or the machine. Processing is the phase
where the data received from input is operated on by the application code. Output
is the result of the process. The output may actually be the input for another
process.

3. Match term associated on determining hardware and software.

D 1. The main memory where a computer temporarily stores data. A. motherboar

d
C 2. Low-capacity magnetic removable storage drive. B. keyboard
B 3. A primary input device much like a typewriter, used for entering C. floppy disk
text and command function shortcuts into a computer drive
A 4. D. RAM
it is the large circuit board found inside the computer. For all (random
practical purposes, it is the computer. It contains the following access
items: chip set, data bus, address bus, expansion slots, clock, memory)
battery, and memory.
F 5. E. IDE
Device used with graphical environments to point and select (Integrated
objects on the system's monitor. They come in a variety of Device
shapes and sizes. Electronics)
E 6. The most common standard for interfacing hard disk and CD- F. mouse
ROM drives in the PC environment. Much of the actual work of
controlling the hard disk drive is handled by the system BIOS.
This reduces hardware cost but introduces an overall system
performance penalty during I/O (input/output) operations.
H 7. Computer memory that contains instructions that do not need to G. integrated
be changed, such as operating system startup instructions. The circuit (IC)
computer can access data from ROM but cannot put new data
into it.
G 8. An electronic device consisting of many miniature transistors H. ROM (read-
and other circuit elements (resistors, capacitors, and so forth). only
memory)
J 9. An external device connected to a computer such as a printer, I. printer
scanner, modem, or joystick
I 10. J. peripheral
A peripheral device that transfers computer output to paper or

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 other form of hard copy.

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QUALIFICATION : COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING NC II

Module Title : Operating A Personal Computer

LEARNING OUTCOME 3 : Access information using computer

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA :
1. Correct program/application is selected based on job requirements.
2. Program/application containing the information required is accessed according to
company procedures.
3. Desktop icons are correctly selected, opened and closed for navigation purposes.
4. Keyboard techniques are carried out in line with OH & S requirements for safe use of
keyboards.

Definition of Terms :

1. BIOS (basic input/output system) Software that includes the initialization programs
stored on ROM (read-only memory) chips. Used during the startup routine to check out
the system and prepare to run the hardware.
2. byte A group of 8 bits that represents 1 character of information (for instance, pressing
one key on the keyboard). A byte is the standard unit for measuring memory in a
microprocessor. Memory size is measured in terms of kilobytes (KB) or megabytes
(MB). 1 KB of RAM is 1024 bytes; 1 MB is approximately one million bytes.

3. CPU (central processing unit) The part of a computer that controls the arithmetic and
logical operations and decoding and executing instructions.

4. floppy disk drive Low-capacity magnetic removable storage drive.

5. form factor The standard physical configuration of a typical device such as a

motherboard or a 3.5-inch hard disk drive.

6. IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) The most common standard for interfacing hard disk
and CD-ROM drives in the PC environment. Much of the actual work of controlling the
hard disk drive is handled by the system BIOS. This reduces hardware cost but
introduces an overall system performance penalty during I/O (input/output) operations.

7. integrated circuit (IC) An electronic device consisting of many miniature transistors and
other circuit elements (resistors, capacitors, and so forth).

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8. keyboard A primary input device much like a typewriter, used for entering text and
command function shortcuts into a computer.

9. motherboard Also known as a PWB or printed wiring board, it is the large circuit board
found inside the computer. For all practical purposes, it is the computer. It contains the
following items: chip set, data bus, address bus, expansion slots, clock, battery, and
memory.

10. mouse Device used with graphical environments to point and select objects on the
system's monitor. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes.

11. operating system The program that controls a PC and makes it possible for users to
run their own applications. The operating system provides the built-in routines that allow
the computer to recognize commands, manage files, connect devices, and perform I/O
(input/output) operations.

12. peripheral An external device connected to a computer such as a printer, scanner,

modem, or joystick.

13. power The strength or force actually put forth by electricity. Electrical power is
measured in watts, which is measured by multiplying voltage by current.

14. power supply Takes alternating current (AC) power from a local source (a wall outlet)
and converts it to direct current (DC) for on-board electronics use.

15. printer A peripheral device that transfers computer output to paper or other form of hard
copy.

16. RAM (random access memory) The main memory where a computer temporarily stores
data.

17. ROM (read-only memory) Computer memory that contains instructions that do not need
to be changed, such as operating system startup instructions. The computer can access
data from ROM but cannot put new data into it.

18. serial Transmission of one bit at a time over a single wire.

19. system bus Supports the CPU (central processing unit), RAM (random access
memory), and other motherboard components that provide the controlling element to the
computer. It is responsible for coordinating the operation of the individual system
components and central to the communications system of a computer. Also called the
control bus.

20. USB (universal serial bus) A new external expansion bus that is popular for use with
low-speed mass storage devices such as Zip drives, modems, and printers.
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Resources:
1. Instructional Slide Shows
2. CD ROM on Operate Word Processing Application

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LEARNING EXPERIECES:

Learning Outcome: # 3- Access information using computer

Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read the attached information
sheet disscussing the
importance of Accessing
information using computer
2. After reading the information
sheet, you are giong to
demosstrate the proper
Accessing information using
computer
3. if you are ready ask the  If you are competent proceed to the
instructor for assesment next activity.

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Managing Files and Folders

Documents and Settings. This folder contains a subfolder for each user profile—each user
who has logged on to the computer or who has logged on to a network domain through
the computer. Windows XP may create multiple profiles for one person if that person
logs on in different ways. For example, you might have one folder for when you are
logged on to the domain and another folder for when you are not logged on to the
domain.
Program Files. This is the folder where most programs install the files they need in order to
run. When you install a new program, you are generally given the opportunity to change
the installation folder; if you accept the default, the program is installed in this location.
temp. The operating system and various other programs might store temporary files in this
folder.
WINDOWS or WINNT. Most of the critical operating system files are stored in this folder. You
can look, but unless you really know what you are doing, don’t touch!
Within each profile subfolder in the Documents and Settings folder, Windows XP creates three
folders:
My Documents. This folder is a convenient place to store documents, spreadsheets, and
other files you want to access quickly.
My Pictures. This subfolder of My Documents has special capabilities for handling picture
files.
My Music. This subfolder of My Documents has special capabilities for handling music files.
You shouldn’t ever need or want to touch the folders used and created by your programs, but
knowing how to organize the files you create is essential if you want to be able to use your
computer efficiently.
In this lesson, you’re introduced to ways to view and manage your files and folders. You learn
how to open and close files and folders, how to create and delete them, and how to organize
them.
To complete the exercises in this lesson, you will need to use the Part II, Lesson02 folder in the
Computer Fundamentals Practice folder and some of the files it contains: CL Clients, Adventure
Brochure Text, AW What’s New, Pic00005, Staff, Main Building, and To Do List.

Viewing and Opening Folders

The two most popular ways to navigate through folders are to use My Computer or Windows
Explorer. My Computer displays all the available resources on your computer, including icons
for disk drives and the network. Windows Explorer displays the files and folders on your
computer and network.
In Windows, My Computer and Windows Explorer are almost identical. The major difference is
that the Folders pane appears by default in Windows Explorer and not in My Computer.
However, you can easily add the Folders pane to My Computer by clicking the Folders button
on the Standard Buttons toolbar. You can open My Computer by double-clicking the My
Computer icon on the desktop. You can open Windows Explorer by clicking the Start button,
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pointing to All Programs, pointing to Accessories, and then clicking Windows Explorer on the
Accessories submenu. It’s a matter of personal preference whether you use My Computer or
Windows Explorer to view files, folders, and other resources.
When Windows Explorer is first opened, the left side of the window displays the Folders pane.
The right side of the window displays the contents of the folder that is selected in the Folders
pane. By default, the My Documents folder is selected when you open Windows Explorer.
To open a folder, double-click it in the Folders pane. When you double-click a folder, its
contents appear in the right pane, replacing the contents of the folder you selected previously. If
the new folder contains a subfolder (a folder within a folder), you can double-click the subfolder
and continue navigating through the lower-level folders until you find the file or folder you’re
looking for. To return to a higher-level folder, click the Up button on the Standard Buttons
toolbar. To return to other previously opened folders, click the Back button on the Standard
Buttons toolbar.
The structure of folders and subfolders might be quite extensive, but you see only the top level
of folders when you start navigating through the Folders pane. Click the plus sign to the left of a
folder icon to view all of its subfolders. Once a folder is expanded, the plus sign changes to a
minus sign. Click the minus sign to collapse the list of subfolders so that only the higher-level
folder appears. You can also double-click a folder to expand it. Double-clicking the folder not
only expands the folder in the left pane of the window, it also displays all of the files and lower-
level folders in the right pane of the window.
On the right side of the Windows Explorer window, you can view your files and folders in several
different ways. You can view thumbnails or slideshows of graphic files, display file and folder
types as tiles or icons, or view a detailed or not-so-detailed file list. The view options for each
folder are available on that folder window’s toolbar, and they vary depending on the contents of
the folder. Available views include the following:
Details view displays a list of files or folders and their properties. The properties shown by
default for each file or folder are Name, Size, Type, and Date Modified. For pictures, the
defaults also include Date Picture Taken and Dimensions. You can display a variety of
other properties that might be pertinent to specific types of files, including Date Created,
Data Accessed, Attributes, Status, Owner, Author, Title, Subject, Category, Pages,
Comments, Copyright, Artist, Album Title, Year, Track Number, Genre, Duration, Bit
Rate, Protected, Camera Model, Company, Description, File Version, Product Name,
and Product Version.
Filmstrip view displays the currently selected picture at the top of the window above a single
row of smaller versions of all the pictures in the current folder. This option is available
only for the My Pictures folder and its subfolders.
Icons view displays the icon and file name for each file or folder in the current folder.
List view displays a list of the files and folders in the current folder, with no additional
information other than the file name and a small icon representing the file type.
Thumbnails view displays up to four miniature representations of the files contained in each
folder. These thumbnails are displayed on top of a folder icon that is about an inch and a
half square. Thumbnails of individual files display a miniature of the file if it is an
appropriate type (such as a graphic), or an icon representing the type of file. The file or
folder name is displayed below the thumbnail.
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Tiles view displays a large file type icon or folder icon, the file or folder name, and up to two
additional pieces of information for each file in the current folder. The additional
information varies depending on the type of file.

Folder Types
As you examine different folders in Windows Explorer, you might notice that some of them look
like plain manila folders, while others have a symbol embossed on them. In many cases, a
folder with an embossed symbol represents a Windows component, such as Control Panel.
However, three other common folder types have special meaning.
An open folder with a sheet of paper sticking out of it and a cable connection beneath the folder
represents a network folder, which is a folder shared from another computer over the network. A
hand holding a folder represents a shared folder, which is a folder shared from your computer
over the network.
Windows XP has a variety of special folder types. Storing files of the corresponding type in one
of these folders enables you to use features that are desirable for that type, such as playing
music clips or viewing photographs. Folder types include:
Documents
Pictures
Photo Album
Music
Music Artist
Music Album
Videos

In this exercise, you navigate through folders in Windows Explorer and open the Computer
Fundamentals Practice folder.

1 Click the Start button, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, and then click
Windows Explorer.
Windows Explorer opens.

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2 Click the plus sign to the left of My Computer in the Folders pane.
The My Computer folder expands to list all of the devices (such as disk drives and CD-
ROM drives) attached to your computer, as well as Control Panel.
3 Click the plus sign to the left of Local Disk in the Folders pane. (If you have more than
one local disk, click the plus sign next to the one labeled drive C.)
You might have many folders on this branch because it is your primary storage area.
4 Scroll down the Folders pane until you see the Unlimited Potential folder.
5 Click the plus sign to the left of the Unlimited Potential folder in the Folders pane. The
Unlimited Potential folder expands to display the Computer Fundamentals Practice
folder.
6 Click the Computer Fundamentals Practice folder, then Part II, then Lesson02. The
practice files appear in the right pane of the window.
7 Click thrice on the Back button on the Standard Buttons toolbar.
The My Documents folder reappears because it was the folder displayed before you
clicked the Unlimited Potential folder.
8 In the Folders pane, click the minus sign to the left of My Computer.
The My Computer folder collapses.

Opening, Editing, and Saving Files

After you have found a file by navigating through the folders in Windows Explorer or My
Computer, you can double-click the file to open it, and then you can modify it as desired. For
example, you can edit the text in a document or change the colors in a picture. A file is
associated with the program that is used to read it, so if you double-click a file that was created
in Notepad, the Notepad program starts and displays the file. If Windows can’t find the program
associated with the file or if you want to use a program other than the associated one, use the
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Open With command (which is located on the shortcut menu that appears when you right-click a
file).
All files have names, and all file names consist of two parts—the name and the extension—
separated by a period. The type of file or the program in which it was created is indicated by the
extension. The extension is a short (usually three letters, sometimes two or four) abbreviation of
the file type. By default, Windows XP hides file extensions. If you would prefer to see your file
extensions, open My Documents (or any folder) in Windows Explorer, and on the Tools menu,
click Folder Options, and display the View tab. Clear the Hide extensions for known file
types check box, and then click OK to close the dialog box and apply your settings.
Files also have icons, which are graphic representations of the file type. Depending on the way
you’re looking at your files, you might see a large icon, a small icon, or no icon.

More About Extensions and Icons

Whether or not you can see extension and icons, every file has one of each assigned to it. The
icon that appears with a file name in Windows Explorer indicates the program that is associated
with that type of file. Some of the more common file type extensions and icons include the
following:

File and Folder Names

File and folder names can be any combination of letters, numbers, and spaces, up to 255
characters. Some special characters, such as dashes and commas, are allowed in names, while
others, such as colons, slashes, and question marks, are not. You can avoid having to
remember which special characters are allowed by just using letters, numbers, and spaces
when you create file and folder names.
In this exercise, you open a file using the default program associated with it. Then you choose a
program to use when opening a file.
1 If necessary, open Windows Explorer, and click the Maximize button in the upper-right
corner of the window.
2 In the Folders pane, click the plus sign to the left of My Computer.
The My Computer folder expands.
3 If necessary, click the plus sign to the left of Local Disk, scroll down, and then click the
Unlimited Potential folder.

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4 Click the plus sign to the left of the Unlimited Potential folder in the Folders pane. The
Unlimited Potential folder expands to display the Computer Fundamentals Practice
folder,
5 Click the Computer Fundamentals Practice folder, then the Part II folder, then the
Lesson02 folder. The practice files appear in the right pane of the window.

6 In the right pane of the Windows Explorer window, double-click the Staff file.
This is an HTML file, so your default browser starts, and the Staff file appears in the
browser window.

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7 Click the Close button in the upper-right corner of the browser window.
The browser window closes.
8 In Windows Explorer, right-click the file named To Do List.
A shortcut menu appears.

9 On the shortcut menu, click Open With.

The Open With dialog box appears.

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10 Scroll down the Choose the program you want to use list, click WordPad, and then click
OK.
The file named To Do List opens in WordPad.
11 Type Things, and press the spacebar.
The title in the document now reads Things To Do.
12 Click the Close button in the upper-right corner of the WordPad window.
An alert box appears, prompting you to save your changes.
13 Click Yes to save the changes.
Another alert box appears, warning you that the file will be saved in a text-only format
that will remove all formatting.
14 Click Yes to confirm the decision.
WordPad closes.

Printing a File

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You can print a file directly from Windows Explorer without first opening the file. This can be a
great timesaver if you have several documents that don’t need to be changed—just printed
using the default print settings.
To print from Windows Explorer, open the folder that contains the file you want to print, right-
click the desired file, and then click Print on the shortcut menu. Windows will open the file using
the program that created it, print the file, and then close the program and the file. You can also
select multiple documents for printing from Windows Explorer. Hold down Ctrl, and click each
file that you want to print.
In this exercise, you print a document from the Computer Fundamentals Practice folder.
1 If necessary, turn on your printer, and navigate to the Computer Fundamentals Practice
folder in Windows Explorer, then the Part II folder, then the Lesson02 folder.
2 Right-click the AW What’s New file.
A shortcut menu appears.
3 On the shortcut menu, click Print.
The Notepad window appears briefly, and then it disappears when printing starts.

Sorting Files

As you work with larger numbers of files, you’ll need to find the files you want quickly and
efficiently. One way to find a file easily is to group folder contents by a certain characteristic, like
date. Then if you know the date when you saved the file, you can find the file easily.
There are several ways to view files in Windows Explorer—as large or small icons, in a list of file
names, in a list with file details (such as when each file was last modified), or as file names with
thumbnails (small representations of pictures; in this case, the icon representing the file). When
you sort files, it’s a good idea to display them in Details view. Details view lists each file on a line
by itself, with columns for the name of the file, the amount of storage space it takes, the type of
file it is, and the date when it was last saved. In Details view, you can click a column heading to
sort files by that column.
In this exercise you view files in Details view, and you sort them by size and the date they were
most recently modified.
1 If necessary, open the Computer Fundamentals Practice folder in Windows Explorer,
and click the Folders button on the Standard Buttons toolbar to close the Folders pane.
You don’t need the Folders pane open right now, because you will be working only with
the files in the Computer Fundamentals Practice folder.

Tip
When the Folders view is turned off, the File and Folder Tasks pane appears on the left side of
the window where the Folders pane was previously. This task pane contains options to perform
many types of file operation, such as renaming files, copying or moving files, deleting files, and
other options.

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2 Click the Views button on the Standard Buttons toolbar.
The Views menu appears. The default view, Icons, is selected.
3 On the Views menu, click Details.
Each file, including the information pertaining to it, is listed in its own row. The files are
sorted alphabetically by name.
4 Click the Size column heading.
The files are sorted by size, smallest to largest.
5 Click the Size column heading again.
The files are sorted by size in reverse order, largest to smallest.
6 Click the Date Modified column heading.
The files are sorted by date, oldest to newest.
7 Click the Views button on the Standard Buttons toolbar.
The Views menu appears.
8 Click Icons.
The folder returns to its default view.

Creating Files and Folders

Folders are easy to create in Windows Explorer, and there is no limit to the number you can
have. So it’s a good idea to think about the way you want to organize your folders. You might
create a folder for each major project, or for each client, or for the months of the year—it
depends on how you prefer to organize your storage space. For example, the marketing director
at Contoso, Ltd created a separate folder for Adventure Works. In that folder, there is a
subfolder for graphics and another for Web pages.

You can also create files in Windows Explorer. When you create files, you create a placeholder
for a particular type of content, like a graphic or text file, by giving it a name. Then you fill in the
content later. This process is the opposite of the more typical way to create files, which involves
starting a program like Notepad, entering data, and then saving the data as a file.
Creating a file in Windows Explorer has certain benefits over creating a file in a program. It’s
faster because you don’t have to run the program, and it creates structure for the file by
predetermining its name and the program that will be used to work with it. A few months ago,
the marketing director at Contoso, Ltd hired a contractor to write some advertising copy. Before
the contractor started the project, the marketing director created the necessary files so that she
wouldn’t have to search for them after the contractor completed his job. The few minutes the
marketing director spent to create the files beforehand saved her valuable time later in the
project.
In this exercise, you create two folders, one for Adventure Works and one for a freelance
copywriter. In the copywriter’s directory, you create shells of the files he is to write.
1 If the Folders window isn’t visible, click the Folders button on the toolbar.
The Folders window appears.

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2 In the Folders window, click the Computer Fundamentals Practice folder, if necessary,
then the Part II folder, then the Lesson02 folder.
3 On the File menu, point to New.
The New menu appears.
4 On the New menu, click Folder.
A new folder named New Folder appears in the window.
5 Type Adventure Works, and press Enter.
The new folder is renamed.

Tip
You can also create a folder by right-clicking a blank area in the Computer Fundamentals
Practice folder pane, pointing to New on the shortcut menu, and clicking Folder.
6 Repeat steps 2 through 5 to create a folder named Freelance Copy.
The window should look similar to the following illustration.

7 Double-click the Freelance Copy folder.

The folder is empty.
8 On the File menu, point to New, and then click Text Document.
A new file named New Text Document appears in the window.
9 Type Adventure Works Mystery [Link], and press Enter.
The new file is named.
10 Click a blank area in the folder to deselect the file, and repeat steps 8 and 9 to create
another file named Fall Canoe [Link].
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 The Freelance Copy folder now has two empty text files in it.
11 Double-click Fall Canoe Trips.
The document is opened in Notepad.
12 Type Watch for our upcoming schedule of guided canoe trips.
13 Click the Close button in the upper-right corner of the Notepad window, and click Yes to
save the changes to the file.
The Notepad window closes.
14 Click twice on the Up button on the Standard Buttons toolbar in the Freelance Copy
window.
The contents of the Computer Fundamentals Practice folder reappear.

Moving, Copying, and Renaming Files and Folders

Just as you occasionally need to reorganize the space in your closets and drawers, you’ll find
that you need to reorganize your files and folders. You might, for example, want to move files
from their current folder to a new folder you’ve made, or copy a folder so that you have an
original version of all its contents and a duplicate to experiment with. You might need to rename
a file or folder to better reflect its contents.

You can move and copy files or folders using the Move To Folder and Copy To Folder
commands on the Edit menu in Windows Explorer, or you can simply drag a file or folder from
one place to another. If you drag a file or folder from place to place on the same disk, Windows
moves the item. If you drag a file or folder from one disk to another disk, Windows copies the
item.

To rename a file or folder, right-click it, and click Rename on the shortcut menu. The name of
the file is selected. Type the new name, and press Enter. The file is renamed.
To be able to choose whether to copy or move a file or folder that you drag, right-click to drag it.
When you release the mouse button to drop the item, a shortcut menu appears. On the shortcut
menu, click either Copy Here or Move Here.
In this exercise, you drag a file to the Adventure Works folder you created in the previous
exercise. Then you copy a file to the folder using the Copy button on the Standard Buttons
toolbar. Finally you change a file’s name to better describe its content. You must have
completed the previous exercise before you can complete this one.
1 In the Part II, Lesson02 folder, click the Adventure Brochure Text file, and drag it on top
of the Adventure Works folder.
After a brief pause, the file disappears from the Lesson02 folder.
2 Double-click the Adventure Works folder.
The Adventure Brochure Text file appears.
3 Click the Back button on the Standard Buttons toolbar.
The Lesson02 folder appears.

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4 Click the Main Building file.
This file is used for Adventure Works marketing material.
5 Click the Copy To Folder button on the Edit menu.
The Copy Items dialog box appears.

6 Browse to the Adventure Works folder, click it, and then click Copy.
The Copy Items dialog box closes. Because you copied the file, there is no change in
the Lesson02 folder.
7 Double-click the Adventure Works folder.
The Adventure Works folder now contains two files.
8 Click the Back button on the Standard Buttons toolbar.
The Lesson02 folder reappears.
9 Right-click the Pic00005 file, and on the shortcut menu, click Rename.
The file name is selected.
10 Type Fall Countryside, and press Enter.
The file is renamed.

Selecting Multiple Files

You learned earlier in this lesson that you can select a single file by clicking it. Sometimes,
though, you’ll want to select more than one file at a time. For example, you might need to move
a group of files, or print several files at once. There are two ways to select multiple files:

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Shift+Click If the files you want to select are listed one after another, click the first file in the
group, hold down Shift, and then click the last file in the group.
Ctrl+Click If the files you want to select are not listed together, hold down Ctrl while you click
each file. If you select a file that you don’t want to include in the group, hold down Ctrl,
and click the file again to deselect it.

Copy a file

1. On the Standard toolbar, click Open .

2. Click a shortcut on the Places Bar, or in the Look in box, click the drive or folder that
contains the file you want to copy.
3. In the folder list, locate and open the folder that contains the file you want to copy.
4. Right-click the file you want to copy, and then click Copy on the shortcut menu.
5. In the Look in box, click the drive or folder you want to copy the file to.
6. In the folder list, locate and open the folder you want to copy the file to.
7. Right-click anywhere in the folder list (make sure your pointer is not resting over a file in
the list), and then click Paste on the shortcut menu.

Note You can also select more than one file to copy at a time.

How?

1. On the Standard toolbar, click Open .

2. Do one of the following:
o To select nonadjacent files in the Open dialog box, click one file, and then hold
down CTRL and click each additional file.
o To select adjacent files in the Open dialog box, click the first file in the sequence,
and then hold down SHIFT and click the last file.

Tip

If you select a file you don't want, hold down CTRL and click the file again.

Move a file

1. On the Standard toolbar, click Open .

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 2. Click a shortcut on the Places Bar, or in the Look in box, click the drive or folder that
contains the file you want to move.
3. In the folder list, locate and open the folder that contains the file you want to move.
4. Right-click the file you want to move, and then click Cut on the shortcut menu.
5. In the Look in box, click the drive or folder you want to move the file to.
6. In the folder list, locate and open the folder you want to move the file to.
7. Right-click anywhere in the folder list (make sure your pointer is not resting over a file in
the list), and then click Paste on the shortcut menu.

Note You can also select more than one file to move at a time.

How?

1. On the Standard toolbar, click Open .

2. Do one of the following
o To select nonadjacent files in the Open dialog box, click one file, and then hold
down CTRL and click each additional file.
o To select adjacent files in the Open dialog box, click the first file in the sequence,
and then hold down SHIFT and click the last file.

Tip

If you select a file you don't want, hold down CTRL and click the file again.

Rename a file

1. On the Standard toolbar (toolbar: A bar with buttons and options that you use to carry
out commands. To display a toolbar, click Customize on the Tools menu, and then click

the Toolbars tab.), click Open .

2. Click a shortcut on the Places Bar (Places bar: The bar on the left side of certain dialog
boxes (such as Open, Save As, or Insert Picture) that contains shortcuts to the My
Recent Documents, Desktop, My Documents, My Computer, and My Network Places
folders.), or in the Look in box, click the drive or folder that contains the file you want to
rename.
3. In the folder list, locate and open the folder that contains the file you want to rename.
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 4. Right-click the file you want to rename, and then click Rename on the shortcut
menu (shortcut menu: A menu that shows a list of commands relevant to a particular
item. To display a shortcut menu, right-click an item or press SHIFT+F10.).
5. Type the new name, and then press ENTER.

Deleting Files and Folders

Although disk space has become remarkably inexpensive, it’s still a finite quantity. Just like any
other finite resource, it needs to be conserved by deleting unnecessary files and folders.
Deleting a file or folder doesn’t erase it from the disk the way an eraser removes pencil marks.
It’s more like tossing something into a junk drawer. Eventually, the drawer gets full, and you
empty it out. Sometimes, things get tossed into the drawer by mistake, and you need to take
them out and put them back where they belong.
In Windows, this “junk drawer” is called the Recycle Bin. To send a file or folder to the Recycle
Bin, select the item, and press the Delete key on the keyboard. Click Yes to confirm the
deletion. You can also send a file or folder to the Recycle Bin by clicking the file or folder to
select it, then right-clicking, then clicking the Delete option on the shortcut menu. To view the
contents of the Recycle Bin, double-click its icon on the desktop. To remove an item from the
Recycle Bin and move it back to its original location on disk, click the item to select it, and then
click the Restore this item option on the left side of the Recycle Bin window. To permanently
delete an item in the bin, click the item, and then click the Delete option on the File menu. (you
can also right-click the item and select Delete from the menu that appears.) Click Yes to confirm
the deletion. To permanently delete everything in the bin, click
the Empty the Recycle Bin option on the left side of the Recycle Bin window.

Important
Permanently deleting a file or folder from the Recycle Bin can’t be undone. Use caution,
therefore, when you empty the Recycle Bin. You should also know that files and folders deleted
from a floppy disk or a network are permanently deleted—they are not sent to the Recycle Bin.
In this exercise, you delete a file and a folder, and you restore the deleted folder from the
Recycle Bin to its previous place.
1 If necessary, open the folder.
2 Click the file named To Do List, and clicks the Delete key on your keyboard.
The Confirm File Delete dialog box appears.
3 Click yes to confirm the deletion.
The file is deleted from the Lesson02 Practice folder.
4 Click the Freelance Copy folder, click the Delete key on your keyboard, and then click
Yes to confirm the deletion.
The Freelance Copy folder is deleted from the Lesson02 folder.
5 Click the Show Desktop button on the Quick Launch bar.
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 The desktop appears.
6 On the desktop, double-click the Recycle Bin icon.
The Recycle Bin appears.
7 Click the Freelance Copy folder.
The folder is selected, and information about it appears in the Details section on the left
side of the Recycle Bin window.
8 In the left side of the window, click the Restore this item option.
After a brief pause, the Freelance Copy folder disappears from the Recycle Bin.
9 Click the Close button in the upper-right corner of the Recycle Bin window.
The Recycle Bin closes.
10 Click the Lesson02 button on the taskbar.
The Lesson02 window reappears, and the Freelance Copy folder is back in it.
11 Double-click the Freelance Copy folder.
The files in the folder, which were deleted along with it, are restored intact.
12 Click the Close button in the upper-right corner of the Freelance Copy window.
The window closes, and the desktop reappears.

Delete a file

1. On the Standard toolbar, click Open .

2. Click a shortcut on the Places Bar, or in the Look in box, click the drive or folder that
contains the file you want to delete.
3. In the folder list, locate and open the folder that contains the file you want to delete.
4. Right-click the file you want to delete, and then click Delete on the shortcut menu.

Note You can also select more than one file to delete at a time.

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QUALIFICATION COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING NC II
Module Title Performing Computer Operation

LEARNING OUTCOME 6 Produce output/ data using computer

system

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA :

1. Entered data are processed using appropriate software commands.

2. Data are printed out as required using computer hardware /peripheral devices in
accordance with standard operating procedures.
3. Files and data are transferred between compatible systems using computer
software, hardware/peripheral devices in accordance with standard operating
procedures.

Definition of Terms :

1. BIOS (basic input/output system) Software that includes the initialization programs
stored on ROM (read-only memory) chips. Used during the startup routine to check out
the system and prepare to run the hardware.
2. byte A group of 8 bits that represents 1 character of information (for instance, pressing
one key on the keyboard). A byte is the standard unit for measuring memory in a
microprocessor. Memory size is measured in terms of kilobytes (KB) or megabytes
(MB). 1 KB of RAM is 1024 bytes; 1 MB is approximately one million bytes.

3. CPU (central processing unit) The part of a computer that controls the arithmetic and
logical operations and decoding and executing instructions.

4. floppy disk drive Low-capacity magnetic removable storage drive.

5. IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) The most common standard for interfacing hard disk
and CD-ROM drives in the PC environment. Much of the actual work of controlling the
hard disk drive is handled by the system BIOS. This reduces hardware cost but
introduces an overall system performance penalty during I/O (input/output) operations.

6. integrated circuit (IC) An electronic device consisting of many miniature transistors and
other circuit elements (resistors, capacitors, and so forth).

7. keyboard A primary input device much like a typewriter, used for entering text and
command function shortcuts into a computer

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 8. operating system The program that controls a PC and makes it possible for users to
run their own applications. The operating system provides the built-in routines that allow
the computer to recognize commands, manage files, connect devices, and perform I/O
(input/output) operations.

9. peripheral An external device connected to a computer such as a printer, scanner,

modem, or joystick.

10. power The strength or force actually put forth by electricity. Electrical power is
measured in watts, which is measured by multiplying voltage by current.

11. power supply Takes alternating current (AC) power from a local source (a wall outlet)
and converts it to direct current (DC) for on-board electronics use.

12. printer A peripheral device that transfers computer output to paper or other form of hard
copy.

13. USB (universal serial bus) A new external expansion bus that is popular for use with
low-speed mass storage devices such as Zip drives, modems, and printers.

Resources:
1. Instructional Slide Shows
2. CD ROM on Operate Word Processing Application

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LEARNING EXPERIECES:

Learning Outcome: # 4 Produce output/ data using computer system

Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read the attached information
sheet disscussing the
importance of Produce output/
data using computer system
2. After reading the information
sheet, you are giong to
demosstrate the proper
Producing of output/ data using
computer system.
3. if you are ready ask the instructor  If you are competent proceed to
for assesment the next activity.

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Printer

A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your
computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and
other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.

The three main types of printers are inkjet printers, laser printers, Dot Matrix. Inkjet printers are
the most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full color and can
produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and
generally better able to handle heavy use. Dot Matrix print in black ribbon only.

Connecting a printer

Some printers allow you to print without using your computer—for example, to print photos
directly from a digital camera's memory card. However, connecting a printer to your computer
allows you to print documents, files, pictures, WebPages, and more. For more information about
how to connect a printer.

When you add a printer, Windows will automatically install the software that allows it to work
with your computer. You can add a printer using either a wired or wireless connection.

What is DPI?
DPI, or dots per inch, is a measure of a printer's resolution. DPI determines how clear and
detailed your print results will be compared to what you see on the screen.

Wired printers

A wired printer is any printer that connects to a computer using a cable and a port on the
computer. Most printers use a universal serial bus (USB) cable. When you connect a wired
printer to your computer and power it on, Windows will automatically try to install the printer for
you. If Windows can't detect the printer, you can find and add the printer manually.

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Wireless printers

A wireless printer is any printer that connects to a computer using either Bluetooth or another wireless
technology, such as 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g.

Bluetooth technology uses radio transmissions to enable a printer to communicate with your computer
over a short distance. To connect a Bluetooth printer, you need to add a Bluetooth adapter to your
computer. Most Bluetooth adapters plug into a USB port on your computer. When you plug in the adapter
and turn on the Bluetooth printer, Windows will try to install it automatically, or prompt you to install it. If
Windows can't detect the printer, you can find and add it manually.

To connect a printer using a wireless technology other than Bluetooth, both your computer and the printer
must first be connected to a wireless network. Check the information that came with your printer to see if
it has a wireless network adapter. If not, you need to add one before you can connect the printer to your
wireless network. To prevent interference between a wireless printer and your computer, try not to locate
cordless phones or other wireless appliances near the printer. For more information, see Wireless
networking: frequently asked questions.

Change your default printer

If more than one printer is connected to your computer, you can choose one to use by default. Choose
the printer you will use most often. That way, when you print using Windows or your programs, you won't
have to select a printer each time. You can change the default printer at any time and you can still select
other printers for occasional print jobs.

Add or remove a printer

To print, you need to connect a printer directly to your computer (when it is connected in this way, it's
referred to as a local printer), or create a connection to a network or shared printer.

To add a local printer First, connect the printer to your computer following the manufacturer's instructions.
Windows will attempt to automatically install the printer. If Windows can't automatically install it, or if
you've previously removed the printer and want to add it again, follow these steps:

1. Open Printers by clicking the Start button , clicking Control Panel, clicking Hardware and Sound,
and then clicking Printers.
2. Click Add a printer.
3. In the Add Printer Wizard, select Add a local printer.
4. On the Choose a printer port page, make sure that the Use an existing port option button and the
recommended printer port are selected, and then click Next
5. On the Install the printer driver page, select the printer manufacturer and model, and then click
Next.

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Notes

If your printer is not listed but you have the manufacturer's installation CD, click Have
disk, and then browse to the folder where the printer driver is stored. For help, refer to
the manufacturer's instructions.

If you don't have the installation CD, click Windows Update, and then wait while
Windows checks for available drivers.

6. Complete the additional steps in the wizard, and then click Finish.

It's a good idea to print a test page to check if the printer is working correctly. For more
information, see Print a test page.

If you have added a printer but are unable to use it, your printer driver might not be
compatible with Windows Vista. Check the printer manufacturer's website for the latest
compatibility information and driver updates. For more information, see Find and install
printer drivers

Print copies or print to a file

Once you know exactly what you are going to print, you can decide between printing copies or
printing to a file.

Print a copy. If you purchased the printer, plugged it in to the computer, or installed it on a
network, the odds are good that you already know which features the printer offers. You
probably know, for example, if it prints in color or black ink, or both. You might know all the
sheet sizes of paper that you can use in the printer, or if you can staple copies as they are
printed. These are common printer features that can be easy to check by looking at the printer
itself.

To see if other features such as watermarks, separator pages, and image control options such
as resolution and light-dark contrast are available, you might need to refer to the information
that came with the printer or contact the person who installed the printer on your computer or
network.

If you've added more than one printer to the computer, your default printer is automatically
selected when you want to print a document or file. Depending on the type of documents you
print most often and how you prefer to print, you can select a printer each time or change your
default printer. For more information, see Change your default printer.

NoteIf you are printing personal or confidential information, you might want to select a printer

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that requires you to be present and to enter a password on the printer before the document can
be printed. For information about security features on a printer, refer to the information that
came with the printer.

Print to a file. Windows offers two additional printer drivers that are displayed as printers in
Control Panel and in your programs. These printers allow you to print to a file instead of printing
to paper. You can print to a file when you want to send, share, or publish a document, or when
you want to print it using another computer or a commercial printer.

Printing to a file is useful when you want to send a print job to a commercial printer, control how
a document will appear in print, online, or on another computer, or add security features to a
document before sending it or sharing it with other people. For more information about the
printers that come with Windows, see these topics:

Many print options depend on the printer. After you select one, you can choose more options for
printing the document.

Frequently used print options This table describes some frequently used print options.
How each option is referred to can vary depending on the software publisher and the
printer manufacturer.

Printing
preference Description
Double-sided
printing Also referred to as duplex or two-sided printing, this option allows you
to print on both sides of the paper, regardless of paper orientation or
source

Orientation Also referred to as the paper layout, this option allows you to position
content on a vertical or horizontally placed sheet of paper, depending
on how you intend it to be viewed.
Page range
You typically have four options for choosing the pages you want to
print, including all pages in a document. To select individual pages or a
sequence of pages, called a range, you can type the page numbers
separated by commas or hyphens. For example, if you type 1,4,5-7,
only pages 1 and 4, and then pages 5 through 7, will be [Link]
Selection option prints only text or graphics that you have already
selected in a document. The option Current or Current page prints
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 only the page that you are viewing when you choose to print the
document.
Staples
If your printer can staple copies as they are printed, you can typically find the
stapling option in the advanced printing preferences. You might also be able
to choose staples as a default printing preference. To see how, refer to the
information that came with the printer.
Paper size
(sheet size) In many cases, if your printer has more than one paper tray or if it can print on
more than one size of paper using a single tray, you can select the paper size
that you want to use. After you choose the paper size but before you print,
make sure that you load the correct sheets of paper in the printer tray, and
then print the document. If you printer supports multiple paper trays, you
might need to choose an output option or paper source.
Output or
paper source Also referred to as output destination or paper tray, this option allows you to
choose paper from a specific tray in the printer on which you want to print.
Many printers allow you store different sheet sizes, or different colors or types
of paper, in individual trays. For example, you might load sheets of paper with
customized stationery, a letterhead, or a watermark in one tray and load
unmarked paper sheets of the same size in another tray. When you want to
print on stationery, for example, you can choose the paper source, or tray,
containing that paper.

Keeping track of your print jobs

When you send a document or any other type of file to a printer, it becomes a print job.
Some printers have a screen that will display a warning if a problem such as low ink or a
paper jam occurs. Many printers display a message in the notification area on your
computer. To troubleshoot problems, you can review any information displayed on your
printer screen, refer to the information that came with the printer, or go to the printer
manufacturer's website.

Using Windows, you can view the print queue to keep track of your print jobs. The print queue
displays information about documents that are waiting to print, such as the printing status,
document owner, and number of pages to print. You can use the print queue to view, pause,
resume, restart, and cancel print jobs.

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JOB SHEET NO.

TITLE: Print a File

PROGRAM: Perform Computer Operation

Objective: Given the correct tools and equipment assemble the

entire system without damage and distortion. This job must
be completed in a time period of 5 minutes following the
steps and procedures.

Instruction: The purpose of this Instruction sheet is to afford you

the opportunity to perform this job during your training
program. Follow this sequence to complete these job
Printing a File

Tools and Equipments

1. Computer System and Peripherals

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Procedure on printing a File

You can print a file if you have installed a printer. These instructions should
work for most applications.

Instructions

Step One
To print a document, first open the file in the appropriate software
application.

Step Two
Use the keyboard commands Control+P (Windows) or Command+P (Mac).
Alternatively, you can use your mouse to open the File menu, then click on
Print. If you are using an application such as Notepad, your printing job will
start immediately. If you are using a more robust application, you will see a
Print dialog box first.

Step Three
If you want to use a different printer than the one listed, choose it from the
Printer Name menu.

Step Four
Under Print Range, click on All if you want to print the entire document.

Step Five
If you want to print only one page, or if you want to print a range of pages,
click on Pages and enter the page range. If you want to print only page 3, for
example, you would enter 3 as both the beginning and end of the range.

Step Six
Enter the number of copies to be printed in the Copy box. Click Collate if you
want the copies collated.

Step Seven
Click OK or Print when you are ready to print.

Tips & Warnings

 Printers are not identical. Some printers offer features and

enhancements that are not available in other printers.
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QUALIFICATION COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING NC II
Module Title Performing Computer Operation

LEARNING OUTCOME 5 Use basic functions of a www-browser to

locate information

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA :

1. Information requirements for internet search are established.

2. Browser is launched.
3. Search engine is loaded.
4. Appropriate search criteria/or URL of site is entered.
5. Relevant links are followed to locate required information.
6. Useful pages are bookmarked or printed as required.

Definition of Terms :

1. operating system The program that controls a PC and makes it possible for
users to run their own applications. The operating system provides the built-in
routines that allow the computer to recognize commands, manage files,
connect devices, and perform I/O (input/output) operations.
2. peripheral An external device connected to a computer such as a printer,
scanner, modem, or joystick.

3. power The strength or force actually put forth by electricity. Electrical power
is measured in watts, which is measured by multiplying voltage by current.

4. power supply Takes alternating current (AC) power from a local source (a
wall outlet) and converts it to direct current (DC) for on-board electronics use.

5. printer A peripheral device that transfers computer output to paper or other

form of hard copy.

Resources:
1. Instructional Slide Shows
2. CD ROM on Operate Word Processing Application

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LEARNING EXPERIECES:
Learning Outcome: # 5 Use basic functions of a www-browser to locate
information
Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read the attached information
sheet disscussing the importance
of Use basic functions of a www-
browser to locate information
2. After reading the information
sheet, you are giong to
demosstrate the proper Use basic
functions of a www-browser to
locate information
3. if you are ready ask the instructor  If you are competent proceed to
for assesment the next activity.

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Web browser

Is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text,
images, and other information typically located on a Web page at a website
on the World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a Web
page can contain hyperlinks to other Web pages at the same or different
website. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information
provided on many Web pages at many websites by traversing these links.
Web browsers format HTML information for display, so the appearance of a
Web page may differ between browsers.

Some of the Web browsers available for personal computers include Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, and Netscape in order of descending
popularity (as of August 2006).[1] Web browsers are the most commonly used
type of HTTP user agent. Although browsers are typically used to access the
World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by
Web servers in private networks or content in file systems.

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JOB SHEET NO.

TITLE: Opening WEB Browser

PROGRAM: Perform Computer Operation

Objective: Given the correct tools and equipment

assemble the entire system without damage and
distortion. This job must be completed in a time
period of 2 minutes following the steps and
procedures.

Instruction: The purpose of this Instruction sheet is to

afford you the opportunity to perform this job
during your training program. Follow this sequence
to complete this job Opening WEB Browser

Tools and Equipments

1. Computer System and Peripherals

2. Internet Connection

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 Procedures on how to open internet browser and Save web page.

1. Right Click Internet Explorer.

2. Establish Internet Explorer settings.
3. Browse to the page you would like to edit. Reload the page if your
browser window has been open for a while and may not be up-to-
date.
4. Open the page for editing by selecting "Edit page
5. Edit the page in Composer
6. Publish the page by selecting "Publish" from the File menu (on
Windows or Linux). If all goes well you will get a little window with
green checkmark(s) which pops up briefly and then goes away. If
the publishing fails there will be one or more red Xs and the little
window will remain open, with a cryptic error message. If this
happens, click on "Help" at the bottom of the page and do not close
the Composer window. This might be a good time to write your
changes out to a local file (menu File>Save As).
7. Refresh the browser window to see your changes.

It is also possible to edit open pages without Mozilla/composer,

using arbitrary other tools, by making and editing a local copy and
then publishing it back out to the web. Each time you edit:

1. Browse to the page and make a local copy. In Mozilla, you

select "Save page as" (Command-S) from the "File" menu.
2. Edit the local copy in your own way, with your own tools. Just
be sure not to alter the comments at the end of the file,
particularly "<!--Auto content-->" and below.
3. Publish the local copy back to the server. In Mozilla, browse to
your local copy and then select "Publish as" from the "File"
menu. Use the filename and other settings from 1 to publish to
the right place. Be sure to check include images. If all goes well
you will get a little window with all green checkmarks which pops
up briefly and then goes away. If the publishing fails there will
be one or more red Xs and the little window will remain open,
with a cryptic error message. If this happens, click on "Help" at
the bottom of the page and follow the instructions there.

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QUALIFICATION COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING NC II
Module Title Performing Computer Operation

LEARNING OUTCOME 6 Maintain computer equipment and

systems

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA :

1. Procedures for ensuring security of data, including regular back-ups

and virus checks are implemented in accordance with standard
operating procedures.
2. Basic file maintenance procedures are implemented in line with the
standards operating procedures.

Definition of Terms :

1. BIOS (basic input/output system) Software that includes the initialization

programs stored
2. floppy disk drive Low-capacity magnetic removable storage drive.

3. IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) The most common standard for

interfacing hard disk and CD-ROM drives in the PC environment. Much of the
actual work of controlling the hard disk drive is handled by the system BIOS.
This reduces hardware cost but introduces an overall system performance
penalty during I/O (input/output) operations.

4. keyboard A primary input device much like a typewriter, used for entering
text and command function shortcuts into a computer

5. operating system The program that controls a PC and makes it possible for
users to run their own applications. The operating system provides the built-in
routines that allow the computer to recognize commands, manage files,
connect devices, and perform I/O (input/output) operations.

6. peripheral An external device connected to a computer such as a printer,

scanner, modem, or joystick.

7. power The strength or force actually put forth by electricity. Electrical power
is measured in watts, which is measured by multiplying voltage by current.

8. power supply Takes alternating current (AC) power from a local source (a
wall outlet) and converts it to direct current (DC) for on-board electronics use.

9. printer A peripheral device that transfers computer output to paper or other

form of hard copy.

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Resources:
1. Instructional Slide Shows

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LEARNING EXPERIECES:
Learning Outcome: # 6 Maintain computer equipment and systems
Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read the attached information
sheet disscussing the importance
of Maintaining computer
equipment and systems
2. After reading the information
sheet, you are giong to
demosstrate the proper
Maintaining computer equipment
and systems
3. if you are ready ask the instructor  If you are competent proceed to
for assesment the next activity.

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JOB SHEET NO.

TITLE: Shut Down System Unit

PROGRAM: Perform Computer Operation

Objective: Given the correct tools and equipment

assemble the entire system without damage and
distortion. This job must be completed in a time
period of 5 minutes following the steps and
procedures.

Instruction: The purpose of this Instruction sheet is to

afford you the opportunity to perform this job
during your training program. Follow this sequence
to complete this job Shut Down System Unit

Tools and Equipments

1. Computer System and Peripherals

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Procedure on Shutting Down Computer

Shut down the Computer

If you’re done with all your work, you close your computer. It is very important
to close your computer properly. You just don’t press the switch of your computer to
shut it off. Your must shut down Windows first before you turn off your computer.

Proper Shutdown of Computer

1. First, close all open applications and save any documents. Click “Start Button”.
Then Select “Shut Down” option, Click OK.

2. Watch the computer system's main monitor. When the computer screen
displays the message 'Safe to turn off computer', or 'System shutdown
completed” it will be safe for you to turn off the hardware.

Power Switch
1 – ON
0 - OFF

3. Proceed to turn off the hardware. It is best to turn off the main computer unit
first, then any auxiliary equipment, such as printers and tape drives.

Always follow the proper shutdown procedure! You can severely damage the file
system if you do not shut down the machine properly.

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Procedure on how to close the open programs

[Link] the File menu click CLOSE.

[Link] can also click Big X in the right top on your program window.

Procedure on how to shut down computer

1. How to shut down the computer?

2. What other command to Shut down the Computer
3. What proper command to use in closing in application program.

1. Click the start button, Click shut down and select shut down
from the options, Click OK.
2. Press CTRL +ALT+F4.
3. Click File Menu, then Click CLOSE

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Evidence Plan

Competency standard: COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING NC II

Unit of competency: PERFORM COMPUTER OPERATIONS
Ways which evidence will be collected:

Third Party Report

Demonstration &
Observations &
Questioning

Questioning

Portfolio
The Evidence must show that the candidate:

 Task is planned to ensure that OH & S guidelines and

X X
procedures are followed.
 Required data security guidelines are applied in accordance
X X
with existing procedures.
 Accuracy of information is checked and information is
X X
saved in accordance with standard operating procedures.
 Inputted data is stored in storage media according to
X X
requirements.
 Work is performed within ergonomic guidelines X X
 Program/application containing the information required is
X X
accessed according to company procedures.
 Desktop icons are correctly selected, opened and closed for
X X
navigation purposes.
 Keyboard techniques are carried out in line with OH & S
X X
requirements for safe use of keyboards
 Entered data are processed using appropriate software
X X
commands.
 Data are printed out as required using computer
hardware /peripheral devices in accordance with standard X X
operating procedures.
 Files and data are transferred between compatible systems
using computer software, hardware/peripheral devices in X X
accordance with standard operating procedures.
 Task is planned to ensure that OH & S guidelines and
X X
procedures are followed.

NOTE: *Critical aspects of competency

Prepared by: Date:

Checked by: Date:

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Oral Questioning /Interview

Candidate name:
Assessor name:
Unit of Competency PERFORM COMPUTER OPERATIONS
Competency standards COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING NC II
Oral /interview questions Satisfactory
response
Yes No
 Examples of OH & S guidelines and procedures that are strictly
followed?
 How to check Accuracy of information is checked and information
is saved in accordance with standard operating procedures.
 Examples of input devices?
 What are ergonomic guidelines?
 How to access Program/application containing the information
 How to select Desktop icons to be opened and closed for
navigation purposes.
 How to maintain Keyboard and other peripherals?
 What is software?
 How to print a file using computer?
 How to save a file?

Assessor signature: Date:

Feedback to candidate:

Assessor signature: Date:

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Demonstration Checklist

Candidate name:
Assessor name:
Unit of Competency PERFORM COMPUTER OPERATIONS
Competency standards COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING NC II
Date of Assessment
Time of Assessment
Instructions for demonstration
1. Demonstrate the candidate Terminate and Connect Electrical Wiring and
Electronics Circuit
2. Describe the assessment activity and the date on which it was undertaken.
3. Place a tick in the box sow that the candidate completed each aspect of the
activity to the standard expected in the enterprise
4. Complete the feedback sections of the form.

OBSERVATION to show if evidence is

demonstrated
During the demonstration of skills, did the candidate: Yes No N/A
 Task is planned to ensure that OH & S guidelines
and procedures are followed.
 Required data security guidelines are applied in
accordance with existing procedures.
 Accuracy of information is checked and
information is saved in accordance with standard
operating procedures.
 Inputted data is stored in storage media
according to requirements.
 Work is performed within ergonomic guidelines
 Program/application containing the information
required is accessed according to company
procedures.
 Desktop icons are correctly selected, opened and
closed for navigation purposes.
 Keyboard techniques are carried out in line with
OH & S requirements for safe use of keyboards
 Entered data are processed using appropriate
software commands.
 Data are printed out as required using computer
hardware /peripheral devices in accordance with
standard operating procedures.

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Observation Checklist

Candidate name:
Assessor name:
Assessment Centre
Competency Standards COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING NC II
Unit of Competency PERFORM COMPUTER OPERATIONS
Instructions for the assessor:
1. Observe the candidate Terminate and Connect Electrical Wiring and Electronics Circuit
2. Describe the assessment activity and the date on which it was undertaken.
3. Place a tick in the box sow that the candidate completed each aspect of the activity to the
standard expected in the enterprise
4. Complete the feedback sections of the form.
Date of observation
Description of assessment activity
Location of assessment activity
The Candidate….. If yes, thick the box
 Task is planned to ensure that OH & S guidelines and procedures are
followed.
 Required data security guidelines are applied in accordance with existing
procedures.
 Accuracy of information is checked and information is saved in
accordance with standard operating procedures.
 Inputted data is stored in storage media according to requirements.
 Work is performed within ergonomic guidelines
 Program/application containing the information required is accessed
according to company procedures.
 Desktop icons are correctly selected, opened and closed for navigation
purposes.
 Keyboard techniques are carried out in line with OH & S requirements for
safe use of keyboards
 Entered data are processed using appropriate software commands.
 Data are printed out as required using computer hardware /peripheral
devices in accordance with standard operating procedures.
 Files and data are transferred between compatible systems using
computer software, hardware/peripheral devices in accordance with
standard operating procedures.

Yes No

Feedback to candidate:

Assessor : Date:

Date Document No.

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