1.

Major League Baseball (MLB) has been plagued by widespread abuse of _____, drugs known to

enhance athletic performance.

-> Answer: anabolic steroids

2. During the so-called "_____" (from approximately the late 1980s to the late 2000s), MLB took no

significant steps to prevent the use of _____.

-> Answer: anabolic steroids, steroids era

3. _____, however, are synthetic _____ that mimic the male sex hormone _____.

-> Answer: anabolic steroids, testosterone, hormones

4. When abused, they are associated with many health risks, such as _____, _____, and _____,

_____, and _____. But proponents point out that _____ are widely prescribed to very ill people,

such as patients recovering from AIDS and cancer.

-> Answer: psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular damage, anabolic steroids, aggression, kidney,
liver

5. In the _____, the signals are primarily electrical and are transmitted via neurons.

-> Answer: nervous system

6. The _____ is a group of glands and tissues that produce and secrete chemicals to initiate and

maintain body functions.

-> Answer: endocrine system

7. _____ are chemical signals released by endocrine cells and carried to all locations in the body,

usually via the blood.

-> Answer: hormones

8. The circulatory system carries _____ throughout the body, but a hormone can only bind to a

_____ with receptors for that specific hormone.

-> Answer: target cell, hormones

9. _____ trigger responses without entering the cell.

-> Answer: water-soluble hormones

10. In contrast, _____ pass through the phospholipid bilayer and trigger responses by binding to
receptors inside the _____.

-> Answer: lipid-soluble hormones, target cell

11. _____-including natural ones such as the sex _____ (_____ and estrogen) as well as artificial

_____-work in this manner.

-> Answer: anabolic steroids, steroid hormones, testosterone, hormones

12. For example, _____ plays a role in regulating metabolism in many vertebrates, yet stimulates

metamorphosis in frogs (the process in which tadpoles become adults).

-> Answer: thyroid hormone

13. _____ are made and secreted mainly by organs called endocrine glands.

-> Answer: hormones

14. Other organs, for example, the stomach and the pancreas of the digestive system, are primarily

non-endocrine but have some cells that secrete _____.

-> Answer: hormones

15. The _____, a gland in the brain, acts as the main control center of the _____.

-> Answer: endocrine system, hypothalamus

16. _____ (_____) stimulates growth and metabolic functions.

-> Answer: human growth hormone, hgh

17. _____ stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the _____ to produce _____.

-> Answer: thyroid hormone, thyroid

18. _____ (_____) stimulates the adrenal glands to produce stress _____.

-> Answer: adrenocorticotropic hormone, hormones, acth

19. _____ stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells.

-> Answer: oxytocin

20. _____ (_____) promotes retention of water by _____s.

-> Answer: antidiuretic hormone, kidney, adh

21. _____ support sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex

characteristics.
 -> Answer: androgens

22. _____ stimulates and maintains metabolic processes.

-> Answer: thyroid hormone

23. _____ and _____ raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activities; constrict certain blood

vessels.

-> Answer: norepinephrine, epinephrine

24. _____ promotes glucose synthesis.

-> Answer: cortisol

25. _____ lowers blood glucose level.

-> Answer: insulin

26. _____ raises blood glucose level.

-> Answer: glucagon

27. _____ stimulate uterine lining growth; development and maintenance of female secondary sex

characteristics.

-> Answer: estrogens

28. _____ promotes uterine lining growth.

-> Answer: progesterone

29. These signals directly control the pituitary gland, a pea-sized structure that hangs down from the

_____.

-> Answer: hypothalamus

30. The _____ maintains homeostasis. For example, when the _____ receives information that the

body tissues are dehydrated, it makes _____ (_____, Figure 25.7).

-> Answer: antidiuretic hormone, endocrine system, hypothalamus, adh

31. _____ is stored and released by the pituitary gland and signals _____ cells to reabsorb more

water, so that less urine is produced, and serious dehydration is prevented.

-> Answer: kidney, adh

32. The posterior pituitary is an extension of the _____, stores _____, and secretes _____ made in
the _____. Two _____ are released by the posterior pituitary.

-> Answer: hypothalamus, hormones

33. _____, as just noted, participates in osmoregulation.

b) _____ stimulates the contraction of the uterus during childbirth and causes the mammary glands

to release milk.

-> Answer: oxytocin, adh

34. The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes its own _____ directly into the blood.

-> Answer: hormones

35. The _____ exerts control over the anterior pituitary by secreting two kinds of _____ into short

blood vessels that connect the two glands.

-> Answer: hypothalamus, hormones

36. One of several anterior pituitary secretions is _____ (_____), which promotes development and

enlargement of all parts of the body.

-> Answer: human growth hormone, hgh

37. Too much _____ can produce gigantism. Too little _____ can lead to dwarfism.

-> Answer: hgh

38. The _____ gland is located in the front of your neck and produces _____ in response to _____

stimulating hormone (TSH) released from the anterior pituitary.

-> Answer: thyroid hormone, thyroid

39. _____ affects many functions of the body including metabolic rate (the amount of energy

expended over a period of time), heart rate, blood pressure, tolerance to cold, and the development

and maturation of bone and nerve cells in children.

-> Answer: thyroid hormone

40. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks _____

cells.

-> Answer: thyroid

41. Environmental toxins that adversely affect the _____, termed _____, are commonly found in
pesticides and plastic containers.

-> Answer: endocrine disruptors, endocrine system

42. For example, _____ (_____) is an endocrine disruptor found in some plastic water bottles.

-> Answer: bisphenol a, bpa

43. Hyper_____ism (overproduction of _____) is characterized by weight loss, high blood pressure,

rapid heart rate, and increased sensitivity to heat.

-> Answer: thyroid hormone, thyroid

44. To help protect the _____, a stable form of iodine, potassium iodide (KI), is taken in pill form

before or immediately after exposure to nuclear fallout.

-> Answer: thyroid

45. The pancreas secretes two _____, _____ and _____, that play important roles in managing the

body's energy supplies.

-> Answer: glucagon, hormones, insulin

46. As shown in Figure 25.10, _____ and _____ are antagonistic _____, countering each other in a

feedback circuit that precisely manages the level of glucose in the blood.

-> Answer: glucagon, hormones, insulin

47. _____ is a serious hormonal disease that affects about 1 in every 12 Americans.

-> Answer: diabetes mellitus

48. In diabetes, body cells are unable to absorb glucose from the blood, either because

1. there is not enough _____ in the blood (as in type 1, or _____-dependent, diabetes), or

2. because the _____s do not respond normally to the _____ in the blood (as in type 2, or

non-_____-dependent, diabetes). Of those Americans who have diabetes, more than 90% have

type 2.

-> Answer: target cell, insulin

49. A third type of diabetes, called _____, can affect any woman during pregnancy, even one who

has never shown symptoms of diabetes before.

-> Answer: gestational diabetes

activated in seconds and last for minutes or hours.

-> Answer: water-soluble hormones, norepinephrine, epinephrine, hormones

51. The adrenal glands are paired structures resting atop each _____. Each adrenal gland consists

of two glands:

-> Answer: kidney

52. 1. the central adrenal medulla (which makes the "fight-or-flight" _____), and

-> Answer: hormones

53. 2. the outer _____.

-> Answer: adrenal cortex

54. _____ secreted by the _____ can provide a slower, longer-lasting response to stress that can

last for hours or days.

-> Answer: adrenal cortex, hormones

55. The _____ secretes a releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary to secrete a hormone

called _____ (_____).

-> Answer: adrenocorticotropic hormone, hypothalamus, acth

56. _____ stimulates cells of the _____ to synthesize and secrete a family of lipid-soluble _____

called _____, which includes the hormone _____.

-> Answer: steroid hormones, corticosteroids, adrenal cortex, cortisol, acth

57. _____ helps promote the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates, such as proteins and

fats.

-> Answer: cortisol

58. The _____, or sex glands (ovaries in the female and testes in the male), produce three

categories of sex _____: 1) _____, 2) _____, and 3) _____.

-> Answer: estrogens, androgens, progestin, hormones, gonads

59. _____ and _____ are found in higher concentrations in women than in men.

-> Answer: progestins, estrogens

features, such as breasts and wider hips.

-> Answer: estrogens

61. _____, such as _____, are primarily involved in preparing the uterus to support a developing

embryo.

-> Answer: progesterone, progestins

62. Men have high levels of _____ (the main one being _____), which stimulate the development

and maintenance of the male reproductive system.

-> Answer: testosterone, androgens

63. _____ affect the _____, but others affect reproductive function by altering the balance of sex

_____.

-> Answer: endocrine disruptors, hormones, thyroid

64. _____ is a drug that inhibits estrogen.

-> Answer: tamoxifen

65. One treatment for the side effects of _____ is _____.

-> Answer: synthetic estrogen, menopause

66. _____, artificial _____ that are similar in structure and function to _____, are sometimes used to

treat the gradual decline of _____ in men.

-> Answer: anabolic steroids, testosterone, hormones