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Math Essentials

The document provides an overview of real numbers, including natural, whole, integers, rational, and irrational numbers, along with their subset relationships. It outlines the order of operations using the acronym PEMDAS/BEMDAS and describes properties of real numbers such as commutative, associative, distributive, identity, and inverse properties. Additionally, it explains algebraic expressions, equations, and formulas, emphasizing the simplification of these expressions using the properties of real numbers.

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3 views7 pages

Math Essentials

The document provides an overview of real numbers, including natural, whole, integers, rational, and irrational numbers, along with their subset relationships. It outlines the order of operations using the acronym PEMDAS/BEMDAS and describes properties of real numbers such as commutative, associative, distributive, identity, and inverse properties. Additionally, it explains algebraic expressions, equations, and formulas, emphasizing the simplification of these expressions using the properties of real numbers.

Uploaded by

rizarivera42407
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

LESSON 1

MATH
ESSENTIALS
REAL NUMBERS
❖ NATURAL NUMBERS. Numbers used for counting:
{1,2,3,…}
❖ WHOLE NUMBERS. Includes natural numbers plus zero.
{0,1,2,3,…}
❖ INTEGERS. Includes negative natural numbers to the set of whole numbers.
{…,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,…}
𝑚
❖ RATIONAL NUMBERS. Includes fractions written as .
𝑛
𝑚
{ |𝑚 and 𝑛 are integers and 𝑛 ≠ 0}
𝑛

❖ IRRATIONAL NUMBERS. It is the set of numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction.


They are characterized by having decimal representations that neither terminate nor
repeat.
Example: Pi(π) which is equal to 3.1415926535…
Euler’s Number (e) which is equal to 2.71828…
Square Roots which doesn’t lead to whole numbers.
SUBSET RELATIONSHIP OF REAL NUMBERS

N: the set of natural numbers, W: the set of whole numbers, I: the set of integers,
Q: the set of rational numbers, Q’: the set of irrational numbers
ORDER OF OPERATIONS
Operations in mathematical expressions must be
evaluated in a systematic order, which can be simplified
using the acronym PEMDAS/BEMDAS:

❖ P/B(Parentheses and Brackets)


❖ E(xponents)
❖ M(ultiplication) and D(ivision)
❖ A(ddition) and S(ubtraction)
Simplify a Mathematical Expression
using the Order of Operations
1. Simplify any expressions within grouping symbols

2. Simplify any expressions containing exponents or


radicals

3. Perform any multiplication and division in order,


from left to right

4. Perform any addition and subtraction in order, from


left to right
Properties of Real Numbers
Addition Multiplication
Commutative Property 𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎 𝑎⋅𝑏 =𝑏⋅𝑎
Associative Property 𝑎+ 𝑏+𝑐 = 𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑐
Distributive Property 𝑎⋅ 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎⋅𝑏 + 𝑎⋅𝑐
Identity Property There exists a unique real There exists a unique real
number called the additive number called the
identity, 0, such that, for any multiplicative identity, 1, such
real number 𝑎 that, for any real number 𝑎
𝑎+0=𝑎 𝑎 ∙1 = 𝑎
Inverse Property Every real number a has an Every nonzero real number 𝑎
additive inverse, or opposite, has a multiplicative inverse, or
denoted −𝑎, such that 1
reciprocal, denoted , such that
𝑎
𝑎 + −𝑎 = 0 1
𝑎⋅( )=1
𝑎
Evaluating and Simplifying
Algebraic Expressions
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION: A collection of constants and variables
joined by the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
EQUATION: A mathematical statement indicating that two expressions
are equal.
FORMULA: An equation expressing a relationship between constant
and variable quantities.

Simplify algebraic expression to make it easier to evaluate


using the properties of real numbers. We can use the same
properties in formulas because they contain algebraic
expressions.

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