LECTURE 13

SHALLOW FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT CALCULATION III
Schmertmamn and Hartman (1972) proposed an equation that can be used

to calculate the settlement of foundation from field data.

𝐼𝑧
𝑆 = 𝐶1 𝐶2 (𝑞̅ − 𝑞) ∑ ( ) ∆𝑧
𝐸

𝑞 𝑡
Where: 𝐶1 = 1 − 0.5 ( ̅−𝑞), 𝐶2 = 1 − 0.2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
𝑞 0.1

𝑞=effective overburden pressure at the foundation base level or (𝛾𝐷𝑓 )

𝑞̅ =footing pressure, t= time in year, ∆𝑧=thickness of soil layer,

E= elastic modulus of the soil, 𝐼𝑧 = is obtain from the chart

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 Example 13.1

𝑞̅ = 150𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝑞 = 30150𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝐵 = 2.5𝑚, 𝐿 = 30𝑚, 𝐿⁄𝐵 > 10, 30⁄10 > 10

Therefore, plain strain condition is chosen, settlement 5year

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 Solution
First C1 will be calculated

𝑞 30
𝐶1 = 1 − 0.5 ( ) = 1 − 0.5 ( ) = 0.875
𝑞̅ − 𝑞 150 − 30

𝑡 5
𝐶2 = 1 − 0.2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( ) = 1 − 0.2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( ) = 1.34 (𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)
0.1 0.1

∆𝑧 𝑞𝑐 Plain Z Iz 𝐼𝑧
( ) ∆𝑧
(mm) (𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ) strain (at the (at the 𝐸
Layer Es = 3.5𝑞𝑐 centre of centre of
the layer) the layer)
(𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 )
1 1.0 2500 8750 0.5 0.23 2.63 x 10-5
2 1.5 3500 12250 1.75 0.385 4.71 x 10-5
3 2.0 6500 22750 3.5 0.45 3.96 x 10-5
4 0.5 2000 7000 4.75 0.35 2.5x 10-5
5 2.0 10000 35000 6.00 0.265 1.51 x 10-5
6 2.0 4000 14000 8.00 0.13 1.86 x 10-5
7 1.0 6000 21000 9.5 0.06 0.29x 10-5
∑ 17.46 × 10−5

Es = 2.5𝑞𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 (𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟)

How the values were obtained
Es = 3.5𝑞𝑐 = 3.5 × 2500 = 8750
Layer 1 has a change in height of 1.0m therefore, Z= 1⁄2 = 0.5

Layer 2 has a change in height of 1.5 therefore, Z= 1.5⁄2 + 1 = 1.75

Layer 3 has a change in height of 2.0 therefore, Z= 2⁄2 + 1.5 + 1 = 3.5

IZ values are traced from the developed chart, for example layer 1, showed that
z= 0.5 which is the depth real depth of layer 1, from the chart where ever this
values intercepts the legend for IZ, that is the value of IZ. therefore, the value of
IZ in layer 1 is 0.23.
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 Now the settlement
𝐼𝑧
𝑆 = 𝐶1 𝐶2 (𝑞̅ − 𝑞) ∑ ( ) ∆𝑧
𝐸

𝐶1 = 0.875, 𝐶2 = 1.34( 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠), 𝑞̅ = 150𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝐼𝑧
𝑞 = 30𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 , ∑ ( ) ∆𝑧 = 17.46 × 10−5
𝐸

𝑆 = 0.875 × 1.34(150 − 30) × 17.46 × 10−5 = 25𝑚𝑚 (𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠)

Semi emperical method (Buisman, 1948 for granular soil)
2.3ϸ−
0 ϸ−
0 + ∆ϸ
𝑆=∑ 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
𝐸 ϸ−
0

Where: ϸ−
0 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

∆ϸ = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐸 = 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝐻 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
Summery of the formulas use in calculation of settlement of foundation on soil:
𝑞𝑛
−𝐸𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦, 𝑆𝑖 = 𝐵(1 − 𝜇2 )
𝐸
2.3ϸ−
0 ϸ−
0 + ∆ϸ
−𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑆𝑖 = ∑ 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
𝐸 ϸ−
0
2
𝑆𝑓 𝐵𝑓 (𝐵𝑝 + 30)
−𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 [ ]
𝑆𝑝 𝐵𝑝 (𝐵𝑓 + 30)
−𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑃𝑇 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 (𝐼𝑆: 8009 − 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐼 1976)
2.3 ϸ−
0 + ∆ϸ
−𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑃𝑇 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒, 𝑆 = ∑ 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
𝑐 ϸ−
0
𝑞
Where: 𝑐 = 1.5 ( −𝑐 ) , 𝑏𝑦 𝐷𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑒
ϸ0

𝑞
: 𝑐 = 1.9 ( −𝑐 ) , 𝑏𝑦 𝑀𝑒𝑦𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑓
ϸ0
2𝐵⁄
4𝐵
𝐼𝑧
−𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑛 (1978), 𝑆𝑖 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 (𝑞 − 𝑞0 ) ∑ ( ) ∆𝑧
𝐸
𝑍=0
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 Example 13.2
Determine the settlement of the foundation below using different settlement
formulas and compare which one the formulas is more reliable.

Solutions
𝑞𝑛
A. Using Elastic theory formula: 𝑆𝑖 = 𝐵(1 − 𝜇2 ),
𝐸
𝑄 200
where 𝑞𝑛 = = = 125𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐵×𝐿 4×4

25000 × 4 + 30000 × 4
𝐸= = 27500𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
8
Where 8 is distance from the Base of the foundation to the area affected by the
influence zone i.e. 4m + 4m = 8m.
𝐼𝐹 = 1.12 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐷⁄ = = 0.25
√𝐿𝐵 √4 × 4

𝐿⁄ = 1⁄ = 1, 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐹𝑜𝑥 ′ 𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.94

𝐵 1
𝑞𝑛 125 × 4
𝑆𝑖 = 𝐵(1 − 𝜇 2 ) = (1 − 0.32 ) × 1.12 × 0.94 = 17.42𝑚𝑚
𝐸 2750
𝑆𝑖 = 17.42𝑚𝑚

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B. Semi empirical method (Buisman, 1948)
2.3 ϸ−
0 + ∆ϸ
𝑆𝑖 = ∑ 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
𝐸 ϸ−
0

At Point A

ϸ−
0 = 18 × 1 + 2 × 8 = 34𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒1 = 𝐷𝑓, 2 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒

8 = (18 − 10) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 10 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑒𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

125 × 4 × 4
∆ϸ = = 55.55𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
(4 + 2)(4 + 2)

At Point B

ϸ−
0 = 18 × 1 + 4 × 8 + 2 × 8 = 66𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2

Where:

4 = 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝐼 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 2 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵

125 × 4 × 4 2000
∆ϸ = = = 20𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
(4 + 6)(4 + 6) 100

Where:

6 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵

2.3 × 34 34 + 55.55 2.3 × 66 66 + 20

𝑆𝑖 = × 4𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )+ × 4𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
25000 34 30000 66
𝑆𝑖 = 5.3 + 2.33 = 7.63𝑚𝑚, 𝑆𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 7.63 × 0.94 = 7.2𝑚𝑚
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C. SCPT Method
2.3 ϸ−
0 + ∆ϸ
𝑆𝑖 = ∑ 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
𝑐 ϸ−
0
𝑞 10000
𝑀𝑒𝑦𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑓 → 𝐶𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝐼 = 1.9 ( −𝑐 ) = 1.9 ( ) = 558.8
ϸ0 34

𝑞 12000
𝑀𝑒𝑦𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑓 → 𝐶𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝐼 = 1.9 ( −𝑐 ) = 1.9 ( ) = 34.55
ϸ0 66

At Point A

ϸ−
0 = 18 × 1 + 2 × 8 = 34𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2

125 × 4 × 4
∆ϸ = = 55.55𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
(4 + 2)(4 + 2)

At Point B

ϸ−
0 = 18 × 1 + 4 × 8 + 2 × 8 = 66𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2

125 × 4 × 4 2000
∆ϸ = = = 20𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
(4 + 6)(4 + 6) 100

2.3 × 4 34 + 55.55 2.3 × 4 66 + 20

𝑆𝑖 = × 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )+ × 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
558.8 34 345.5 66
𝑆𝑖 = 6.92 + 3.06 = 9.98𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 9.98 × 0.94 = 9.4𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛
1.9
𝑆𝑖 = 9.4 × = 12.0𝑚𝑚
1.5
D. Schmertmann and Hartman (1976)
𝑆𝑖 = 11.78𝑚𝑚 (𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟), 9.7𝑚𝑚 (𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ)