Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Topic 3: Trigonometry
Graphs of
MAT0.001 – Week 3
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises University of Science and Technology of Hanoi
for Practice
1/46
Contents
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
1 Vocabulary
Vocabulary
Basic Trig. 2 Basic Trigonometric Functions
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func. 3 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Summary The Graphs of y = sin x, y = cos x, and y = tan x
Transformations of Trigonometric Functions
Exercises
for Practice
4 Summary
5 Exercises for Practice
2/46
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
1 Vocabulary
Vocabulary
2 Basic Trigonometric Functions
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
3 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Trig. Func.
Summary 4 Summary
Exercises
for Practice 5 Exercises for Practice
3/46
Key Words
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Opposite (side): (Cạnh) đối
Adjacent (side): (Cạnh) kề
Vocabulary
Hypotenuse: Cạnh huyền
Basic Trig.
Functions Sine (sin): Hàm sin
Graphs of Cosine (cos): Hàm cos
Trig. Func. Tangent (tan): Hàm tang
Summary Cotangent (cot): Hàm cotang
Exercises
for Practice
4/46
Key Words
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Acute (angle): (Góc) nhọn
Obtuse (angle): (Góc) tù
Vocabulary
Quadrant: Cung/góc phần tư
Basic Trig.
Functions Rotation: Phép quay
Graphs of Anticlockwise: Ngược chiều kim đồng hồ
Trig. Func. Clockwise: Theo chiều kim đồng hồ
Summary Period: Chu kỳ
Exercises Amplitude: Biên độ
for Practice
Asymptote: Đường tiệm cận
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Key Phrases
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Cartesian plane
Cartesian coordinate system
Vocabulary
Anticlockwise rotation
Basic Trig.
Functions Clockwise rotation
Graphs of Periodic functions
Trig. Func. Trigonometric functions
Summary Trigonometric identities
Exercises
for Practice
6/46
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
1 Vocabulary
Vocabulary
2 Basic Trigonometric Functions
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
3 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Trig. Func.
Summary 4 Summary
Exercises
for Practice 5 Exercises for Practice
7/46
Angles Between 0◦ and 90◦
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
8/46
Important Results
Topic 3:
Trigonometry We can obtain exact values of the sine, cosine and tangent of
π π π
30◦ , 45◦ and 60◦ (or , and , respectively):
6 4 3 √
Vocabulary
π 1 3 1
Basic Trig. 1 sin 30◦ = sin = , cos 30◦ = , tan 30◦ = √ ;
Functions 6 2 2 3
π 1 1
Graphs of 2 sin 45◦ = sin = √ , cos 45◦ = √ , tan 45◦ = 1;
Trig. Func. 4 2 2
√
Summary π 3 1 √
3 sin 60◦ = sin = , cos 60◦ = , tan 60◦ = 3.
Exercises
3 2 2
for Practice
9/46
The Unit Circle
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
10/46
The General Definition of an Angle
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The Cartesian plane is divided into four quadrants, and the
angle θ is said to be in the quadrant where P = (x, y ) lies. In
Vocabulary the previous diagram, θ is in the first quadrant.
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
11/46
The General Definition of an Angle
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The Cartesian plane is divided into four quadrants, and the
angle θ is said to be in the quadrant where P = (x, y ) lies. In
Vocabulary the previous diagram, θ is in the first quadrant.
Basic Trig.
Functions We need to be able to use the three basic trigonometric
Graphs of
functions for any angle.
Trig. Func.
Definition
Summary
An angle is a measure of the rotation of a line segment OP
Exercises about a fixed point O. The angle is measured from the
for Practice
positive x-direction. An anticlockwise rotation is taken as
positive and a clockwise rotation is taken as negative.
11/46
Trigonometric Ratios of General Angles
Topic 3:
Trigonometry In general, trigonometric ratios of any angle θ in any quadrant
are defined as:
Vocabulary Definition
Basic Trig.
y x y
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =
Functions r r x
Graphs of where x and y are the coordinates of the point P and r is the
Trig. Func. p
2
length of OP, i.e., r = x + y .2
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
12/46
Trigonometric Ratios of General Angles
Topic 3:
Trigonometry In general, trigonometric ratios of any angle θ in any quadrant
are defined as:
Vocabulary Definition
Basic Trig.
y x y
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =
Functions r r x
Graphs of where x and y are the coordinates of the point P and r is the
Trig. Func. p
2
length of OP, i.e., r = x + y . 2
Summary
We always have −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 and −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1. We need
Exercises to know the signs of the three trigonometric ratios in each of
for Practice
the four quadrants.
12/46
Trigonometric Ratios of General Angles
Topic 3:
Trigonometry In general, trigonometric ratios of any angle θ in any quadrant
are defined as:
Vocabulary Definition
Basic Trig.
y x y
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =
Functions r r x
Graphs of where x and y are the coordinates of the point P and r is the
Trig. Func. p
2
length of OP, i.e., r = x + y . 2
Summary
We always have −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 and −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1. We need
Exercises to know the signs of the three trigonometric ratios in each of
for Practice
the four quadrants.
‘All Students Trust Cambridge’.
Remark: Quadrant I: All are positive; Quadrant II: Sin is
positive; Quadrant III: Tan is positive; Quadrant IV: Cos is
positive.
12/46
Trigonometric Identities
Topic 3:
Trigonometry Two commonly used trigonometric identities are:
sin θ
Vocabulary tan θ = for all θ with cos θ 6= 0
cos θ
Basic Trig.
Functions and
Graphs of cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 for all θ.
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
13/46
Practice
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Example
Vocabulary
Express the following as trigonometric ratios of acute
angles.
◦ ◦ 9π −7π
Basic Trig. a) sin 190 ; b) cos 305 ; c) sin ; d) tan .
8 6
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Example
−1
Summary Given that cos θ = √ and that 180◦ ≤ θ ≤ 270◦ , find the
3
Exercises value of:
for Practice
a) sin θ; b) tan θ.
Example
2 3
Given that tan A = − and cos B = , where A and B are in
3 4
the same quadrant, find the value of:
a) sin A; b) cos A; c) sin B; d) tan B.
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Sine Rule, Cosine Rule and Area Formula
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
The Sine Rule, Cosine Rule and Area Formula can be
used for any type of triangle.
Vocabulary
They can help us calculate missing side lengths, angles
Basic Trig. and area.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
15/46
Sine Rule
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
16/46
Cosine Rule
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
17/46
Area Formula
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
18/46
Practice
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
19/46
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
1 Vocabulary
Vocabulary
2 Basic Trigonometric Functions
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
3 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Trig. Func. The Graphs of y = sin x, y = cos x, and y = tan x
Graphs of
y = sin x,
Transformations of Trigonometric Functions
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations 4 Summary
of Trig. Func.
Summary
5 Exercises for Practice
Exercises
for Practice
20/46
The Graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
21/46
The Sine and Cosine Functions
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The sine and cosine functions are called periodic functions
because they repeat themselves over and over again.
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
22/46
The Sine and Cosine Functions
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The sine and cosine functions are called periodic functions
because they repeat themselves over and over again.
Vocabulary The period of a periodic function is defined as the length of
Basic Trig.
one repetition or cycle.
Functions The sine and cosine functions repeat every 360◦ . We say they
Graphs of
have a period of 360◦ (or 2π radians).
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
22/46
The Sine and Cosine Functions
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The sine and cosine functions are called periodic functions
because they repeat themselves over and over again.
Vocabulary The period of a periodic function is defined as the length of
Basic Trig.
one repetition or cycle.
Functions The sine and cosine functions repeat every 360◦ . We say they
Graphs of
have a period of 360◦ (or 2π radians).
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
The amplitude of a periodic function is defined as the
y = cos x, distance between a maximum (or minimum) point and the
y = tan x
Transformations principal axis.
of Trig. Func.
The functions y = sin x and y = cos x both have amplitude 1.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
22/46
The Sine and Cosine Functions
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The sine and cosine functions are called periodic functions
because they repeat themselves over and over again.
Vocabulary The period of a periodic function is defined as the length of
Basic Trig.
one repetition or cycle.
Functions The sine and cosine functions repeat every 360◦ . We say they
Graphs of
have a period of 360◦ (or 2π radians).
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
The amplitude of a periodic function is defined as the
y = cos x, distance between a maximum (or minimum) point and the
y = tan x
Transformations principal axis.
of Trig. Func.
The functions y = sin x and y = cos x both have amplitude 1.
Summary
Exercises The sine and cosine functions have the following relationship:
for Practice
sin x = cos(90◦ − x), cos x = sin(90◦ − x).
22/46
Important Relationships
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The symmetries of the curves y = sin x and y = cos x show
these important relationships:
Vocabulary sin(−x) = − sin x;
Basic Trig. sin(180◦ − x) = sin x;
Functions
sin(180◦ + x) = − sin x;
Graphs of
Trig. Func. sin(360◦ − x) = − sin x;
Graphs of
y = sin x,
sin(360◦ + x) = sin x
y = cos x,
y = tan x and
Transformations
of Trig. Func. cos(−x) = cos x;
Summary cos(180◦ − x) = − cos x;
Exercises cos(180◦ + x) = − cos x;
for Practice
cos(360◦ − x) = cos x;
cos(360◦ + x) = cos x.
23/46
The Graph of y = tan x
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
24/46
The Tangent Function
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The tangent function behaves very differently to the sine
and cosine functions.
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
25/46
The Tangent Function
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The tangent function behaves very differently to the sine
and cosine functions.
Vocabulary The tangent function repeats its cycle every 180◦ so its period
Basic Trig.
is 180◦ (or π radians).
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
25/46
The Tangent Function
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The tangent function behaves very differently to the sine
and cosine functions.
Vocabulary The tangent function repeats its cycle every 180◦ so its period
Basic Trig.
is 180◦ (or π radians).
Functions
Graphs of
The dashed lines at x = ±90◦ and x = 270◦ are called
Trig. Func. asymptotes. The branches of the graph get closer and
Graphs of
y = sin x,
closer to the asymptotes without ever reaching them.
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
25/46
The Tangent Function
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The tangent function behaves very differently to the sine
and cosine functions.
Vocabulary The tangent function repeats its cycle every 180◦ so its period
Basic Trig.
is 180◦ (or π radians).
Functions
Graphs of
The dashed lines at x = ±90◦ and x = 270◦ are called
Trig. Func. asymptotes. The branches of the graph get closer and
Graphs of
y = sin x,
closer to the asymptotes without ever reaching them.
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations The tangent function does not have an amplitude.
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
25/46
Important Relationships
Topic 3:
Trigonometry The shape of the tangent curve y = tan x shows these
important relationships:
Vocabulary tan(−x) = − tan x;
Basic Trig. tan(180◦ − x) = − tan x;
Functions
tan(180◦ + x) = tan x;
Graphs of
Trig. Func. tan(360◦ − x) = − tan x;
Graphs of
y = sin x,
tan(360◦ + x) = tan x.
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
26/46
Worked Example
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
27/46
The Graph of y = n cos x
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
28/46
The Graph of y = n cos x
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
29/46
The Graph of y = sin nx
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
30/46
The Graph of y = sin nx
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
31/46
The Graph of y = tan(x + c)
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
32/46
The Graph of y = tan(x + c)
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
33/46
Worked Example
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
34/46
Worked Example
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Graphs of
y = sin x,
y = cos x,
y = tan x
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
35/46
Practice
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
Example
f (x) = 3 cos 2x for 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ .
Vocabulary
a) Write down the period and amplitude of f .
Basic Trig.
Functions b) Write down the coordinates of the maximum and
Graphs of
minimum points on the curve y = f (x).
Trig. Func. c) Sketch the graph of y = f (x).
Graphs of
y = sin x, d) Use your answer to part c to sketch the graph of
y = cos x,
y = tan x y = 1 + 3 cos 2x.
Transformations
of Trig. Func.
Summary
Example
Exercises a) On the same grid, sketch the graphs of y = sin 2x and
for Practice
y = 1 + 3 cos 2x for 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ .
b) State the number of solutions of the equation
sin 2x = 1 + 3 cos 2x for 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ .
36/46
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
1 Vocabulary
Vocabulary
2 Basic Trigonometric Functions
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
3 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Trig. Func.
Summary 4 Summary
Exercises
for Practice 5 Exercises for Practice
37/46
Summary
Topic 3:
Trigonometry In this lesson you are able to:
1 Understand the terms:
Vocabulary angles (right, acute, obtuse)
sin θ, cos θ
Basic Trig.
Functions tan θ, cot θ
Graphs of
2 Sketch the graphs of trigonometric functions and their
Trig. Func. transformations:
translations
Summary
reflections
Exercises stretches
for Practice
38/46
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
1 Vocabulary
Vocabulary
2 Basic Trigonometric Functions
Basic Trig.
Functions
Graphs of
3 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Trig. Func.
Summary 4 Summary
Exercises
for Practice 5 Exercises for Practice
39/46
Exercise 1
Topic 3:
Trigonometry Sketch the graph of each of these functions for
0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ .
Vocabulary a) y = tan 3x;
Basic Trig. b) y = 1 + 3 cos x;
Functions
c) y = sin(x − 45);
Graphs of
Trig. Func. d) y = 2 cos(x + 60).
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
40/46
Exercise 2
Topic 3:
Trigonometry
a) On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = 2 sin x
and y = 2 + cos 3x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
Vocabulary
b) Hence, state the number of solutions, in the interval
Basic Trig. 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π, of the equation 2 sin x = 2 + cos 3x.
Functions
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
41/46
Exercise 3
Topic 3:
Trigonometry f (x) = a + b sin x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
7π
Given that f (0) = 3 and that f = 2, find:
Vocabulary 6
Basic Trig. a) the value of a and the value of b;
Functions b) the range of f .
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
42/46
Exercise 4
Topic 3:
Trigonometry f (x) = a − b cos x for 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ , where a and b are
positive constants.
Vocabulary The maximum value of f (x) is 8 and the minimum value is
Basic Trig.
−2.
Functions a) Find the value of a and the value of b.
Graphs of b) Sketch the graph of y = f (x).
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
43/46
Exercise 5
Topic 3:
Trigonometry f (x) = a + b sin cx for 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ , where a and b are
positive constants.
Vocabulary The maximum value of f (x) is 9, the minimum value of f (x)
Basic Trig.
is 1 and the period is 120◦ .
Functions Find the value of a, the value of b and the value of c.
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
44/46
Exercise 6
Topic 3:
Trigonometry f (x) = A + 5 cos Bx for 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 120◦ .
The maximum value of f (x) is 7 and the period is 60◦ .
Vocabulary a) Write down the value of A and the value of B.
Basic Trig. b) Write down the amplitude of f (x).
Functions
c) Sketch the graph of f (x).
Graphs of
Trig. Func.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
45/46
Exercise 7
Topic 3:
x
Trigonometry The function f (x) = 3 sin − 1 is defined for the domain
2
−π ≤ x ≤ π.
Vocabulary a) Sketch the graph of y = f (x) and explain why f has an
Basic Trig. inverse function.
Functions
b) Find the range of f .
Graphs of
Trig. Func. c) Find f −1 (x) and state its domain.
Summary
Exercises
for Practice
46/46